Koj puas tau xav tias muaj pes tsawg tus kab mob nyob hauv ntiaj teb no?! Thiab tom qab tag nrho, lawv txhua tus yuav tsum tau nqus pa oxygen txhawm rau tsim lub zog thiab nqus pa carbon dioxide. Nws yog carbon dioxide uas yog lub ntsiab ua rau xws li ib tug tshwm sim raws li stuffiness nyob rau hauv lub chav tsev. Nws tshwm sim thaum muaj coob tus neeg nyob rau hauv nws, thiab chav tsev tsis ventilated rau lub sij hawm ntev. Tsis tas li ntawd, cov chaw tsim khoom, tsheb ntiag tug thiab pej xeem thauj cov huab cua nrog cov tshuaj lom.
Raws li cov lus hais saum toj no, cov lus nug uas muaj tseeb tshwm sim: ua li cas peb thiaj li tsis ua pa, yog tias tag nrho lub neej yog qhov muaj kuab lom carbon dioxide? Tus Cawm Seej ntawm txhua tus tsiaj nyob hauv qhov xwm txheej no yog photosynthesis. Cov txheej txheem no yog dab tsi thiab vim li cas thiaj tsim nyog?
Nws qhov tshwm sim yog qhov kev hloov pauv ntawm qhov sib npaug ntawm cov pa roj carbon dioxide thiab qhov saturation ntawm huab cua nrog oxygen. Cov txheej txheem zoo li no tsuas yog paub rau cov neeg sawv cev ntawm lub ntiaj teb ntawm cov nroj tsuag, uas yog, cov nroj tsuag, txij li thaum nws tshwm sim hauv lawv cov hlwb xwb.
Photosynthesis nws tus kheej yog ib txoj haujlwm nyuaj heev, nyob ntawm qee yam xwm txheej thiab tshwm sim hauv ob pebtheem.
Definition of concept
Raws li kev txhais lus tshawb fawb, cov tshuaj organic tau hloov mus rau hauv cov tshuaj organic thaum lub sijhawm photosynthesis ntawm qib cellular hauv cov kab mob autotrophic vim raug tshav ntuj.
Muab nws yooj yim dua, photosynthesis yog txheej txheem uas tshwm sim hauv qab no:
- Cov nroj tsuag yog saturated nrog noo noo. Lub hauv paus ntawm noo noo tuaj yeem yog dej los ntawm hauv av los yog huab cua sov sov.
- Chlorophyll (ib yam khoom tshwj xeeb pom hauv cov nroj tsuag) reacts rau hnub ci zog.
- Kev tsim cov khoom noj tsim nyog rau cov neeg sawv cev ntawm cov nroj tsuag, uas lawv tsis tuaj yeem tau txais ntawm lawv tus kheej hauv txoj kev heterotrophic, tab sis lawv tus kheej yog tus tsim tawm. Hauv lwm lo lus, cov nroj tsuag noj yam lawv tsim. Qhov no yog qhov tshwm sim ntawm photosynthesis.
Xyaum txhua txhua tsob ntoo muaj cov tshuaj ntsuab, ua tsaug uas nws tuaj yeem nqus tau lub teeb. Cov tshuaj no tsis muaj dab tsi ntau tshaj li chlorophyll. Nws qhov chaw yog chloroplasts. Tab sis chloroplasts nyob rau hauv qia ib feem ntawm cov nroj tsuag thiab nws cov txiv hmab txiv ntoo. Tab sis nplooj photosynthesis yog tshwj xeeb tshaj yog muaj nyob rau hauv cov xwm. Txij li thaum tom kawg yog qhov yooj yim heev hauv nws cov qauv thiab muaj qhov loj me, uas txhais tau hais tias lub zog xav tau rau txoj kev cawm seej mus ntxiv yuav loj dua.
Thaum lub teeb yog nqus los ntawm chlorophyll, tom kawg yog nyob rau hauv lub xeev ntawm kev zoo siab thiab nwsxa cov lus zog rau lwm cov organic molecules ntawm cov nroj tsuag. Qhov loj tshaj ntawm cov zog no mus rau cov neeg koom nrog hauv cov txheej txheem ntawm photosynthesis.
theem 2
Kev tsim cov photosynthesis ntawm theem ob tsis tas yuav tsum muaj kev koom tes ntawm lub teeb. Nws muaj nyob rau hauv kev tsim cov tshuaj bonds siv tshuaj lom carbon dioxide tsim los ntawm huab cua huab cua thiab dej. Kuj tseem muaj kev sib txuas ntawm ntau yam tshuaj uas ua kom cov haujlwm tseem ceeb ntawm cov neeg sawv cev ntawm cov nroj tsuag. Cov no yog cov hmoov txhuv nplej siab, qabzib.
Hauv cov nroj tsuag, cov khoom siv organic zoo li no yog qhov khoom noj khoom haus rau ib tus neeg ntawm cov nroj tsuag, thaum ua kom cov txheej txheem ntawm lub neej. Cov tshuaj no kuj tau los ntawm cov neeg sawv cev ntawm cov tsiaj uas noj cov nroj tsuag rau zaub mov. Tib neeg lub cev yog saturated nrog cov tshuaj no los ntawm cov khoom noj, uas muaj nyob rau hauv cov khoom noj txhua hnub.
Dab tsi? Qhov twg? Thaum twg?
Yuav kom cov organic tshuaj los ua cov organic, nws yog ib qho tsim nyog los muab cov xwm txheej tsim nyog rau photosynthesis. Rau cov txheej txheem nyob rau hauv kev xav, ua ntej ntawm tag nrho cov, lub teeb yog xav tau. Peb tab tom tham txog kev dag thiab hnub ci. Nyob rau hauv qhov xwm txheej, cov kev ua ntawm cov nroj tsuag feem ntau tshwm sim los ntawm kev siv lub caij nplooj ntoos hlav thiab lub caij ntuj sov, uas yog, thaum xav tau ntau lub hnub ci zog. Dab tsi tsis tuaj yeem hais txog lub caij nplooj zeeg, thaum muaj teeb pom kev tsawg thiab tsawg, hnub luv luv. Yog li ntawd, cov nplooj tig daj, thiab tom qab ntawd poob tag. Tab sis sai li sai tau thaum thawj lub caij nplooj ntoo hlav ntawm lub hnub ci, cov nyom ntsuab yuav sawv, lawv yuav rov pib ua haujlwm tam sim ntawd.chlorophylls, thiab kev tsim cov pa oxygen thiab lwm yam khoom noj tseem ceeb yuav pib.
Cov xwm txheej rau photosynthesis suav nrog ntau dua li lub teeb. Cov dej noo yuav tsum txaus. Tom qab tag nrho, cov nroj tsuag ua ntej absorbs noo noo, thiab tom qab ntawd cov tshuaj tiv thaiv pib nrog kev koom tes ntawm lub hnub ci zog. Cov zaub mov cog yog qhov tshwm sim ntawm cov txheej txheem no.
Tsuas yog muaj cov teeb meem ntsuab xwb thiaj li muaj photosynthesis. Dab tsi yog chlorophylls, peb twb tau hais saum toj no. Lawv ua raws li ib yam ntawm cov neeg xyuas pib ntawm lub teeb los yog hnub ci zog thiab cov nroj tsuag nws tus kheej, kom ntseeg tau tias lawv lub neej thiab kev ua ub no. Cov tshuaj ntsuab muaj peev xwm nqus tau ntau lub hnub rays.
Oxygen kuj ua lub luag haujlwm tseem ceeb. Rau cov txheej txheem ntawm photosynthesis kom ua tiav, cov nroj tsuag xav tau ntau ntawm nws, vim nws tsuas muaj 0.03% carbonic acid. Yog li, los ntawm 20,000 m3 ntawm huab cua, koj tuaj yeem tau 6 m3 ntawm cov kua qaub. Nws yog cov khoom tom kawg uas yog cov khoom siv tseem ceeb rau cov piam thaj, uas, dhau los, yog cov khoom tsim nyog rau lub neej.
Muaj ob theem ntawm photosynthesis. Thawj hu ua qhov kaj, qhov thib ob yog tsaus.
Dab tsi yog qhov txheej txheem ntawm lub teeb theem ntws
Lub teeb theem ntawm photosynthesis muaj lwm lub npe - photochemical. Cov neeg koom tseem ceeb ntawm theem no yog:
- hnub ci zog;
- ntau yam xim.
Nrog thawj cov khoom, txhua yam yog qhov tseeb, nws yog hnub ci. TABSISuas yog cov pigments, tsis yog txhua tus paub. Lawv yog ntsuab, daj, liab los yog xiav. Chlorophylls ntawm pab pawg "A" thiab "B" belongs rau ntsuab, phycobilins rau daj thiab liab / xiav, feem. Photochemical kev ua ntawm cov neeg koom nyob rau hauv no theem ntawm cov txheej txheem tsuas yog qhia los ntawm chlorophylls "A". Tus so ua si lub luag haujlwm ntxiv, cov ntsiab lus uas yog sau los ntawm lub teeb quanta thiab lawv kev thauj mus los rau lub chaw photochemical.
Vim tias chlorophyll tau txais txiaj ntsig nrog lub peev xwm los nqus lub hnub ci zog ntawm qee qhov wavelength, cov tshuab hluav taws xob hauv qab no tau txheeb xyuas:
- Photochemical chaw 1 (ntsuab tshuaj ntawm pab pawg "A") - pigment 700 muaj nyob rau hauv cov muaj pes tsawg leeg, absorbing lub teeb rays, qhov ntev ntawm uas yog kwv yees li 700 nm. Cov xim no ua lub luag haujlwm tseem ceeb hauv kev tsim cov khoom ntawm lub teeb theem ntawm photosynthesis.
- Photochemical chaw 2 (ntsuab tshuaj ntawm pab pawg "B") - cov muaj pes tsawg leeg muaj xws li xim 680, uas absorbs lub teeb rays, qhov ntev yog 680 nm. Nws muaj lub luag haujlwm thib ob, uas muaj nyob rau hauv kev ua haujlwm ntawm kev ntxiv cov electrons uas ploj lawm los ntawm lub chaw photochemical 1. Nws ua tiav vim cov dej hydrolysis ntawm cov kua.
Rau 350–400 pigment molecules uas mloog lub teeb fluxes hauv photosystems 1 thiab 2, tsuas muaj ib qho molecule ntawm cov xim, uas yog photochemically active - chlorophyll ntawm pab pawg "A".
Yuav ua li cas?
1. Lub teeb lub zog nqus los ntawm cov nroj tsuag cuam tshuam rau cov xim 700 uas muaj nyob rau hauv, uas hloov ntawm lub xeev ib txwm mus rau lub xeev zoo siab. Pigment poobelectron, uas ua rau tsim lub thiaj li hu ua electron qhov. Tsis tas li ntawd, cov xim molecule uas tau poob ib qho hluav taws xob tuaj yeem ua raws li nws cov neeg txais, uas yog, sab uas tau txais cov hluav taws xob, thiab rov qab mus rau nws cov duab.
2. Cov txheej txheem ntawm cov kua decomposition nyob rau hauv lub photochemical chaw ntawm lub teeb-absorbing pigment 680 ntawm photosystem 2. Thaum lub sij hawm decomposition ntawm dej, electrons yog tsim, uas yog pib txais los ntawm ib yam khoom xws li cytochrome C550 thiab yog denoted los ntawm tsab ntawv Q. Ces, los ntawm cytochrome, cov electrons nkag mus rau hauv cov cab kuj thiab raug thauj mus rau photochemical center 1 los ntxiv rau lub qhov hluav taws xob, uas yog qhov tshwm sim ntawm kev nkag mus ntawm lub teeb quanta thiab cov txheej txheem txo cov xim 700.
Muaj cov xwm txheej thaum xws li cov molecule tau rov qab ib qho hluav taws xob zoo ib yam li yav dhau los. Qhov no yuav ua rau kev tso tawm ntawm lub teeb lub zog nyob rau hauv daim ntawv ntawm tshav kub. Tab sis yuav luag ib txwm, ib qho hluav taws xob nrog cov nqi tsis zoo ua ke nrog cov protein tshwj xeeb hlau-sulfur thiab raug xa mus raws ib qho ntawm cov saw hlau rau cov xim 700, los yog nkag mus rau lwm cov saw hlau thiab rov sib koom nrog cov neeg txais kev ruaj ntseg.
Nyob rau hauv thawj qhov sib txawv, muaj lub voj voog kaw-hom electron thauj, hauv qhov thib ob - tsis yog-cyclic.
Ob txheej txheem yog catalyzed los ntawm tib cov saw hlau ntawm cov khoom siv hluav taws xob hauv thawj theem ntawm photosynthesis. Tab sis nws yuav tsum tau muab sau tseg tias thaum lub sij hawm photophosphorylation ntawm cyclic hom, thawj zaug thiab nyob rau tib lub sij hawm qhov kawg taw tes ntawm kev thauj mus los yog chlorophyll, thaum uas tsis yog-cyclic tsheb thauj mus los implies qhov kev hloov ntawm ntsuab tshuaj ntawm pab pawg "B" rau.chlorophyll "A".
Txoj kev tsheb thauj mus los cyclic
Cyclic phosphorylation tseem hu ua photosynthetic. Raws li cov txheej txheem no, ATP molecules raug tsim. Qhov kev thauj mus los no yog ua raws li kev xa rov qab ntawm cov hluav taws xob hauv lub xeev zoo siab rau cov xim 700 los ntawm ntau theem ua tiav, vim tias lub zog tau tso tawm, uas koom nrog hauv kev ua haujlwm ntawm phosphorylating enzyme system rau lub hom phiaj ntawm kev sib txuas ntxiv hauv ATP phosphate. daim ntawv cog lus. Qhov ntawd yog, lub zog tsis ploj mus.
Cyclic phosphorylation yog thawj cov tshuaj tiv thaiv ntawm photosynthesis, uas yog ua raws li cov thev naus laus zis ntawm kev tsim cov tshuaj muaj zog rau ntawm daim nyias nyias ntawm chloroplast thylactoids siv lub zog ntawm tshav ntuj.
Yog tsis muaj photosynthetic phosphorylation, assimilation tshwm sim nyob rau hauv qhov tsaus ntuj theem ntawm photosynthesis yog tsis yooj yim sua.
Lub nuances ntawm kev thauj mus los ntawm hom tsis-cyclic
Cov txheej txheem muaj nyob rau hauv kev kho dua ntawm NADP + thiab tsim NADPH. Lub tshuab yog raws li kev hloov ntawm ib qho hluav taws xob rau ferredoxin, nws cov tshuaj tiv thaiv txo qis thiab kev hloov pauv mus rau NADP + nrog kev txo qis ntxiv rau NADPH.
Vim li ntawd, cov electrons uas ploj pigment 700 rov qab ua tsaug rau cov electrons ntawm dej, uas decomposes nyob rau hauv lub teeb rays nyob rau hauv lub photosystem 2.
Txoj kev tsis yog-cyclic ntawm electrons, qhov ntws ntawm uas tseem cuam tshuam lub teeb photosynthesis, yog ua los ntawm kev sib cuam tshuam ntawm ob qho tib si photosystems nrog ib leeg, txuas lawv cov saw hlau thauj electron. Luminouslub zog directs ntws ntawm electrons rov qab. Thaum thauj los ntawm photochemical chaw 1 mus rau 2 center, electrons poob ib feem ntawm lawv lub zog vim tsub zuj zuj raws li ib tug proton muaj peev xwm nyob rau hauv daim nyias nyias ntawm thylactoids.
Nyob rau hauv lub sijhawm tsaus ntuj ntawm photosynthesis, cov txheej txheem ntawm kev tsim cov proton-hom muaj peev xwm nyob rau hauv lub electron thauj saw thiab nws exploitation rau tsim ntawm ATP nyob rau hauv chloroplasts yog yuav luag tag nrho zoo tib yam rau tib txoj kev nyob rau hauv mitochondria. Tab sis cov yam ntxwv tseem muaj. Thylactoids nyob rau hauv qhov teeb meem no yog mitochondria tig rau hauv tawm. Qhov no yog qhov laj thawj tseem ceeb uas cov electrons thiab protons txav mus thoob plaws hauv daim nyias nyias nyob rau hauv qhov kev coj rov qab uas cuam tshuam txog kev thauj mus los hauv mitochondrial membrane. Electrons raug thauj mus rau sab nraud, thaum cov protons tau sau nyob rau hauv sab hauv ntawm thylactic matrix. Cov tom kawg lees txais tsuas yog tus nqi zoo xwb, thiab sab nrauv ntawm thylactoide yog qhov tsis zoo. Nws ua raws li txoj hauv kev ntawm proton-hom gradient yog rov qab rau nws txoj hauv kev hauv mitochondria.
Cov yam ntxwv tom ntej tuaj yeem hu ua qib pH loj hauv lub peev xwm ntawm protons.
Qhov thib peb yog qhov muaj tsuas yog ob qhov chaw sib txuas hauv cov saw thylactoid thiab, vim li ntawd, qhov sib piv ntawm ATP molecule rau protons yog 1: 3.
Zoo kawg
Nyob rau hauv thawj theem, photosynthesis yog kev sib cuam tshuam ntawm lub teeb lub zog (artificial thiab non-artificial) nrog ib tsob nroj. Cov tshuaj ntsuab teb rau cov rays - chlorophylls, feem ntau muaj nyob rau hauv nplooj.
Kev tsim ntawm ATP thiab NADPH yog qhov tshwm sim ntawm cov tshuaj tiv thaiv zoo li no. Cov khoom no yog qhov tseem ceeb rau kev tsaus ntuj tshwm sim. Yog li ntawd, lub teeb theem yog qhov yuav tsum tau ua, yam tsis muaj theem thib ob - theem tsaus ntuj - yuav tsis tshwm sim.
Tsaus theem: qhov tseem ceeb thiab nta
Tsaus photosynthesis thiab nws cov tshuaj tiv thaiv yog cov txheej txheem ntawm carbon dioxide rau hauv cov khoom ntawm cov organic keeb kwm nrog kev tsim cov carbohydrates. Kev siv cov tshuaj tiv thaiv no tshwm sim hauv stroma ntawm chloroplast thiab cov khoom lag luam ntawm thawj theem ntawm photosynthesis - lub teeb ua ib feem ntawm lawv.
Lub tshuab ntawm theem tsaus ntuj ntawm photosynthesis yog raws li cov txheej txheem ntawm carbon dioxide assimilation (tseem hu ua photochemical carboxylation, Calvin cycle), uas yog tus cwj pwm los ntawm cyclicity. Muaj peb theem:
- Carboxylation - ntxiv ntawm CO2.
- Kev rov qab theem.
- Ribulose diphosphate regeneration theem.
Ribulophosphate, qab zib nrog tsib carbon atoms, yog phosphorylated los ntawm ATP, ua rau ribulose diphosphate, uas yog ntxiv carboxylated los ntawm kev sib txuas nrog CO2 khoom nrog rau carbons, uas tam sim ntawd decompose thaum interacting nrog ib tug dej molecule, tsim ob molecular hais ntawm phosphoglyceric acid. Tom qab ntawd cov kua qaub no dhau los ua kom tiav qhov kev txo qis hauv kev siv cov tshuaj tiv thaiv enzymatic, uas yuav tsum muaj ATP thiab NADP los tsim cov suab thaj nrog peb carbons - peb-carbon qab zib, triose lossis aldehyde.phosphoglycerol. Thaum ob lub trioses condense, ib tug hexose molecule tau txais, uas tuaj yeem dhau los ua ib feem ntawm cov hmoov txhuv nplej siab thiab tau debugged hauv reserve.
theem no xaus nrog kev nqus ntawm ib qho CO molecule thaum lub sijhawm txheej txheem ntawm photosynthesis 2thiab siv peb ATP molecules thiab plaub H atoms. Hexose phosphate lends nws tus kheej rau cov tshuaj tiv thaiv ntawm lub voj voog pentose phosphate, ua rau ribulose phosphate yog rov tsim dua tshiab, uas tuaj yeem rov ua dua nrog lwm cov pa roj carbonic acid molecule.
Cov tshuaj tiv thaiv carboxylation, kho dua tshiab, tsis tuaj yeem hu ua tshwj xeeb tshwj xeeb rau cov cell uas photosynthesis tshwm sim. Koj tsis tuaj yeem hais tias qhov "homogeneous" cov txheej txheem yog dab tsi, txij li qhov sib txawv tseem muaj nyob - thaum lub sijhawm rov qab los, NADPH yog siv, thiab tsis dhauH.
Qhov sib ntxiv ntawm CO2 los ntawm ribulose diphosphate yog catalyzed los ntawm ribulose diphosphate carboxylase. Cov tshuaj tiv thaiv yog 3-phosphoglycerate, uas yog txo los ntawm NADPH2 thiab ATP rau glyceraldehyde-3-phosphate. Cov txheej txheem txo yog catalyzed los ntawm glyceraldehyde-3-phosphate dehydrogenase. Cov tom kawg tau yooj yim hloov mus rau dihydroxyacetone phosphate. fructose bisphosphate yog tsim. Qee qhov ntawm nws cov molecules koom nrog hauv cov txheej txheem rov tsim dua tshiab ntawm ribulose diphosphate, kaw lub voj voog, thiab qhov thib ob yog siv los tsim cov carbohydrate reserves hauv photosynthesis hlwb, uas yog, carbohydrate photosynthesis tshwm sim.
Lub teeb lub zog yog tsim nyog rau phosphorylation thiab synthesis ntawm cov organic tshuajkeeb kwm, thiab lub zog ntawm oxidation ntawm cov organic tshuaj yog tsim nyog rau oxidative phosphorylation. Yog li ntawd, cov nroj tsuag muab txoj sia rau tsiaj thiab lwm yam kab mob uas yog heterotrophic.
Photosynthesis nyob rau hauv cov nroj tsuag cell tshwm sim li no. Nws cov khoom yog carbohydrates, tsim nyog los tsim cov pa roj carbon skeletons ntawm ntau yam tshuaj ntawm cov neeg sawv cev ntawm lub ntiaj teb no ntawm cov nroj tsuag, uas yog cov organic keeb kwm.
Cov tshuaj ntawm nitrogen-organic hom yog assimilated nyob rau hauv cov kab mob photosynthetic vim qhov txo qis ntawm inorganic nitrates, thiab sulfur - vim txo cov sulfates rau sulfhydryl pawg ntawm cov amino acids. Muab kev tsim cov proteins, nucleic acids, lipids, carbohydrates, cofactors, uas yog photosynthesis. Dab tsi yog "kev pabcuam" ntawm cov khoom tseem ceeb rau cov nroj tsuag twb tau hais txog, tab sis tsis yog ib lo lus tau hais txog cov khoom lag luam ntawm cov khoom sib txuas, uas yog cov tshuaj muaj txiaj ntsig zoo (flavonoids, alkaloids, terpenes, polyphenols, steroids, organic acids thiab lwm yam).). Yog li ntawd, tsis muaj exaggeration, peb tuaj yeem hais tias photosynthesis yog tus yuam sij rau lub neej ntawm cov nroj tsuag, tsiaj txhu thiab tib neeg.
