Dab tsi yog ib qho hauv Lavxias? Yav dhau los, hais lus txhais tau tias txhua qhov kev pabcuam ntawm kev hais lus. Nyob rau hauv lub xyoo pua 19th A. V. Dobiash, ib tug neeg sawv cev ntawm lub tsev kawm ntawv Kharkov lus, pib cais hais mus rau hauv ib tug nyias muaj nyias ib qeb, uas yog pib ntawm ib tug nqaim mus kom ze rau qhov teeb meem ntawm hais. V. V. Vinogradov kuj mob siab rau nws txoj kev tshawb fawb rau lawv cov kev tshawb fawb.
Cov lus qhia hauv Lavxias suav nrog hauv qeb ntawm cov khoom siv. Txhawm rau kawm paub yuav ua li cas txheeb xyuas cov piv txwv ntawm cov lus qhia hauv kab lus, nws tsis txaus los kawm cov npe no, koj yuav tsum txiav txim siab qhov kev sib raug zoo hauv ib kab lus lossis kab lus.
Particle raws li ib feem ntawm kev hais lus
Nyob rau hauv niaj hnub morphology, ib tug particle yog ib feem ntawm kev hais lus uas yog ib tug ntxiv semantic, kev ntsuam xyuas los yog lub siab lub ntsiab lus ntawm ib lo lus, kab lus los yog kab lus, thiab kuj ua hauj lwm los tsim ib co hom ntawm ib lo lus.
Particles lawv tus kheej tsis qhia lub ntsiab lus, tab sis lawv tuaj yeem ua homonymous nrog qee lo lus tseem ceeb.
Sib piv:
- Nws tseem tsis tau tuaj txog (adverb yet). Thaum twg lwm tus ua nwsyuav tuaj? (tseem - particle)
- Lub caij ntuj sov txias (yog - verb). Nws mus, tab sis rov qab los (nws yog - ib qho)
Qhov sib txawv tseem ceeb ntawm cov khoom thiab cov prepositions thiab conjunctions yog lawv qhov tsis muaj peev xwm los qhia txog kev sib raug zoo grammatical. Lawv muaj feem cuam tshuam nrog rau lwm cov lus pabcuam los ntawm kev hloov pauv tsis tau thiab tsis muaj lub luag haujlwm syntactic (uas yog, lawv tsis yog cov tswvcuab ntawm kab lus). Txawm li cas los xij, nws tsim nyog sau cia tias lo lus "yog" raws li cov lus pom zoo, thiab lo lus "tsis yog" yog qhov tsis zoo, tsis tuaj yeem ua cov kab lus ywj pheej tsis sib xws. Tab sis nyob rau tib lub sij hawm, ib tug yuav tsum tsis txhob confuse lub particle "tsis yog" thiab cov lus tsis zoo "tsis muaj", uas yog siv nyob rau hauv cov kab lus tsis yog tus kheej. Piv txwv li: "Tsis yog, koj tsuas yog mloog nws hu li cas!" (tsis muaj particle). "Kuv tsis muaj sijhawm" (tsis yog lo lus tsis zoo). Thaum lub sij hawm parsing, ib tug particle tej zaum yuav highlight nrog rau lub ntsiab lo lus uas nws nyob, los yog tsis tag nrho.
Hom particle nyob ntawm seb lawv muaj pes tsawg leeg
Raws li lawv muaj pes tsawg leeg, cov khoom tau muab faib ua yooj yim thiab sib xyaw. Cov yooj yim muaj xws li ib lo lus (yuav, txawm, ib yam), thiab cov khoom sib xyaw - los ntawm ob (tsis tshua muaj ntau) lo lus (uas yuav yog, txawm li cas los xij, nyuaj). Compounds, nyob rau hauv lem, yuav dissected, thaum nws muaj peev xwm faib particle nyob rau hauv ib kab lus nyob rau hauv lwm yam lus.
- Kuv xav tias kuv tuaj yeem mus rau Moscow.
- Kuv xav tias kuv tuaj yeem mus rau Moscow.
Thiab inseparable, thaum kev sib cais ntawm particle nyob rau hauv lwm yam lus yog tsis yooj yim sua. Phraseological hais kuj yog inseparable, covkev sib txuas ntawm cov lus muaj nuj nqi, qhov kev sib txuas ntawm cov semantic uas tam sim no poob nws lub ntsiab lus tseem ceeb (tsis muaj lwm txoj hauv kev, tsuas yog saib, txawm tias nws yog rooj plaub thiab lwm tus).
Particle functions
Hauv kev hais lus ntawm qhov ncauj thiab sau ntawv, cov khoom ua haujlwm ua haujlwm hauv qab no:
- Deem, subjunctiveness, convitionity, kev ntshaw, kev ntshaw;
- tus yam ntxwv-yam ntxwv thiab kev ntsuas;
- hom phiaj, kev nug, kev lees paub lossis tsis lees paub;
- kev nqis tes los yog lub xeev nyob ntawm nws qhov kev kawm hauv lub sijhawm, nws qhov ua tiav lossis tsis tiav, qhov tshwm sim ntawm nws qhov kev siv.
particle tso tawm
Raws li cov haujlwm tau ua, tag nrho cov khoom raug muab faib ua pawg:
- Saping (cia, yog, cia, thiab lwm yam). Siv los tsim qhov tseem ceeb thiab lub siab xav (cia nws khiav, nws yuav khiav).
- tsis zoo (tsis muaj dej, tsis muaj khob cij; tsis nqa, tsis lom zem).
- Qhia kos npe (kev nqis tes ua, xeev) nyob ntawm nws qhov kev kawm hauv lub sijhawm, nws qhov ua tiav lossis tsis tiav, qhov tshwm sim ntawm nws qhov kev siv.
- Modal hais. Nqa cov ntsiab lus ntxiv los yog qhia kev xav.
Type of modal particles
Pab pawg ntawm modal hais yog qhov dav heev thiab tuaj yeem muab faib ua ntau hom:
- Indicative particles (ntawm no, tawm).
- Interrogative hais(Puas yog nws tiag).
- Ntxhais particle (txhua yam).
- Excretory-limiting particles (tsuas yog, xwb, xwb).
- Intensifying particles (txawm tom qab tag nrho).
- Exclamation hais (zoo li, dab tsi, oh, txoj cai).
- Particle qhia kev tsis ntseeg (tsis yooj yim, nyuaj).
- Affirmative particle (yog, yog, yog).
- Particles nthuav qhia softening rau qhov kev thov (-ka).
qhia hais tias
Qhov tso tawm ntawm ib qho khoom tuaj yeem txiav txim siab hauv cov ntsiab lus, vim tias ntau ntawm lawv yog homonymous. Yog li ntawd, nws yog ib qho tsim nyog yuav tsum paub tias qhov txiaj ntsig ntawm txhua qhov tso tawm muaj dab tsi. Cov lus qhia yog cov uas taw tes rau cov khoom, kev ua thiab tshwm sim ntawm qhov muaj tiag nyob ib puag ncig, nrog rau kev sib txuas thiab ua qauv qhia cov lus. Feem ntau cov piv txwv ntawm hom no yog: qhov no, ntawm no, tawm, nws, colloquial - nyob rau hauv, ib co lwm yam. Raws li qee qhov kev tshawb fawb, ib qho postpositive particle kuj adjoins cov lus qhia - kuj nyob rau hauv kev sib txuas ntawm hom: ces, muaj, tib yam, nyob rau hauv tib qhov chaw, qhov twg nws yog ua ke nrog pronouns los ntawm agglutination txoj kev. Piv txwv hais tias: "Ntawm no yog kuv lub tsev", "Kuv lub vaj", "Yuav ua li cas yog zaj nkauj no?".
Qee yam ntawm tus taw qhia qhov
Qhov tshwj xeeb ntawm kev siv cov lus qhia qhia tau tuaj yeem txiav txim siab ntawm qhov piv txwv ntawm qhov qhia tau hais tawm - tawm. Qhov tseeb yog tias nyob rau hauv tus txheej txheem ntawm kev siv cov khoom no nyob rau hauv ntau yam ntsiab lus, muaj kev hloov ntawm qhov tseem ceeb ntawm nws. Piv txwv li, hauv kab lus:"Nws mus" thiab "Nws yog", muaj qhov sib txawv intonation meej.
Koj tuaj yeem taug qab qhov kev sib raug zoo ntawm cov lej seem nrog cov lej hauv cov lus.
| Modal (qhia lub ntsiab lus thiab kev xav) | pointer | |
| clarifications | xwb, tiag tiag, yuav luag | |
| nug | seb, tiag tiag, tiag tiag | |
| exclamation marks | yog li cas, zoo, ncaj nraim | |
| excretory-restrictive | yuav,tsuas,tsuas,tsuas,tsuas,tsuas,tsuas yog | |
| amplifiers | ||
| lees paub | Yog, yog, tiag tiag | |
| express doubts | ||
| qhia kev so ntawm kev thov | -ka (go) | |
| Kev | form the imperative mood |
Yees Yes, let's, let's, let Cia li kaj! |
| form conditional mood |
b, xav Kuv xav caij. |
|
| negative | ||
| tsis | ua tiav tsis lees paub nrogsiv ua ntej tus predicate | Niam tsis los. |
| ib nrab tsis pom zoo thaum siv ua ntej tus so ntawm kab lus | Tsis yog kuv niam uas tuaj. | |
| rau nqe lus hauv exclamatory thiab interrogative kab lus | Kuv tsis tau ntsib! | |
| nyob rau hauv kev ruaj ntseg ua ke | yuav, tsis yog, yuav luag | |
| Pab tsis tau tab sis share no (=yuav tsum share, mam share) | ||
| neither | rau kev ntxiv dag zog thaum tsis pom zoo |
Tsis muaj nkauj lossis paj huam. Tsis yog ntses lossis nqaij, tsis yog qhov no lossis qhov ntawd. |
| txhawm rau ntxiv dag zog rau nqe lus hauv subordinate clauses nrog kev pom zoo | mus qhov twg, nco ntsoov tsev. | |
Particles feem ntau yog siv ob qho tib si hauv qhov ncauj thiab sau ntawv, yog li rau lawv cov peev txheej siv koj yuav tsum muaj peev xwm txiav txim siab lawv lub ntsiab lus thiab qeb. Txhawm rau xyaum cov txuj ci no, koj tuaj yeem nrhiav cov piv txwv ntawm cov lus taw qhia lossis lwm tus lej hauv cov ntawv tseeb thaum nyeem txhua hnub.
