Photosynthesis thiab ua pa yog ob txheej txheem uas ua rau lub neej. Lawv ob leeg coj qhov chaw nyob rau hauv ib lub cell. Thawj - hauv cov nroj tsuag thiab qee cov kab mob, qhov thib ob - hauv tsiaj, thiab hauv cov nroj tsuag, thiab hauv cov kab mob, thiab kab mob.
Nws tuaj yeem hais tau tias kev ua pa ntawm tes thiab photosynthesis yog cov txheej txheem rov qab. Qhov no yog ib feem yog, txij li yav tas los absorbs oxygen thiab tso carbon dioxide, thaum lub tom kawg ua qhov opposite. Txawm li cas los xij, nws tsis raug txawm tias piv rau ob txoj haujlwm no, vim lawv tshwm sim hauv cov kab mob sib txawv uas siv cov tshuaj sib txawv. Lub hom phiaj uas lawv xav tau kuj txawv: photosynthesis yog qhov tsim nyog kom tau txais cov as-ham, thiab cellular respiration yog tsim nyog rau lub zog tsim.
Photosynthesis: qhov twg thiab nws tshwm sim li cas?
Qhov no yog tshuaj lom neeg cov tshuaj tiv thaiv kom tau txais cov organic tshuaj los ntawm inorganic. Ib qho yuav tsum tau ua ua ntej rau kev khiav ntawm photosynthesis yog qhov muaj hnub ci, vim nws lub zog ua raws li cov khoom siv.
Photosynthesis yam ntxwv ntawm cov nroj tsuag tuaj yeem qhia tau los ntawm kev sib npaug hauv qab no:
- 6CO2 + 6H2O=C6H 12 O6 +6O2.
Ntawd yog, los ntawm rau lub molecules ntawm carbon dioxide thiab tib tus naj npawb ntawm cov molecules ntawm cov dej nyob rau hauv lub xub ntiag ntawm tshav ntuj, ib tsob nroj tuaj yeem tau txais ib molecule ntawm qabzib thiab rau oxygen.
Qhov no yog qhov piv txwv yooj yim ntawm photosynthesis. Ntxiv nrog rau cov piam thaj, cov nroj tsuag tuaj yeem tsim cov carbohydrates ntau dua, nrog rau cov organic tshuaj los ntawm lwm cov chav kawm.
Ntawm no yog ib qho piv txwv ntawm kev tsim cov amino acid los ntawm inorganic compounds:
- 6SO2 + 4H2O + 2SO42 - + 2NO3- + 6H+=2C 3H7O2NS + 132.
Raws li koj tuaj yeem pom, los ntawm rau lub molecules ntawm carbon dioxide, plaub molecules dej, ob sulfate ions, ob nitrate ions thiab rau hydrogen ions, ob cysteine molecules thiab kaum peb oxygen molecules tuaj yeem tau siv lub hnub ci zog.
Cov txheej txheem ntawm photosynthesis tshwm sim hauv cov organelles tshwj xeeb - chloroplasts. Lawv muaj cov xim chlorophyll, uas ua rau cov tshuaj tiv thaiv tshuaj. Cov organelles no tsuas pom muaj nyob hauv cov nroj tsuag xwb.
Chloroplast qauv
Qhov no yog ib qho organoid uas muaj cov duab ntawm lub pob elongated. Qhov loj ntawm chloroplast feem ntau yog 4-6 microns, tab sis nyob rau hauv cov hlwb ntawm qee cov algae koj tuaj yeem pom plastids loj - chromatophores, qhov loj ntawm qhov ncav cuag 50 microns.
Cov organoid no belongs rau ob-membrane. Nws yog surrounded los ntawm sab nrauv thiab sab hauv plhaub. Lawv sib cais ntawm ib leeg los ntawm qhov chaw nruab nrab.
Qhov chaw sab hauv ntawm chloroplast yog hu ua "stroma". Nws muaj thylakoids thiab lamellae.
Thylakoids yog cov pob txha zoo li lub hnab uas muaj chlorophyll. Qhov no yog qhov uas photosynthesis tshwm sim. Sib sau ua ke hauv pawg, thylakoids tsim grana. Tus naj npawb ntawm thylakoids ib grana tuaj yeem sib txawv ntawm 3 txog 50.
Lamellas yog cov qauv tsim los ntawm daim nyias nyias. Lawv yog ib lub network ntawm branched channel, lub luag hauj lwm tseem ceeb ntawm uas yog muab kev sib txuas lus ntawm cov nplej.
Chloroplast tseem muaj lawv tus kheej ribosomes, tsim nyog rau kev sib txuas ntawm cov protein, thiab lawv tus kheej DNA thiab RNA. Tsis tas li ntawd, tej zaum yuav muaj suav nrog cov khoom noj tshwj xeeb, feem ntau yog cov hmoov txhuv nplej siab.
Cellular ua pa
Muaj ntau hom txheej txheem no. Muaj anaerobic thiab aerobic cellular ua pa. Thawj yog tus yam ntxwv ntawm cov kab mob. Kev ua pa anaerobic muaj ntau hom: nitrate, sulfate, sulfuric, hlau, carbonate, fumarate. Cov txheej txheem zoo li no tso cai rau cov kab mob kom tau txais lub zog yam tsis tas siv oxygen.
Aerobic cellular respiration yog yam ntxwv ntawm tag nrho cov kab mob, nrog rau cov tsiaj thiab nroj tsuag. Nws tshwm sim nrog kev koom tes ntawm oxygen.
Nyob rau hauv cov neeg sawv cev ntawm fauna, cellular respiration tshwm sim nyob rau hauv tshwj xeeb organelles. Lawv hu ua mitochondria. Hauv cov nroj tsuag, kev ua pa ntawm tes kuj tshwm sim hauv mitochondria.
Cellular respiration tshwm sim nyob rau hauv peb theem:
- Preparatory stage.
- YGlycolysis(cov txheej txheem anaerobic, tsis xav tau oxygen).
- Oxidation (aerobic theem).
Npaj theem
Thawj theem yog cov tshuaj complex hauv plab zom mov tau tawg ua cov yooj yim dua. Yog li, amino acids tau txais los ntawm cov proteins, fatty acids thiab glycerol los ntawm lipids, thiab qabzib los ntawm complex carbohydrates. Cov tebchaw no raug thauj mus rau hauv lub cell thiab tom qab ntawd ncaj qha mus rau hauv mitochondria.
YGlycolysis
Nws nyob hauv qhov tseeb tias nyob rau hauv qhov kev txiav txim ntawm enzymes, qabzib tau tawg mus rau pyruvic acid thiab hydrogen atoms. Qhov no tsim ATP (adenosine triphosphoric acid). Cov txheej txheem no tuaj yeem qhia los ntawm qhov sib npaug hauv qab no:
- C6N12O6=2C3H3O3 + 4H + 2ATP.
Yog li, hauv cov txheej txheem ntawm glycolysis los ntawm ib lub molecule ntawm qabzib, lub cev tuaj yeem tau txais ob lub molecules ntawm ATP.
Oxidation
Nyob rau theem no, cov pyruvic acid tsim thaum lub sij hawm glycolysis reacts nrog oxygen nyob rau hauv qhov kev txiav txim ntawm enzymes, uas ua rau tsim carbon dioxide thiab hydrogen atoms. Cov atoms no raug thauj mus rau cristae uas lawv tau oxidized los ua dej thiab 36 ATP molecules.
Yog li, hauv cov txheej txheem ntawm kev ua pa ntawm tes, tag nrho ntawm 38 ATP molecules raug tsim: 2 ntawm theem thib ob thiab 36 ntawm qhov thib peb. Adenosine triphosphoric acid yog lub hauv paus ntawm lub zog uas mitochondria muab rau lub cell.
qauvmitochondria
Cov kab mob uas ua pa tshwm sim muaj nyob hauv cov tsiaj, cov nroj tsuag, thiab cov kab mob fungal. Lawv yog spherical nyob rau hauv cov duab thiab hais txog 1 micron loj.
Mitochondria, zoo li chloroplasts, muaj ob daim nyias nyias sib cais los ntawm qhov chaw nruab nrab. Dab tsi nyob hauv lub plhaub ntawm cov organoid no hu ua matrix. Nws muaj ribosomes, mitochondrial DNA (mtDNA), thiab mtRNA. Cov matrix dhau glycolysis thiab thawj theem ntawm oxidation.
Comb-zoo li folds daim ntawv los ntawm lub puab daim nyias nyias. Lawv hu ua cristae. Ntawm no theem thib ob ntawm peb theem ntawm cellular respiration tshwm sim. Thaum lub sijhawm nws, feem ntau ATP molecules raug tsim.
Keeb kwm ntawm ob-membrane organelles
Cov kws tshawb fawb tau ua pov thawj tias cov qauv uas muab photosynthesis thiab ua pa tshwm sim hauv cell los ntawm symbiogenesis. Ntawd yog, ib zaug lawv tau cais cov kab mob. Qhov no piav qhia vim li cas ob qho tib si mitochondria thiab chloroplasts muaj lawv tus kheej ribosomes, DNA thiab RNA.
