Physics ntawm hluav taws xob: txhais, kev sim, chav ntsuas

Cov txheej txheem:

Physics ntawm hluav taws xob: txhais, kev sim, chav ntsuas
Physics ntawm hluav taws xob: txhais, kev sim, chav ntsuas
Anonim

Lub cev ntawm hluav taws xob yog ib yam uas peb txhua tus yuav tsum tau ua. Hauv tsab xov xwm peb yuav xav txog cov ntsiab lus tseem ceeb cuam tshuam nrog nws.

hluav taws xob yog dab tsi? Rau ib tus neeg tsis tau pib, nws yog txuam nrog lub teeb ci lossis nrog lub zog uas pub lub TV thiab lub tshuab ntxhua khaub ncaws. Nws paub tias cov tsheb ciav hlau siv hluav taws xob siv hluav taws xob. Nws hais li cas ntxiv? Cov kab hluav taws xob ua rau nws nco txog peb txoj kev vam khom hluav taws xob. Ib tug yuav muab ob peb lwm yam piv txwv.

physics ntawm hluav taws xob
physics ntawm hluav taws xob

Txawm li cas los xij, ntau lwm yam, tsis pom tseeb, tab sis cov xwm txheej niaj hnub txuas nrog hluav taws xob. Physics qhia peb txog lawv txhua tus. Peb pib kawm hluav taws xob (cov haujlwm, cov ntsiab lus thiab cov qauv) hauv tsev kawm ntawv. Thiab peb kawm ntau yam nthuav. Nws hloov tawm tias lub plawv dhia, tus neeg ncaws pob, tus menyuam tsaug zog thiab tus ntses ua luam dej tag nrho tsim hluav taws xob.

electrons thiab protons

Cia peb txhais cov ntsiab lus yooj yim. Los ntawm qhov kev xav ntawm tus kws tshawb fawb, physics ntawm hluav taws xob yog txuam nrog kev txav ntawm electrons thiab lwm yam khoom siv hluav taws xob hauv ntau yam khoom. Yog li ntawd, kev nkag siab txog kev tshawb fawb ntawm qhov xwm txheej ntawm qhov kev txaus siab rau peb nyob ntawm theem ntawm kev paub txog atoms thiab lawv cov ntsiab lus subatomic. Lub me me electron yog tus yuam sij rau kev nkag siab no. Cov atoms ntawm ib yam khoom muaj ib los yog ntau dua electrons uas txav mus rau ntau lub orbits nyob ib ncig ntawm lub nucleus, ib yam li cov ntiaj chaw revolve nyob ib ncig ntawm lub hnub. Feem ntau cov xov tooj ntawm electrons nyob rau hauv ib lub atom yog sib npaug rau cov xov tooj ntawm protons nyob rau hauv lub nucleus. Txawm li cas los xij, protons, hnyav dua li electrons, tuaj yeem suav hais tias yog tsau rau hauv nruab nrab ntawm lub atom. Tus qauv yooj yim heev ntawm lub atom no yog txaus los piav qhia txog lub hauv paus ntawm qhov tshwm sim xws li physics ntawm hluav taws xob.

chav kawm physics
chav kawm physics

Koj xav paub dab tsi ntxiv? Electrons thiab protons muaj tib lub nqi hluav taws xob (tab sis txawv kos npe), yog li lawv tau sib nyiam. Tus nqi ntawm ib tug proton yog qhov zoo thiab cov electron yog qhov tsis zoo. Ib qho atom uas muaj ntau dua lossis tsawg dua electrons ntau dua li niaj zaus hu ua ion. Yog hais tias tsis muaj txaus ntawm lawv nyob rau hauv ib tug atom, ces nws yog hu ua ib tug zoo ion. Yog hais tias nws muaj ntau tshaj ntawm lawv, ces nws yog hu ua ib tug negative ion.

Thaum ib qho hluav taws xob tawm ntawm lub atom, nws tau txais qee qhov txiaj ntsig zoo. Ib tug electron, deprived ntawm nws opposite - ib tug proton, txawm tsiv mus rau lwm lub atom, los yog rov qab mus rau yav dhau los.

Vim li cas electrons tawm hauv atoms?

Qhov no yog vim ob peb yam. Qhov tseem ceeb tshaj plaws yog tias nyob rau hauv kev cuam tshuam ntawm lub teeb ntawm lub teeb lossis qee qhov hluav taws xob sab nraud, ib qho hluav taws xob txav hauv lub atom tuaj yeem raug thawb tawm ntawm nws lub orbit. Thaum tshav kub kub ua rau cov atom vibrate sai. Qhov no txhais tau hais tias electrons tuaj yeem ya tawm ntawm lawv cov atom. Hauv cov tshuaj tiv thaiv, lawv kuj txav los ntawm atom mus rauatom.

Ib qho piv txwv zoo ntawm kev sib raug zoo ntawm cov tshuaj lom neeg thiab hluav taws xob yog muab los ntawm peb cov leeg. Lawv cov fibers cog lus thaum raug hluav taws xob teeb liab los ntawm lub paj hlwb. Hluav taws xob tam sim no txhawb cov tshuaj tiv thaiv. Lawv ua rau cov leeg nqaij. Cov teeb liab hluav taws xob sab nraud feem ntau yog siv los tsim cov leeg nqaij ua haujlwm.

physics hluav taws xob cov qauv
physics hluav taws xob cov qauv

Kev coj ua

Hauv qee yam khoom, cov khoom siv hluav taws xob nyob rau hauv qhov kev txiav txim ntawm ib qho hluav taws xob sab nraud txav tau yooj yim dua li lwm tus. Cov khoom zoo li no tau hais tias muaj kev ua haujlwm zoo. Lawv hu ua conductors. Cov no suav nrog feem ntau cov hlau, cov pa cua sov, thiab qee cov kua dej. Cua, roj hmab, roj, polyethylene thiab iav yog cov khoom siv hluav taws xob tsis zoo. Lawv hu ua dielectrics thiab yog siv los insulate zoo conductors. Qhov zoo tshaj plaws insulators (tsis muaj conductive kiag li) tsis muaj. Raws li qee qhov xwm txheej, electrons tuaj yeem raug tshem tawm ntawm ib qho atom. Txawm li cas los xij, cov xwm txheej no feem ntau nyuaj heev kom ua tau raws li qhov xav tau, los ntawm qhov pom ntawm qhov pom, cov tshuaj no tuaj yeem suav tias yog cov khoom siv tsis zoo.

Kev paub txog kev tshawb fawb xws li physics (section "Electricity"), peb kawm tias muaj ib pab pawg tshwj xeeb. Cov no yog cov semiconductors. Lawv coj ib feem raws li dielectrics thiab ib nrab ua cov conductors. Cov no suav nrog, tshwj xeeb: germanium, silicon, tooj liab oxide. Vim nws cov khoom, semiconductor pom ntau daim ntawv thov. Piv txwv li, nws muaj peev xwm ua hauj lwm raws li hluav taws xob valve: zoo li lub tsheb kauj vab log valve, nwstso cai rau cov nqi txav mus rau hauv ib qho kev taw qhia nkaus xwb. Cov khoom siv no hu ua rectifiers. Lawv siv hauv cov xov tooj cua me me nrog rau cov chaw tsim hluav taws xob loj los hloov AC rau DC.

Kub yog ib daim ntawv chaotic ntawm kev txav ntawm cov molecules lossis atoms, thiab qhov kub thiab txias yog qhov ntsuas ntawm qhov kev siv zog ntawm qhov kev txav no (hauv cov hlau feem ntau, nrog rau qhov kub thiab txias, qhov txav ntawm electrons yuav dawb dua). Qhov no txhais tau hais tias qhov tsis kam mus rau qhov dawb txav ntawm electrons txo qis nrog qhov kub thiab txias. Hauv lwm lo lus, cov conductivity ntawm hlau nce.

YSuperconductivity

Nyob rau hauv qee yam khoom ntawm qhov kub thiab txias, qhov tsis kam mus rau qhov ntws ntawm electrons ploj mus, thiab cov hluav taws xob tau pib txav mus, txuas ntxiv mus tas li. Qhov tshwm sim no hu ua superconductivity. Ntawm qhov kub ntawm ob peb degrees saum toj kawg nkaus xoom (-273 ° C), nws pom nyob rau hauv cov hlau xws li tin, lead, txhuas thiab niobium.

Van de Graaff generators

Cov ntaub ntawv kawm hauv tsev kawm suav nrog ntau yam kev sim nrog hluav taws xob. Muaj ntau hom tshuab hluav taws xob, ib qho ntawm peb xav tham txog ntau yam ntxiv. Lub tshuab hluav taws xob Van de Graaff yog siv los tsim hluav taws xob ultra-high voltages. Yog hais tias ib yam khoom uas muaj ntau tshaj ntawm zoo ions yog muab tso rau hauv ib lub thawv, ces electrons yuav tshwm sim nyob rau hauv lub puab nto ntawm lub tom kawg, thiab tib tus naj npawb ntawm zoo ions yuav tshwm nyob rau sab nrauv. Yog hais tias peb tam sim no kov lub puab nto nrog ib tug them khoom, ces tag nrho cov dawb electrons yuav dhau mus rau nws. Nyob sab nraudCov nqi zoo yuav nyob twj ywm.

Nyob hauv Van de Graaff generator, cov ions zoo los ntawm qhov chaw raug siv rau hauv txoj siv conveyor hauv cov hlau kheej kheej. Daim kab xev txuas nrog rau sab hauv ntawm tus kheej nrog kev pab los ntawm tus neeg xyuas pib hauv daim ntawv ntawm zuag. Cov electrons ntws los ntawm sab hauv ntawm tus kheej. Cov ions zoo tshwm sim ntawm nws sab nraud. Cov nyhuv tuaj yeem txhim kho los ntawm kev siv ob lub tshuab hluav taws xob.

physics hluav taws xob teeb meem
physics hluav taws xob teeb meem

hluav taws xob

Cov chav kawm physics hauv tsev kawm kuj suav nrog xws li hluav taws xob tam sim no. Nws yog dab tsi? Cov hluav taws xob tam sim no yog vim qhov txav ntawm cov nqi hluav taws xob. Thaum lub teeb hluav taws xob txuas nrog lub roj teeb qhib, tam sim no ntws los ntawm ib lub xaim ntawm ib tus ncej ntawm lub roj teeb mus rau lub teeb, tom qab ntawd los ntawm nws cov plaub hau, ua rau nws ci, thiab rov qab los ntawm ob lub xaim mus rau lwm tus ncej ntawm lub roj teeb.. Yog tias qhov hloov pauv tau tig, lub voj voog yuav qhib - qhov ntws tam sim no yuav nres thiab lub teeb yuav tawm mus.

physics seem hluav taws xob
physics seem hluav taws xob

Kev txav ntawm electrons

Tam sim no nyob rau hauv feem ntau yog ib qho kev txav ntawm electrons nyob rau hauv ib tug hlau uas ua hauj lwm raws li ib tug conductor. Nyob rau hauv tag nrho cov conductors thiab lwm yam khoom muaj ib txwm ib co random txav mus, txawm tias tsis muaj tam sim no ntws. Electrons nyob rau hauv cov teeb meem yuav ua tau dawb los yog muaj zog khi. Cov conductors zoo muaj cov hluav taws xob dawb uas tuaj yeem txav mus los. Tab sis nyob rau hauv cov neeg pluag conductors, los yog insulators, feem ntau ntawm cov hais no muaj zog txaus txuas nrog atoms, uas tiv thaiv lawv txav.

Qee lub sij hawm lub zog ntawm electrons nyob rau hauv ib tug tej yam kev taw qhia yog tsim lawm los yog artificially nyob rau hauv ib tug conductor. Qhov dej no hu ua hluav taws xob tam sim no. Nws ntsuas hauv amperes (A). Ions (hauv cov pa roj lossis cov kev daws teeb meem) thiab "qhov" (tsis muaj electrons hauv qee hom semiconductors) kuj tuaj yeem ua cov khoom thauj tam sim no. Nyob rau hauv qhov xwm txheej nws cov peev txheej tuaj yeem yog: raug tshav ntuj, cov teebmeem sib nqus thiab tshuaj lom neeg. Ib txhia ntawm lawv yog siv los tsim hluav taws xob. Feem ntau siv rau lub hom phiaj no yog: lub tshuab hluav taws xob siv cov teebmeem sib nqus, thiab lub xov tooj ntawm tes (roj teeb) uas nws qhov kev txiav txim yog vim Cov khoom siv tshuaj lom neeg, ob qho tib si, tsim kom muaj lub zog hluav taws xob (EMF), ua rau cov hluav taws xob txav mus rau hauv ib qho kev taw qhia los ntawm Circuit Court. Tus nqi EMF yog ntsuas hauv volts (V). Cov no yog cov chav nyob hauv hluav taws xob.

Qhov loj ntawm EMF thiab lub zog ntawm qhov tam sim no sib cuam tshuam, zoo li lub siab thiab ntws hauv cov kua. Cov kav dej yeej ib txwm ntim dej ntawm qhov siab, tab sis dej tsuas yog pib ntws thaum lub faucet qhib.

hluav taws xob yog dab tsi
hluav taws xob yog dab tsi

Ib yam li ntawd, ib qho hluav taws xob hluav taws xob tuaj yeem txuas nrog lub hauv paus ntawm EMF, tab sis tam sim no yuav tsis ntws mus rau hauv nws kom txog thaum ib txoj hauv kev tsim rau cov electrons txav mus. Nws tuaj yeem yog, hais tias, lub teeb hluav taws xob lossis lub tshuab nqus tsev, qhov hloov ntawm no ua lub luag haujlwm ntawm tus kais dej uas "tso tawm" tam sim no.

Kev sib raug zoo ntawm tam sim no thiabvoltage

Raws li qhov voltage hauv Circuit Court nce, yog li tam sim no. Kawm cov chav kawm physics, peb kawm paub tias cov hluav taws xob hluav taws xob muaj ntau qhov sib txawv: feem ntau yog qhov hloov pauv, cov khoom siv hluav taws xob thiab cov cuab yeej siv hluav taws xob. Tag nrho cov ntawm lawv, txuas ua ke, tsim ib qho kev tiv thaiv rau hluav taws xob tam sim no, uas (xav tias qhov kub thiab txias) rau cov khoom no tsis hloov nrog lub sijhawm, tab sis txawv rau txhua tus ntawm lawv. Yog li ntawd, yog tias tib qhov hluav taws xob raug siv rau lub teeb thiab rau hlau, ces qhov ntws ntawm electrons nyob rau hauv txhua yam ntawm cov cuab yeej yuav txawv, vim lawv cov kev tiv thaiv txawv. Yog li ntawd, lub zog ntawm cov tam sim no ntws los ntawm ib feem ntawm lub voj voog yog txiav txim siab tsis yog los ntawm qhov hluav taws xob, tab sis kuj los ntawm kev ua haujlwm ntawm cov khoom siv hluav taws xob thiab cov khoom siv.

kev sim nrog hluav taws xob
kev sim nrog hluav taws xob

Ohm's Law

Tus nqi ntawm hluav taws xob tsis kam yog ntsuas hauv ohms (Ohm) hauv kev tshawb fawb xws li physics. Hluav taws xob (cov qauv, cov ntsiab lus, kev sim) yog lub ntsiab lus loj. Peb yuav tsis muab cov qauv tsim. Rau thawj tus neeg paub txog lub ntsiab lus, qhov tau hais saum toj no txaus. Txawm li cas los xij, ib qho qauv tseem tsim nyog tau txais. Nws yog uncomplicated heev. Rau txhua tus neeg xyuas pib lossis cov txheej txheem ntawm cov khoom siv thiab cov khoom siv, kev sib raug zoo ntawm qhov hluav taws xob, tam sim no thiab tsis kam yog muab los ntawm tus qauv: voltage=tam sim no x tsis kam. Qhov no yog kev qhia lej ntawm Ohm txoj cai lij choj, muaj npe tom qab George Ohm (1787-1854), uas xub tsim kev sib raug zoo ntawm peb qhov kev txwv no.

Physics ntawm hluav taws xob yog ib ceg ntawm kev tshawb fawb zoo heev. Peb tau txiav txim siab tsuas yog cov ntsiab lus yooj yim cuam tshuam nrog nws. Koj puas paubDab tsi yog hluav taws xob thiab nws tsim tawm li cas? Peb vam tias koj yuav pom cov ntaub ntawv no muaj txiaj ntsig.

Pom zoo: