Chlorophyll formula thiab nws lub luag haujlwm hauv cov txheej txheem ntawm photosynthesis

2024 Tus sau: Angel Austin | [email protected]. Kawg hloov kho: 2023-12-17 05:28

Vim li cas cov nyom, nrog rau cov nplooj ntawm cov ntoo thiab hav txwv yeem, ntsuab? Nws yog txhua yam hais txog chlorophyll. Koj tuaj yeem nqa txoj hlua muaj zog ntawm kev paub thiab ua kom muaj kev sib raug zoo nrog nws.

History

Cia peb mus ncig ua si luv luv rau yav dhau los tsis ntev los no. Joseph Bieneme Cavantou thiab Pierre Joseph Pelletier yog cov uas tuav tes nrog. Cov txiv neej ntawm kev tshawb fawb tau sim cais cov xim ntsuab ntawm nplooj ntawm ntau yam nroj tsuag. Kev siv zog tau ua tiav nrog kev ua tiav hauv xyoo 1817.

Cov xim muaj npe hu ua chlorophyll. Los ntawm Greek chloros, ntsuab, thiab phyllon, nplooj. Txawm li cas los xij, thaum pib ntawm lub xyoo pua 20th, Mikhail Tsvet thiab Richard Wilstetter tau xaus lus tias nws hloov tawm tias chlorophyll muaj ntau yam khoom.

Rolling nws lub tes tsho, Willsetteter teeb ua haujlwm. Purification thiab crystallization qhia ob yam. Lawv tsuas yog hu ua alpha thiab beta (a thiab b). Rau nws txoj haujlwm hauv kev tshawb fawb ntawm cov khoom no hauv xyoo 1915, nws tau txais txiaj ntsig Nobel nqi zog.

Xyoo 1940, Hans Fischer tau npaj rau lub ntiaj teb cov qauv kawg ntawm chlorophyll "a". Synthesis huab tais Robert Burns Woodward thiab ntau tus kws tshawb fawb los ntawm Asmeskas tau txais cov tshuaj chlorophyll tsis zoo nyob rau xyoo 1960. Thiab yog li daim ntaub thaiv ntawm kev zais cia tau qhib - qhov tsos ntawm chlorophyll.

Tshuajkhoom

Chlorophyll formula, txiav txim siab los ntawm kev ntsuas ntsuas, zoo li no: C _55H72_O5N₄Mg. Cov qauv tsim muaj xws li cov organic dicarboxylic acid (chlorophyllin), nrog rau methyl thiab phytol cawv. Chlorophyllin yog ib qho organometallic compound ntsig txog magnesium porphyrins thiab muaj nitrogen.

COOH

MgN₄OH₃₀C₃₂

COOH

Chlorophyll yog teev raws li ester vim qhov tseeb tias qhov seem ntawm methyl cawv yog CH₃OH thiab phytol C₂₀H ₃₉OH hloov cov hydrogen ntawm pawg carboxyl.

Saum toj no yog cov qauv qauv ntawm chlorophyll alpha. Saib ua tib zoo saib, koj tuaj yeem pom tias beta-chlorophyll muaj ib qho ntxiv oxygen atom, tab sis ob lub hydrogen atoms tsawg dua (CH₃). Yog li qhov hnyav molecular ntawm alpha-chlorophyll qis dua li ntawm beta.

Magnesium nyob hauv nruab nrab ntawm cov khoom ntawm cov khoom txaus siab rau peb. Nws ua ke nrog 4 nitrogen atoms ntawm pyrrole formations. Cov txheej txheem ntawm theem pib thiab hloov pauv ob daim ntawv cog lus tuaj yeem pom hauv pyrrole bonds.

Chromophore tsim, uas ua tiav haum rau hauv cov ntsiab lus ntawm chlorophyll - qhov no yog N. Nws ua rau nws muaj peev xwm nqus tau tus kheej rays ntawm lub hnub ci spectrum thiab nws cov xim, tsis hais qhov tseeb tias thaum nruab hnub lub hnub kub hnyiab zoo li lub hnub ci. nplaim taws, thiab thaum yav tsaus ntuj nws zoo li smoldering coals.

Cia mus rau qhov loj me. Lub porphyrin core yog 10 nm nyob rau hauv txoj kab uas hla, phytol fragment hloov mus rau 2 nm ntev. Nyob rau hauv lub nucleus, chlorophyll yog 0.25 nm, nruab nrab ntawmmicroparticles ntawm pyrrole nitrogen pawg.

Kuv xav kom nco ntsoov tias magnesium atom, uas yog ib feem ntawm chlorophyll, tsuas yog 0.24 nm nyob rau hauv txoj kab uas hla thiab yuav luag tag nrho cov chaw dawb nyob nruab nrab ntawm cov atoms ntawm pyrrole pawg ntawm nitrogen, uas pab cov tub ntxhais ntawm lub molecule kom muaj zog.

Nws tuaj yeem txiav txim siab tias chlorophyll (a thiab b) muaj ob yam hauv qab lub npe yooj yim alpha thiab beta.

YChlorophyll a

Cov txheeb ze ntawm cov molecule yog 893.52. Microcrystals ntawm cov xim dub nrog xiav tint yog tsim nyob rau hauv sib cais. Ntawm qhov kub ntawm 117-120 degrees Celsius, lawv yaj thiab hloov mus ua kua.

Hauv ethanol tib chloroforms, hauv acetone, thiab benzenes yaj yooj yim. Cov txiaj ntsig tau txais cov xim xiav-ntsuab thiab muaj qhov tshwj xeeb - nplua nuj liab fluorescence. Soluble tsis zoo nyob rau hauv roj av ether. Lawv tsis tawg hauv dej.

Chlorophyll alpha formula: C₅₅H₇₂O₅N ₄Mg. Cov tshuaj nyob rau hauv nws cov qauv tshuaj yog cais raws li chlorine. Hauv lub nplhaib, phytol txuas nrog propionic acid, uas yog rau nws qhov seem.

Qee cov kab mob nroj tsuag, tsis yog chlorophyll ib, tsim nws cov analogue. Ntawm no, pawg ethyl (-CH₂-CH₃) hauv II pyrrole nplhaib tau hloov los ntawm ib qho yas (-CH=CH ₂). Xws li ib lub molecule muaj thawj pawg vinyl nyob rau hauv ib lub nplhaib, qhov thib ob hauv lub nplhaib ob.

YChlorophyll b

Chlorophyll-beta formula yog raws li nram no: C₅₅H₇₀O₆N ₄Mg. Molecular hnyav ntawm ib yam khoomyog 903. Ntawm carbon atom C₃ nyob rau hauv lub pyrrole nplhaib ob, muaj me ntsis cawv tsis muaj hydrogen –H-C=O, uas muaj xim daj. Qhov no yog qhov txawv ntawm chlorophyll a.

Peb twv kom nco ntsoov tias ntau hom chlorophylls nyob hauv qhov tshwj xeeb ruaj khov ntawm lub xov tooj ntawm tes, tseem ceeb heev rau nws txoj sia nyob ntxiv, plastids-chloroplasts.

Chlorophylls c thiab d

Chlorophyll c. Classic porphyrin yog dab tsi ua rau cov xim no txawv.

Nyob hauv liab algae, chlorophyll d. Ib txhia tsis ntseeg nws lub neej. Nws yog ntseeg hais tias nws tsuas yog ib tug degeneration khoom ntawm chlorophyll a. Tam sim no, peb tuaj yeem ntseeg tau tias chlorophyll nrog tsab ntawv d yog cov xim tseem ceeb ntawm qee qhov photosynthetic prokaryotes.

Cov khoom ntawm chlorophyll

Tom qab kev tshawb fawb ntev, cov pov thawj tau tshwm sim tias muaj qhov sib txawv ntawm cov yam ntxwv ntawm chlorophyll tam sim no hauv cov nroj tsuag thiab muab rho tawm los ntawm nws. Chlorophyll hauv cov nroj tsuag txuas nrog cov protein. Cov kev soj ntsuam hauv qab no ua tim khawv rau qhov no:

1. Qhov nqus spectrum ntawm chlorophyll hauv nplooj yog txawv thaum piv rau qhov muab rho tawm.
2. Nws yog qhov tsis muaj tseeb kom tau txais cov ntsiab lus piav qhia los ntawm cov nroj tsuag qhuav nrog cawv ntshiab. Kev rho tawm tau zoo nrog cov nplooj zoo moistened, lossis dej yuav tsum tau ntxiv rau cawv. Nws yog nws uas rhuav tshem cov protein txuam nrog chlorophyll.
3. Cov khoom rub tawm ntawm cov nplooj ntoo raug puas tsuaj sai sai hauv qabKev cuam tshuam ntawm oxygen, concentrated acid, lub teeb rays.

Tab sis chlorophyll hauv cov nroj tsuag tiv taus txhua yam saum toj no.

YChloroplast

Chlorophyll nroj tsuag muaj 1% ntawm cov khoom qhuav. Nws tuaj yeem pom muaj nyob rau hauv tshwj xeeb cell organelles - plastids, uas qhia tau hais tias nws tsis sib npaug ntawm cov nroj tsuag. Plastids ntawm cov hlwb uas muaj xim ntsuab thiab muaj chlorophyll hauv lawv hu ua chloroplasts.

Tus nqi ntawm H₂O hauv chloroplasts thaj tsam li ntawm 58 txog 75%, cov ntsiab lus qhuav muaj cov proteins, lipids, chlorophyll thiab carotenoids.

Chlorophyll Functions

Cov kws tshawb fawb tau tshawb pom qhov zoo sib xws hauv kev npaj ntawm chlorophyll thiab hemoglobin molecules, lub ntsiab ua pa ntawm tib neeg cov ntshav. Qhov txawv yog hais tias nyob rau hauv lub pincer hlws ris nyob rau hauv nruab nrab, magnesium nyob rau hauv cov xim ntawm cov nroj tsuag keeb kwm, thiab hlau nyob rau hauv hemoglobin.

Thaum lub sijhawm photosynthesis, lub ntiaj teb cov nroj tsuag absorbs carbon dioxide thiab tso pa tawm. Ntawm no yog lwm txoj haujlwm zoo ntawm chlorophyll. Hais txog kev ua haujlwm, nws tuaj yeem muab piv nrog hemoglobin, tab sis qhov cuam tshuam rau tib neeg lub cev yog qhov loj dua.

Chlorophyll yog cov xim cog qoob loo uas nkag siab rau lub teeb thiab coated ntsuab. Tom ntej no los photosynthesis, nyob rau hauv uas nws microparticles hloov lub zog ntawm lub hnub absorbed los ntawm cov nroj tsuag hlwb mus rau hauv tshuaj zog.

Ib tug tuaj yeem mus rau cov lus xaus hauv qab no tias photosynthesis yog txheej txheemhloov dua siab tshiab ntawm hnub ci zog. Yog tias koj ntseeg cov ntaub ntawv niaj hnub no, nws tau pom tias kev sib txuas ntawm cov khoom siv organic los ntawm cov pa roj carbon dioxide thiab dej siv lub teeb lub zog yog decomposed rau hauv peb theem.

Stage 1

theem no yog ua tiav hauv cov txheej txheem ntawm photochemical decomposition ntawm dej, nrog kev pab ntawm chlorophyll. Molecular oxygen tso tawm.

Stage 2

Muaj ntau qhov kev cuam tshuam redox ntawm no. Lawv tau txais kev pabcuam nquag ntawm cytochromes thiab lwm yam khoom siv hluav taws xob. Cov tshuaj tiv thaiv tshwm sim vim lub teeb lub zog xa los ntawm electrons los ntawm dej rau NADPH thiab tsim ATP. Lub teeb lub zog khaws cia ntawm no.

Stage 3

NADPH thiab ATP twb tsim tau siv los hloov cov pa roj carbon dioxide rau hauv carbohydrate. Lub zog nqus lub teeb yog koom nrog hauv cov tshuaj tiv thaiv ntawm theem 1 thiab theem 2. Qhov tshwm sim ntawm qhov kawg, thib peb, tshwm sim yam tsis muaj kev koom tes ntawm lub teeb thiab hu ua tsaus.

Photosynthesis yog tib txoj kev lom neeg uas tshwm sim nrog kev ua kom dawb zog. Ncaj lossis tsis ncaj muab cov khoom lag luam muaj tshuaj rau bipeds, tis, wingless, quadrupeds thiab lwm yam kab mob nyob hauv ntiaj teb.

Hemoglobin thiab chlorophyll

Hemoglobin thiab chlorophyll molecules muaj qhov nyuaj, tab sis tib lub sijhawm zoo li cov qauv atomic. Feem ntau nyob rau hauv lawv cov qauv yog ib tug profin - ib lub nplhaib ntawm me me rings. Qhov sib txawv yog pom nyob rau hauv cov txheej txheem txuas nrog lub profin, thiab nyob rau hauv lub atoms nyob rau hauv: hlau atom (Fe) nyob rau hauv hemoglobin, nyob rau hauv chlorophyll.magnesium (Mg).

Chlorophyll thiab hemoglobin zoo sib xws hauv cov qauv, tab sis tsim cov qauv protein sib txawv. Chlorophyll yog tsim nyob ib ncig ntawm magnesium atom, thiab hemoglobin yog tsim nyob ib ncig ntawm hlau. Yog tias koj noj cov tshuaj chlorophyll molecule thiab disconnect tus phytol tail (20 carbon saw), hloov cov magnesium atom rau hlau, ces cov xim ntsuab ntawm cov xim yuav tig liab. Qhov tshwm sim yog ua tiav hemoglobin molecule.

Chlorophyll tau yooj yim thiab nqus sai, ua tsaug rau qhov zoo sib xws. Zoo txhawb lub cev ntawm oxygen tshaib plab. Nws saturates cov ntshav nrog cov kab mob tsim nyog, los ntawm qhov no nws zoo dua thauj cov khoom tseem ceeb tshaj plaws rau lub neej mus rau lub hlwb. Muaj kev tso tawm raws sij hawm ntawm cov khoom pov tseg, co toxins, cov khoom pov tseg uas tshwm sim los ntawm cov metabolism hauv ntuj. Muaj kev cuam tshuam ntawm dormant leukocytes, tsa lawv.

Tus neeg piav qhia, tsis muaj kev ntshai lossis kev thuam, tiv thaiv, ntxiv dag zog rau cell membranes, thiab pab cov ntaub so ntswg rov qab los. Cov txiaj ntsig zoo ntawm chlorophyll suav nrog kev kho sai ntawm cov kab mob, ntau qhov txhab thiab yaig. Txhim kho lub cev tiv thaiv kab mob, qhia txog lub peev xwm los tiv thaiv cov kab mob pathological ntawm DNA molecules.

Ib qho zoo hauv kev kho mob kis thiab mob khaub thuas. Qhov no tsis yog tag nrho cov npe ntawm kev ua zoo ntawm cov khoom raug txiav txim siab.