Thoob plaws hauv keeb kwm ntawm lub neej nyob rau hauv lub ntiaj teb, cov kab mob tau tas li raug rau cosmic rays thiab radionuclides tsim los ntawm lawv nyob rau hauv cov huab cua, nrog rau cov hluav taws xob los ntawm tej yam ntuj tso ubiquitous. Niaj hnub nimno lub neej tau yoog raws txhua yam ntxwv thiab kev txwv ntawm ib puag ncig, suav nrog cov chaw ntawm X-rays.
Txawm hais tias cov hluav taws xob siab muaj peev xwm ua rau muaj kab mob, qee hom hluav taws xob tseem ceeb rau lub neej. Piv txwv li, cov hluav taws xob keeb kwm yav dhau tau pab txhawb rau cov txheej txheem tseem ceeb ntawm cov tshuaj lom neeg thiab cov evolution. Kuj pom tseeb yog qhov tseeb tias cov cua sov ntawm lub ntiaj teb lub hauv paus yog muab thiab tswj los ntawm cov cua kub lwj ntawm thawj, ntuj radionuclides.
Cosmic rays
Cov hluav taws xob ntawm lub hauv paus chiv keeb extraterrestrial uas tsis tu ncua bombards lub ntiaj teb hu uachaw.
Qhov tseeb tias qhov hluav taws xob nkag mus rau peb lub ntiaj teb los ntawm qhov chaw sab nrauv, thiab tsis yog los ntawm lub ntiaj teb, tau pom nyob rau hauv kev sim ntsuas ionization ntawm ntau qhov siab, los ntawm hiav txwv theem mus txog 9000 m. Nws tau pom tias qhov kev siv hluav taws xob ionizing. poob mus txog qhov siab ntawm 700 m, thiab tom qab ntawd sai sai nrog nce. Qhov pib txo qis tuaj yeem piav qhia los ntawm kev txo qis ntawm cov gamma rays hauv av, thiab nce los ntawm kev ua ntawm cosmic rays.
X-ray qhov chaw hauv qhov chaw muaj raws li hauv qab no:
- pab pawg ntawm galaxies;
- Seyfert galaxies;
- Sun;
- stars;
- quasars;
- dub qhov;
- supernova remnants;
- dwarfs dawb;
- hnub qub tsaus, thiab lwm yam.
Cov pov thawj ntawm cov hluav taws xob xws li, piv txwv li, yog qhov nce ntawm kev siv lub cosmic rays pom nyob rau hauv lub ntiaj teb tom qab hnub ci flares. Tab sis peb lub hnub qub tsis ua qhov tseem ceeb rau tag nrho cov flux, vim nws cov kev hloov txhua hnub me me.
Ob hom rays
Cosmic rays muab faib ua thawj thiab theem nrab. Cov hluav taws xob uas tsis cuam tshuam nrog cov teeb meem hauv huab cua, lithosphere lossis hydrosphere ntawm lub ntiaj teb yog hu ua thawj. Nws muaj cov protons (≈ 85%) thiab alpha hais (≈ 14%), nrog ntau me me fluxes (< 1%) ntawm hnyav dua nuclei. Secondary cosmic x-rays, uas nws qhov chaw ntawm hluav taws xob yog thawj hluav taws xob thiab cua, yog tsim los ntawm subatomic hais xws li pions, muons, thiabelectrons. Nyob rau hauv lub hiav txwv theem, yuav luag tag nrho cov pom hluav taws xob muaj ob cosmic rays, 68% ntawm uas yog muons thiab 30% yog electrons. Tsawg dua 1% ntawm cov dej ntws hauv hiav txwv yog tsim los ntawm protons.
Cov kab hluav taws xob thawj cosmic, raws li txoj cai, muaj lub zog kinetic loj. Lawv tau txais txiaj ntsig zoo thiab tau txais lub zog los ntawm kev nrawm hauv cov chaw sib nqus. Hauv lub tshuab nqus tsev ntawm qhov chaw sab nrauv, cov khoom siv hluav taws xob tuaj yeem nyob tau ntev thiab mus txog ntau lab lub teeb xyoo. Thaum lub davhlau no, lawv tau txais lub zog kinetic siab, ntawm qhov kev txiav txim ntawm 2-30 GeV (1 GeV=10 9eV). Ib tug neeg hais muaj zog mus txog 1010 GeV.
Lub zog siab ntawm thawj cosmic rays tso cai rau lawv faib cov atoms hauv lub ntiaj teb huab cua thaum lawv sib tsoo. Nrog rau cov neutrons, protons, thiab subatomic particles, lub teeb lub teeb xws li hydrogen, helium, thiab beryllium tuaj yeem tsim. Muons yeej ib txwm them thiab tseem sai sai rau hauv electrons lossis positrons.
Magnetic Shield
Qhov kev siv ntawm cosmic rays nce sharply nrog nce mus txog rau qhov siab tshaj plaws ntawm qhov siab ntawm 20 km. Los ntawm 20 km mus rau thaj tsam ntawm huab cua (txog 50 km) qhov kev siv zog txo qis.
Cov qauv no tau piav qhia los ntawm kev nce ntxiv ntawm cov hluav taws xob thib ob vim qhov nce ntawm huab cua ceev. Ntawm qhov siab ntawm 20 km, feem ntau ntawm cov thawj hluav taws xob tau nkag mus rau hauv kev sib cuam tshuam, thiab qhov kev siv zog ntawm 20 km mus rau hauv hiav txwv qhia txog kev nqus ntawm cov rays theem nrab.huab cua, sib npaug li 10 meters dej.
Qhov kev siv hluav taws xob tseem cuam tshuam nrog latitude. Nyob rau tib qhov chaw siab, lub cosmic ntws nce los ntawm txoj kab nruab nrab mus rau ib tug latitude ntawm 50-60 ° thiab nyob twj ywm mus txog rau tus ncej. Qhov no tau piav qhia los ntawm cov duab ntawm lub ntiaj teb magnetic teb thiab kev faib tawm ntawm lub zog ntawm thawj cov hluav taws xob. Cov kab hlau nplaum sib nqus uas txuas mus dhau ntawm huab cua feem ntau yog sib npaug mus rau lub ntiaj teb saum npoo ntawm kab hluav taws xob thiab nyob rau ntawm tus ncej. Charged hais yooj yim txav raws cov kab ntawm lub magnetic teb, tab sis hardly overcome nws nyob rau hauv lub transverse kev taw qhia. Los ntawm tus ncej mus rau 60 °, yuav luag tag nrho cov thawj hluav taws xob mus txog lub ntiaj teb huab cua, thiab ntawm txoj kab nruab nrab tsuas yog cov khoom uas muaj zog tshaj 15 GeV tuaj yeem nkag mus rau hauv daim thaiv hlau nplaum.
X-ray qhov chaw thib ob
Raws li kev cuam tshuam ntawm cosmic rays nrog teeb meem, ib qho tseem ceeb ntawm radionuclides tau ua tsis tu ncua. Feem ntau ntawm lawv yog cov tawg, tab sis qee qhov ntawm lawv yog tsim los ntawm kev ua kom cov atoms ruaj khov los ntawm cov neutrons lossis muons. Lub ntuj tsim ntawm radionuclides nyob rau hauv cov huab cua sib haum mus rau lub zog ntawm cosmic hluav taws xob nyob rau hauv qhov siab thiab latitude. Kwv yees li ntawm 70% ntawm lawv pib nyob rau hauv lub stratosphere, thiab 30% nyob rau hauv lub troposphere.
Nrog rau qhov tshwj tsis yog H-3 thiab C-14, radionuclides feem ntau pom muaj nyob rau hauv qhov qis heev. Tritium yog diluted thiab tov nrog dej thiab H-2, thiab C-14 ua ke nrog oxygen los ua CO2, uas sib tov nrog atmospheric carbon dioxide. Carbon-14 nkag mus rau cov nroj tsuag los ntawm photosynthesis.
Ntiaj Teb Radiation
Ntawm ntau lub radionuclides uas tau tsim nrog lub ntiaj teb, tsuas yog ob peb muaj ib nrab-lub neej ntev txaus los piav qhia txog lawv lub neej tam sim no. Yog tias peb lub ntiaj teb tsim txog 6 billion xyoo dhau los, lawv yuav xav tau ib nrab-lub neej ntawm tsawg kawg yog 100 lab xyoo kom nyob twj ywm hauv qhov ntsuas tau. Ntawm cov thawj radionuclides kom deb li deb pom, peb yog qhov tseem ceeb tshaj plaws. X-ray qhov chaw yog K-40, U-238 thiab Th-232. Uranium thiab thorium txhua tus tsim cov saw hlau ntawm cov khoom lwj uas yuav luag ib txwm nyob rau hauv lub xub ntiag ntawm thawj isotope. Txawm hais tias ntau tus ntxhais radionuclides luv luv, lawv muaj nyob rau hauv ib puag ncig vim lawv tau tsim los ntawm cov ntaub ntawv niam txiv nyob ntev.
Lwm yam tseem ceeb ntawm qhov chaw nyob ntev X-ray, luv luv, yog nyob rau hauv cov ntsiab lus tsawg heev. Cov no yog Rb-87, La-138, Ce-142, Sm-147, Lu-176, thiab lwm yam. Nthuav tshwm sim neutrons tsim ntau lwm radionuclides, tab sis lawv cov concentration feem ntau yog tsawg heev. Lub chaw txua txiag zeb Oklo hauv Gabon, Africa, muaj pov thawj ntawm "natural reactor" uas muaj kev cuam tshuam nuclear. Lub depletion ntawm U-235 thiab lub xub ntiag ntawm fission khoom nyob rau hauv ib tug nplua nuj uranium deposit qhia tau hais tias ib tug spontaneously induced saw cov tshuaj tiv thaiv tshwm sim ntawm no txog 2 billion xyoo dhau los.
Txawm hais tias thawj zaug radionuclides yog ubiquitous, lawv cov concentration txawv ntawm qhov chaw. MainLub reservoir ntawm natural radioactivity yog lithosphere. Tsis tas li ntawd, nws hloov pauv loj hauv lithosphere. Qee lub sij hawm nws muaj feem cuam tshuam nrog qee hom kev sib txuas thiab cov zaub mov, qee zaum nws yog thaj tsam nkaus xwb, nrog me ntsis kev sib raug zoo nrog cov pob zeb thiab cov ntxhia.
Kev faib tawm ntawm thawj radionuclides thiab lawv cov khoom lag luam decay nyob rau hauv tej yam ntuj tso ecosystems nyob ntawm ntau yam, nrog rau cov tshuaj muaj pes tsawg leeg ntawm nuclides, lub cev yam ntxwv ntawm lub ecosystem, thiab physiological thiab ecological yam ntxwv ntawm flora thiab fauna. Cov huab cua ntawm cov pob zeb, lawv lub hauv paus reservoir, muab U, Th thiab K rau hauv av, cov khoom lwj ntawm Th thiab U kuj koom nrog qhov kev hloov no. Los ntawm cov av, K, Ra, me ntsis U thiab tsawg heev Th yog absorbed los ntawm cov nroj tsuag. Lawv siv cov poov tshuaj-40 ib yam nkaus li ruaj khov K. Radium, cov khoom lwj ntawm U-238, yog siv los ntawm cov nroj tsuag, tsis yog vim nws yog ib qho isotope, tab sis vim nws yog chemically ze rau calcium. Uptake ntawm uranium thiab thorium los ntawm cov nroj tsuag feem ntau tsis saib xyuas raws li cov radionuclides feem ntau insoluble.
Radon
Qhov tseem ceeb tshaj plaws ntawm txhua qhov chaw ntawm cov hluav taws xob hluav taws xob yog qhov tsis muaj qab hau, tsis muaj ntxhiab tsw, cov pa tsis pom uas yog 8 npaug hnyav dua li huab cua, radon. Nws muaj ob lub ntsiab isotopes - radon-222, ib qho ntawm cov khoom lwj ntawm U-238, thiab radon-220, tsim thaum lub sij hawm lwj ntawm Th-232.
Pob zeb, av, nroj tsuag, tsiaj emit radon rau hauv qhov chaw. Cov pa roj yog cov khoom tawg ntawm radium thiab yog tsim los ntawm txhua yam khoom sivuas muaj nws. Vim tias radon yog ib qho roj inert, nws tuaj yeem tso tawm los ntawm cov chaw uas tuaj yeem cuam tshuam nrog huab cua. Tus nqi ntawm radon uas tawm los ntawm ib lub pob zeb loj nyob ntawm seb tus nqi ntawm cov radium thiab qhov chaw saum npoo av. Qhov me me ntawm pob zeb, qhov ntau radon tuaj yeem tso tawm. Qhov concentration ntawm Rn nyob rau hauv cov huab cua ib sab ntawm cov ntaub ntawv uas muaj radium kuj nyob ntawm cov huab cua tshaj tawm. Hauv qab daus, qhov tsua thiab cov mines uas muaj huab cua tsis zoo, cov ntsiab lus radon tuaj yeem ncav cuag qhov tseem ceeb.
Rn lwj sai heev thiab tsim ntau tus ntxhais radionuclides. Ib zaug tsim nyob rau hauv cov huab cua, radon lwj cov khoom ua ke nrog cov hmoov av zoo uas nyob rau hauv cov av thiab cov nroj tsuag, thiab kuj yog nqus los ntawm cov tsiaj. Cov dej nag tshwj xeeb muaj txiaj ntsig zoo hauv kev tshem tawm cov khoom siv hluav taws xob los ntawm huab cua, tab sis qhov cuam tshuam thiab kev daws teeb meem ntawm aerosol hais kuj ua rau lawv cov deposition.
Nyob rau hauv huab cua sov sab hauv tsev radon concentrations nyob rau nruab nrab ntawm 5 mus rau 10 npaug siab dua sab nraum zoov.
Ntau xyoo dhau los, tus txiv neej tau "tsim" tsim ntau pua radionuclides, cuam tshuam X-rays, cov peev txheej, cov khoom siv uas muaj kev siv tshuaj, tub rog, tsim hluav taws xob, ntsuas thiab tshawb nrhiav ntxhia.
Txoj kev cuam tshuam ntawm tib neeg tsim los ntawm hluav taws xob sib txawv heev. Cov neeg feem coob tau txais ib koob tshuaj me me ntawm cov hluav taws xob hluav taws xob, tab sis qee tus tau txais ntau txhiab zaus cov hluav taws xob los ntawm cov khoom ntuj tsim. Cov khoom tsim los ntawm tib neeg yog qhov zoo duatswj tau tshaj li ntuj.
X-ray qhov chaw hauv tshuaj
Hauv kev lag luam thiab tshuaj, raws li txoj cai, tsuas yog siv cov xov tooj cua ntshiab xwb, uas yooj yim rau kev txheeb xyuas cov kev xau los ntawm qhov chaw cia thiab cov txheej txheem pov tseg.
Kev siv hluav taws xob hauv tshuaj yog dav thiab muaj peev xwm ua rau muaj kev cuam tshuam loj. Nws suav nrog X-ray qhov chaw siv tshuaj rau:
- diagnostics;
- kho mob;
- cov txheej txheem tshuaj xyuas;
- pacing.
Rau kev kuaj mob, ob qho tib si kaw qhov chaw thiab ntau yam xov tooj cua tracers raug siv. Cov tsev kho mob feem ntau paub qhov txawv ntawm cov ntawv thov no ua hluav taws xob thiab tshuaj nuclear.
Puas x-ray raj yog qhov chaw ntawm ionizing hluav taws xob? Kev suav tomography thiab fluorography yog cov txheej txheem kuaj mob paub zoo uas tau ua nrog nws cov kev pab. Tsis tas li ntawd, muaj ntau daim ntawv thov ntawm isotope qhov chaw hauv kev kho mob hluav taws xob, suav nrog gamma thiab beta qhov chaw, thiab qhov chaw sim neutron rau cov xwm txheej uas cov tshuab x-ray tsis yooj yim, tsis tsim nyog, lossis tej zaum yuav txaus ntshai. Los ntawm ib puag ncig ntawm kev pom, hluav taws xob hluav taws xob tsis ua rau muaj kev pheej hmoo ntev npaum li nws cov peev txheej tseem ceeb thiab muab pov tseg kom raug. Hauv qhov no, keeb kwm ntawm cov ntsiab lus radium, koob radon thiab radium-muaj cov luminescent compounds tsis txhawb.
Kev siv X-ray qhov chaw raws li 90 Srlos yog 147 Pm. Qhov tshwm sim ntawm 252 Cf raws li lub tshuab hluav taws xob nqa tau yooj yim tau ua rau neutron radiography dav dav, txawm hais tias feem ntau cov txheej txheem tseem nyob ntawm qhov muaj cov khoom siv hluav taws xob nuclear.
Nuclear Tshuaj
Qhov kev phom sij tseem ceeb ntawm ib puag ncig yog cov ntawv xov tooj cua isotope hauv cov tshuaj nuclear thiab qhov chaw X-ray. Piv txwv ntawm qhov tsis xav tau muaj raws li hauv qab no:
- irradiation ntawm tus neeg mob;
- irradiation ntawm cov neeg ua haujlwm hauv tsev kho mob;
- raug thaum lub sij hawm thauj mus los ntawm cov tshuaj radioactive;
- cuam tshuam thaum tsim khoom;
- raug rau cov pov tseg hluav taws xob.
Nyob rau hauv xyoo tas los no, tau muaj ib txoj hauv kev los txo cov neeg mob kis los ntawm kev qhia txog cov isotopes luv luv nrog cov nyhuv nqaim dua thiab siv cov tshuaj hauv zos ntau dua.
Shorer ib nrab-lub neej txo qhov cuam tshuam ntawm cov khoom siv hluav taws xob, vim tias feem ntau ntawm cov khoom nyob ntev tau tawm los ntawm lub raum.
Qhov kev cuam tshuam ib puag ncig ntawm cov kav dej phwj tuaj tsis tshwm sim nyob ntawm seb tus neeg mob puas nyob hauv tsev lossis sab nraud. Txawm hais tias feem ntau ntawm cov khoom siv hluav taws xob tso tawm tuaj yeem ua rau lub neej luv luv, cov txiaj ntsig sib txuas tau deb tshaj cov pa phem ntawm tag nrho cov nuclear fais fab nroj tsuag ua ke.
Cov tshuaj radionuclides feem ntau siv hauv tshuaj yog X-ray qhov chaw:
- 99mTc - pob txha taub hau thiab hlwb scan, cerebral ntshav scan, plawv, siab, ntsws, thyroid scan, placental localization;
- 131I - ntshav, daim siab scan, placental localization, thyroid scan thiab kho;
- 51Cr - kev txiav txim siab ntawm lub sijhawm ntawm lub neej ntawm cov qe ntshav liab los yog sequestration, ntshav ntim;
- 57Co - Schilling test;
- 32P – pob txha metastases.
Kev siv dav dav ntawm cov txheej txheem radioimmunoassay, urinalysis thiab lwm txoj hauv kev tshawb fawb siv cov ntawv sau cov organic tebchaw tau nce kev siv cov kua tshuaj ua kua. Organic phosphorus daws, feem ntau yog ua raws li toluene lossis xylene, tsim ib lub ntim loj ntawm cov kua organic pov tseg uas yuav tsum tau muab pov tseg. Kev ua hauv cov kua dej yog qhov ua rau muaj kev phom sij thiab ib puag ncig tsis tuaj yeem lees txais. Vim li no, kev siv khib nyiab pov tseg yog nyiam.
Txij li lub neej nyob ntev 3H lossis 14C yooj yim yaj hauv ib puag ncig, lawv raug nyob hauv qhov qub. Tab sis cov txiaj ntsig sib sau tuaj yeem ua qhov tseem ceeb.
Lwm qhov kev kho mob ntawm radionuclides yog kev siv cov roj teeb plutonium rau lub zog pacemakers. Ntau txhiab tus neeg muaj sia nyob niaj hnub no vim tias cov cuab yeej no pab lawv lub siab ua haujlwm. Muab qhov chaw kaw ntawm 238 Pu (150 GBq) raug phais rau cov neeg mob.
Industrial X-rays: qhov chaw, khoom, kev siv
Tshuaj tsis yog thaj chaw nkaus xwb uas qhov no ntawm cov electromagnetic spectrum tau pom daim ntawv thov. Radioisotopes thiab X-ray qhov chaw siv hauv kev lag luam yog ib feem tseem ceeb ntawm cov teeb meem hluav taws xob technogenic. Piv txwv daim ntawv thov:
- kev lag luam hluav taws xob;
- ntsuas hluav taws xob;
- smoke detectors;
- khoom siv tus kheej luminous;
- X-ray crystallography;
- scanners rau tshuaj ntsuam lub nra thiab lub nra;
- x-ray lasers;
- synchrotrons;
- cyclotrons.
Vim tias feem ntau ntawm cov ntawv thov no koom nrog kev siv cov isotopes encapsulated, hluav taws xob raug tshwm sim thaum thauj, hloov mus, tu thiab pov tseg.
Puas X-ray raj yog qhov chaw ntawm ionizing hluav taws xob hauv kev lag luam? Yog, nws yog siv nyob rau hauv tshav dav hlau uas tsis yog-tshuaj ntsuam xyuas systems, nyob rau hauv kev kawm ntawm crystals, cov ntaub ntawv thiab cov qauv, thiab nyob rau hauv industrial tswj. Tau ntau xyoo dhau los, koob tshuaj tiv thaiv hluav taws xob hauv kev tshawb fawb thiab kev lag luam tau mus txog ib nrab ntawm tus nqi ntawm qhov ntsuas no hauv cov tshuaj; yog li qhov kev pab cuam tseem ceeb.
Encapsulated X-ray qhov chaw los ntawm lawv tus kheej tsis tshua muaj txiaj ntsig. Tab sis lawv txoj kev thauj mus los thiab kev pov tseg yog kev txhawj xeeb thaum lawv poob lossis yuam kev pov tseg hauv qhov chaw pov tseg. Xws li qhov chawX-rays feem ntau yog muab thiab ntsia raws li ob npaug kaw discs lossis lub tog raj kheej. Cov tshuaj ntsiav yog ua los ntawm cov hlau tsis muaj steel thiab yuav tsum tau tshawb xyuas lub sijhawm kom pom cov pa tawm. Lawv pov tseg tuaj yeem ua teeb meem. Cov peev txheej luv luv yuav raug khaws cia thiab degraded, tab sis txawm tias tom qab ntawd lawv yuav tsum raug suav nrog thiab cov khoom seem seem yuav tsum muab pov tseg ntawm qhov chaw muaj ntawv tso cai. Txwv tsis pub, cov tshuaj ntsiav yuav tsum raug xa mus rau cov koom haum tshwj xeeb. Lawv lub zog txiav txim siab txog cov khoom siv thiab qhov loj ntawm qhov chaw ua haujlwm ntawm X-ray qhov chaw.
X-ray qhov chaw cia
Ib qho teeb meem loj zuj zus yog qhov kev nyab xeeb decommissioning thiab decontamination ntawm cov chaw lag luam uas cov ntaub ntawv xov tooj cua tau khaws cia yav dhau los. Cov no feem ntau yog cov khoom siv hluav taws xob qub qub qub, tab sis lwm cov kev lag luam yuav tsum tau koom nrog, xws li cov nroj tsuag rau kev tsim cov cim ntawm tus kheej luminous tritium.
Cov chaw nyob qis qis, uas tau nthuav dav, yog ib qho teeb meem tshwj xeeb. Piv txwv li, 241 Am yog siv rau hauv cov pa luam yeeb. Ntxiv nrog rau radon, cov no yog qhov tseem ceeb ntawm X-ray hluav taws xob hauv lub neej txhua hnub. Ib leeg, lawv tsis ua rau muaj kev phom sij, tab sis muaj coob tus ntawm lawv yuav muaj teeb meem yav tom ntej.
Nuclear explosions
Lub sijhawm 50 xyoo dhau los, txhua tus tau raug hluav taws xob los ntawm kev poob los ntawm kev sim riam phom nuclear. Lawv lub ncov nyob ntawmXyoo 1954-1958 thiab 1961-1962.
Xyoo 1963, peb lub tebchaws (USSR, Tebchaws Asmeskas thiab Tebchaws Askiv) tau kos npe rau daim ntawv cog lus ntawm kev txwv ib feem ntawm kev sim nuclear hauv huab cua, dej hiav txwv thiab sab nraud. Ob xyoo tom ntej no, Fab Kis thiab Tuam Tshoj tau ua ntau qhov kev sim me me, uas tau tso tseg rau xyoo 1980. Kev sim hauv av tseem tab tom ua, tab sis feem ntau lawv tsis ua nag lossis daus.
Xov tooj cua kis tau los ntawm kev sim huab cua poob ze ntawm qhov chaw tawg. Qee tus ntawm lawv nyob hauv troposphere thiab nqa los ntawm cua thoob ntiaj teb ntawm tib lub latitude. Thaum lawv txav mus, lawv poob rau hauv av, tshuav li ib hlis hauv huab cua. Tab sis feem ntau raug thawb mus rau hauv lub stratosphere, qhov chaw muaj kuab paug nyob rau ntau lub hlis, thiab maj mam ntws hla lub ntiaj teb.
Radioactive fallout suav nrog ntau pua qhov sib txawv ntawm radionuclides, tab sis tsuas yog qee qhov ntawm lawv tuaj yeem cuam tshuam rau tib neeg lub cev, yog li, lawv qhov loj me me, thiab kev lwj sai sai. Qhov tseem ceeb tshaj plaws yog C-14, Cs-137, Zr-95 thiab Sr-90.
Zr-95 muaj ib nrab-lub neej ntawm 64 hnub, thaum Cs-137 thiab Sr-90 muaj txog 30 xyoo. Tsuas yog carbon-14, nrog ib nrab-lub neej ntawm 5730, yuav nyob twj ywm nyob deb mus rau yav tom ntej.
Nuclear Zog
Nuclear hwj chim yog qhov teeb meem tshaj plaws ntawm txhua qhov chaw hluav taws xob anthropogenic, tab sis nws muaj feem cuam tshuam rau tib neeg kev noj qab haus huv. Thaum lub sijhawm ua haujlwm ib txwm muaj, cov chaw tsim hluav taws xob nuclear tso tawm cov hluav taws xob tsis zoo rau hauv ib puag ncig. Lub Ob Hlis 2016Muaj 442 pej xeem kev ua haujlwm nuclear reactors nyob rau hauv 31 lub teb chaws thiab 66 ntxiv tau nyob rau hauv kev tsim kho. Qhov no tsuas yog ib feem ntawm kev tsim hluav taws xob nuclear. Nws pib nrog cov mining thiab sib tsoo ntawm uranium ore thiab txuas ntxiv nrog kev tsim cov roj nuclear. Tom qab siv rau hauv cov nroj tsuag fais fab, cov roj hlwb qee zaum rov ua dua kom rov qab tau uranium thiab plutonium. Thaum kawg, lub voj voog xaus nrog kev pov tseg ntawm cov pov tseg nuclear. Nyob rau txhua theem ntawm lub voj voog no, cov ntaub ntawv xov tooj cua tuaj yeem tso tawm.
Hais txog ib nrab ntawm lub ntiaj teb cov uranium ore ntau lawm yog los ntawm cov qhov qhib, ib nrab ntawm cov mines. Tom qab ntawd nws yog crushed nyob ze crushers, uas tsim ib tug loj npaum li cas ntawm pov tseg - pua pua lab tons. Cov pov tseg no tseem muaj hluav taws xob ntau lab xyoo tom qab cov nroj tsuag tsis ua haujlwm, txawm hais tias hluav taws xob yog ib feem me me ntawm keeb kwm yav dhau los.
Tom qab ntawd, uranium tau hloov mus ua roj los ntawm kev ua haujlwm ntxiv thiab ua kom huv ntawm cov nroj tsuag ntxiv. Cov txheej txheem no ua rau huab cua thiab dej paug, tab sis lawv tsawg dua li ntawm lwm theem ntawm lub voj voog roj.
