Nyob hauv lub neej, peb nyob ib puag ncig los ntawm ntau lub cev thiab khoom. Piv txwv li, sab hauv tsev yog lub qhov rais, lub qhov rooj, lub rooj, lub teeb, lub khob, ntawm txoj kev - lub tsheb, lub teeb tsheb, asph alt. Txhua lub cev lossis khoom yog tsim los ntawm cov teeb meem. Kab lus no yuav tham txog yam khoom dab tsi.
Yuav ua li cas yog chemistry?
Qhov no yog kev tshawb fawb ntawm cov xwm txheej, kawm txog cov organic thiab inorganic tshuaj, lawv cov qauv, cov khoom thiab kev hloov pauv raws li kev siv tshuaj lom neeg. Chemistry belongs rau ib qho ntawm cov cheeb tsam loj ntawm kev tshawb fawb ntuj thiab cuam tshuam nrog kev kawm txog kev cuam tshuam ntawm molecules thiab atoms. Nws muab lub tswv yim meej ntawm yam khoom yog dab tsi, thiab sib cuam tshuam nrog physics thiab biology, thiab yog li ntawd belongs rau natural sciences.
Qhov tseem ceeb ntawm chemistry hauv tib neeg lub neej
Cov ntxhia, cov kab mob muaj sia, pob zeb thiab cov cua muaj qhov sib txawv ntawm tib lub ntsiab lus. Qhov sib txawv tseem ceeb ntawm animate thiab inanimate xwm yog cov molecules tau tsim los ntawm qee yam tshuaj lom neeg. Lub hauv paus ntawm cov haujlwm tseem ceeb ntawm peb lub biosphere yuav yogLub voj voog ntawm cov tshuaj lom neeg.
Tib neeg lub neej tsis tuaj yeem yog yam tsis muaj cov khoom lag luam (khoom noj khoom haus, vitamins, tshuaj, tshuaj pleev ib ce, khoom siv fiber ntau, khoom siv hauv tsev, ntau yam kua roj vanish thiab xim, ntxhia chiv, thiab ntau ntxiv).
Molecules thiab atoms
Txhua yam khoom yog tsim los ntawm cov khoom me me hu ua molecules (los ntawm Latin - loj). Tag nrho cov molecules yog tsim los ntawm ntau dua microscopic hais - atoms, los yog, theej, nuclei, uas yog surrounded los ntawm sab hauv thiab sab nraud electrons uas tsim tshuaj bonds. Atoms muaj qee qhov loj, yog li qhov muaj pes tsawg leeg ntawm cov teeb meem yog tas li. Cov yam ntxwv tseem ceeb ntawm cov qauv ntawm cov molecule tau pom nyob rau hauv cov chav kawm ntawm kev tshawb fawb ntawm cov tshuaj tiv thaiv, kev tsom xam ntawm cov tshuaj sib txuas thiab kev siv lub cev txoj kev. Atoms nyob rau hauv molecules yog txuas nrog tshuaj bonds. Microscopic hais nyob rau hauv ib lub molecule yuav ua tau zoo los yog tsis zoo nqi.
Lub tswvyim ntawm teeb meem
Dab tsi yog yam khoom? Cov khoom raug suav tias yog qhov uas txhua lub cev thiab cov khoom nyob ib puag ncig muaj. Tag nrho cov khoom muaj molecules, thiab molecules, nyob rau hauv lem, muaj atoms. Piv txwv li, hlau ntsia hlau yuav yog lub cev, thiab hlau yuav yog ib yam khoom. Txhua yam khoom muaj qee yam ntawm lub cev thiab tshuaj lom neeg.
Cov yam ntxwv ntawm lub cev muaj xws li cov yam ntxwv uas paub qhov txawv ntawm ib yam khoom los ntawm lwm tus. Cov no suav nrog: aggregatemob, ceev, solubility, xim, gloss, kub (boiling los yog melting), hluav taws xob conductivity.
tshuaj muaj zog - cov khoom ntawm cov tshuaj kom hnov mob thiab ua kom pom lawv tus kheej hauv cov txheej txheem tshuaj (xws li tshuaj tiv thaiv).
Txoj haujlwm ntawm chemistry yog kom paub txog lub cev thiab tshuaj lom neeg ntawm cov teeb meem.
Ntau yam tshuaj
Muaj cov chav kawm ntawm cov khoom uas yooj yim thiab nyuaj. Tej yam yooj yim yog cov khoom uas muaj cov atom ntawm ib yam tshuaj. Piv txwv li, molecules ntawm inert gases (neon, argon, oxygen, bromine, iodine). Cov tshuaj complex muaj xws li tag nrho cov khoom uas tau tsim los ntawm kev sib xyaw ntawm ntau yam atoms (dej, rooj ntsev, carbon dioxide, poov tshuaj permanganate, sucrose). Cov tshuaj nquag - cov tshuaj hauv cov tshuaj tiv thaiv uas tuaj yeem txo qhov nro thaum muaj zog ntawm qhov chaw.
organic teeb meem
qeb no suav nrog txhua yam khoom uas muaj carbon. Kev zam yog carbides, carbon oxides, carbonates thiab carbon-muaj cyanide thiab gases.
Cov tshuaj saccharide molecule muaj peb lub ntsiab lus thiab yog lub hauv paus ntawm lub zog rau cov kab mob nyob. Monosaccharides yog cov tebchaw uas tsis dhau crystallization. Oligosaccharides (sucrose, lactose, m altose) muaj ob, peb lossis plaub monosaccharide molecules. raug rau crystallization. Polysaccharides (glycogen, starch, arabans, xylans) yog unsweetened nyob rau hauv saj thiab tsis yaj nyob rau hauv dej. Lawv lub luag haujlwm tseem ceeb yogkev sib txuas, gluing thiab khi ntawm cov cell. Lipids yog ib pawg ntawm cov tshuaj muaj nyob hauv txhua lub hlwb. Lawv zoo li yooj yim carbon chains los yog seem ntawm cyclic molecules. Lawv muab faib ua cov rog (triglycerides thiab nruab nrab) thiab lipoids. Cov no yog cov ethers nyuaj. Fatty acids (stearic, ricin) kuj muaj nyob hauv cov kab mob muaj sia. Lipoids yog cov rog zoo li cov khoom tseem ceeb vim lawv cov qauv. Lawv tsim kom meej oriented txheej. Enzymes suav nrog cov tshuaj lom neeg ua kom nrawm ntawm cov txheej txheem ntawm cov protein. Lawv tsis raug puas tsuaj los ntawm cov tshuaj tiv thaiv thiab txawv ntawm cov tshuaj catalysts uas lawv muaj peev xwm nce cov tshuaj tiv thaiv raws li ib txwm muaj.
Inorganic substances
Inorganic tshuaj muaj xws li: dej, oxygen, carbon, hydrogen, nitrogen, potassium, calcium, sodium, phosphorus, sulfur.
Dej yog ib qho tseem ceeb ntawm cov kuab tshuaj thiab stabilizer. Nws muaj peev xwm ua kom muaj cua sov thiab thermal conductivity. Cov dej nyob ib puag ncig yog qhov zoo rau qhov tshwm sim ntawm cov tshuaj lom neeg yooj yim. Nws yog translucent thiab zoo compression resistant.
Nitrogen yog ib feem ntawm ntau yam tsis muaj protein ntau. Sulfur koom nrog hauv lawv cov kev tsim kho. Feem ntau cov kab mob muaj sia muaj phosphorus hauv daim ntawv ntxhia. Potassium muaj nyob rau hauv cov hlwb nyob rau hauv daim ntawv ntawm ions. Nws activates qhov sib npaug ntawm cov protein enzymes. Sodium yog ib feem ntawm cov ntshav thiab ua lub luag haujlwm tseem ceeb hauv kev tswj cov dej sib npaug ntawm tag nrho cov kab mob. Hlau siv ib feem tseem ceeb hauv cov txheej txheem ntawm kev ua pa, photosynthesis thiab yog ib feem ntawm hemoglobin. Hauv kev noj hausIb tug neeg tau txais 2 mg ntawm tooj liab txhua hnub. Nws qhov tsis muaj peev xwm qhia txog kev mob ntshav qab zib, kev tsis qab los noj mov thiab kab mob plawv. Manganese cuam tshuam cov txheej txheem rov ua dua tshiab hauv cov nroj tsuag. Zinc rhuav tshem carbonic acid. Boron cuam tshuam kev loj hlob ntawm ntau yam kab mob. Nyob rau hauv nws tsis muaj nyob rau hauv cov av, paj thiab conducting channel tuag tawm nyob rau hauv cov nroj tsuag. Molybdenum nquag rhuav tshem cov kab mob thiab tau txais txiaj ntsig dav hauv kev tsim qoob loo.
Dab tsi yog qhov sib txawv ntawm cov tshuaj inorganic thiab organic?
Tsis muaj qhov sib txawv tshwj xeeb sab nraud ntawm ob pawg ntawm cov tshuaj no. Qhov sib txawv tseem ceeb nyob hauv cov qauv, qhov twg cov tshuaj inorganic muaj cov qauv tsis yog molecular, thiab cov organic tshuaj muaj cov qauv molecular.
Cov tshuaj tsis muaj kab mob muaj cov qauv tsis yog molecular, yog li lawv muaj cov yam ntxwv ntawm cov ntsiab lus melting siab thiab kub kub. Lawv tsis muaj carbon. Cov no suav nrog cov pa roj (neon, argon), hlau (calcium, calcium, sodium), amphoteric tshuaj (hlau, txhuas) thiab cov hlau tsis muaj hlau (silicon), hydroxides, binary compounds, ntsev..
Cov tshuaj lom neeg ntawm cov qauv molecular. Lawv muaj cov ntsiab lus melting tsawg thiab decompose sai heev thaum rhuab. Feem ntau yog tsim los ntawm carbon. Kev zam: carbide, carbonates, oxides ntawm carbon thiab cyanides. Cov pa roj carbon monoxide tso cai rau kev tsim ntawm ntau qhov sib xyaw ua ke (ntau dua 10 lab paub hauv qhov xwm txheej).
Feem ntau ntawm lawv cov chav kawm muaj keeb kwm lom neeg (carbohydrates, proteins, lipids, nucleic acids). Cov tebchaw no suav nrog nitrogen, hydrogen, oxygen, phosphorus thiab sulfur.
Yuav kom nkag siab tias yam khoom yog dab tsi, koj yuav tsum xav txog seb nws ua lub luag haujlwm hauv peb lub neej. Interacting nrog lwm yam khoom, nws tsim tshiab. Yog tsis muaj lawv, cov haujlwm tseem ceeb ntawm lub ntiaj teb ib puag ncig yog sib cais thiab tsis xav txog. Txhua yam khoom yog tsim los ntawm qee yam khoom, yog li lawv ua lub luag haujlwm tseem ceeb hauv peb lub neej.
