Cov lus Saami yog cov lus ntawm cov neeg sab qaum teb (Saami) uas tau tawg mus thoob lub tebchaws xws li Sweden, Finland, Norway thiab Russia. Nws yog ib pab pawg ntawm Finno-Volga pawg lus, thiab cov lus ntawm Estonians, Finns thiab Karelians tuaj yeem raug hu ua "cov txheeb ze". Cov lus Mordovian thiab Mari yog me ntsis cuam tshuam nrog Saami.
Kev faib cov lus
Tag nrho Saami hais lus txawv, uas feem ntau yog ua ke rau hauv ib qho txuas ntxiv, uas yog, txhua tus ntawm lawv, yog li hais, nyob hauv tib thaj chaw, muaj qhov sib txawv me me ntawm lawv tus kheej. Thiab tseem qhov no yog qhov taw tes moot. Txog niaj hnub no, cov kws qhia lus tsis tuaj yeem tuaj yeem pom zoo: seb puas yuav faib cov lus Sami rau ntau tus neeg ywj pheej, lossis muab cov lus uas twb muaj lawm ua ib qho.
Ntawm no yog qhov khoom. Cov Saami, nyob hauv ib pab pawg sib txawv hauv thaj chaw sib txawv, muaj kab lis kev cai sib txawv. Qhov no, nyob rau hauv lem, yog reflected nyob rau hauv cov lus ntawm txhua pab pawg neeg. Thiab tsis yog li ntawd xwb. Qhov tseeb, muaj ntau yam cuam tshuam ntxiv:
- lub tebchaws nyob (Finland, Sweden, Russia lossisNorway);
- kev ua haujlwm ntawm qee yam Saami (nuv ntses, reindeer herding, yos hav zoov);
- natural nta ntawm thaj chaw (Roob Saami thiab Hav Zoov Saami);
- qhov chaw keeb kwm (Inner Finnmark Saami hauv Norway, Yukkasjärvi Saami hauv Sweden, Jokang, Varza, Lovozero Saami);
- chaw nyob tam sim no (nroog lossis nyob deb nroog).
Ua nom, cov lus Saami feem ntau muab faib ua pawg sab hnub poob thiab sab hnub tuaj. Sab hnub poob suav nrog Sami ntawm Finland, Norway thiab Sweden, thiab sab hnub tuaj - Sami ntawm Finland thiab Russia.
Kev faib tawm ntawm Western thiab Eastern Sámi lus
Sib rau Sami ntxiv. Ob hom lus Western thiab Eastern kuj suav nrog ntau hom lus. Cov pab pawg sab hnub poob suav nrog South Sami, North Sami, nrog rau Ume-Sami, Pite-Sami, Lule-Sami. Lawv txhua tus muaj ntau qhov sib txawv hauv Sweden, Finland thiab Norway.
Cov pab pawg sab hnub tuaj suav nrog cov lus Saami, uas yog hais los ntawm Saami ntawm Russia thiab Saami ntawm Finland, thiab qee qhov ntawm lawv tau suav tias yog hom lus tuag ntawm no:
- Kemi-Sami - ib zaug hais los ntawm Sami hauv nruab nrab Lapland (Finland);
- Babin Sami yog nws lub npe thib ob Akkala, thiab hom lus no tau hais los ntawm Saami ntawm Russia (tus neeg hais lus kawg ntawm Akkala tuag xyoo 2003).
Cov lus nyob sab hnub tuaj Sami suav nrog Terek Sami thiab Kildin Sami. Lawv tau hais los ntawm ob peb Saami ntawm Russia. Koltta Sami tau hais los ntawm kwv yees li 420 tus neeg hauv tag nrho, 20 tus neeg nyob hauv Russia,tshuav 400 leej nyob hauv Finland.
Sami sau
Saami nyob hauv Finland, Sweden thiab Norway siv cov tsiaj ntawv raws li cov tsiaj ntawv Latin, thaum Lavxias teb sab Saami siv cov tsiaj ntawv Cyrillic, raws li. Thawj qhov hais txog cov lus sau ntawm Western Sami hnub rov qab mus rau xyoo pua 17th, thaum cov ntawv sau Swedish-Sami tau yug los. Tom qab ntawd, nyob rau hauv lub xyoo pua 18th, Norwegian Sami tau txais lawv cov lus sau, thiab txawm tias tom qab ntawd, cov Finnish (sau ntawv tuaj rau lawv nyob rau xyoo 19th). Thiab twb nyob rau hauv lub thib ob ib nrab ntawm lub xyoo pua xeem, ib tug spelling tau tsim uas yog tib yam rau tag nrho cov Saami ntawm Finland, Norway thiab Sweden.
Hnub no, cov lus Sami hauv cov tebchaws no tau qhia hauv cov tsev kawm theem pib. Lub Saami ntawm Russia, uas feem ntau nyob hauv Kola Peninsula, muaj lawv tus kheej cov lus sau, thiab nws yog raws li cov tsiaj ntawv Cyrillic. Nws tshwm sim thaum kawg ntawm lub xyoo pua 19th. Xyoo 1926, cov tsiaj ntawv Cyrillic tau hloov los ntawm cov tsiaj ntawv Latin, thiab kaum xyoo tom qab, cov tsiaj ntawv Cyrillic rov tsim lub hauv paus ntawm kev sau ntawv. Niaj hnub no, muaj ib tug tshiab version ntawm Cyrillic sau, uas thawj pom lub teeb nyob rau hauv 1982. Nws pib luam tawm nyob rau hauv primers nyob rau hauv tib lub xyoo. Thiab xyoo 1985, phau ntawv txhais lus loj ntawm Sami tau luam tawm.
Ntxhais lus zoo
Cov lus Saami muaj cov xov tooj nyuaj heev. Kuj tseem muaj cov vowels ntev thiab consonants, ntawm no tsis yog tsuas yog diphthongs, tab sis kuj triphthongs (thaum ib lub suab yog tsim los ntawm peb consonants). Nyob rau hauv cov lus no, vowels thiab consonants alternately, qhov kev nyuaj siab yuav poob rau thawj lub suab, tab sis nws kuj yog ob (uas yog, nws.poob rau lwm cov lus khib, tab sis yeej tsis poob rau qhov kawg).
Cov lus Saami yog qhov txawv ntawm nws tus lej thib ob, uas yog, ob lossis khub khoom raug tsis lees paub thiab sib txuas. Tsis muaj poj niam txiv neej qeb ntawm no. Sami adjectives tsis pom zoo nrog tus lej thiab rooj plaub.
Muaj yim qhov ntawm no, cov ntsiab lus tseem ceeb tau hais los ntawm prepositions thiab postpositions, thiab cov lus qhia muaj plaub lub sijhawm, nrog rau daim ntawv ntawm infinitive, participle thiab gerund. Verbal nouns tau tsim los ntawm verbs.
Cov lus Saami qiv ntau lo lus los ntawm cov lus B altic-Finnish, nrog rau cov lus Lavxias thiab cov neeg loj ntawm cov lus Uralic. Txawm li cas los xij, qee cov lus ntawm no tsis muaj analogues hauv lwm yam lus Fino-Ugric.
Qhov xwm txheej nrog cov lus Saami hauv Russia
Raws li kev suav pej xeem ua xyoo 2002, muaj txog 800 Saami tau sau npe hauv peb lub tebchaws. Txawm li cas los xij, raws li cov ntaub ntawv no, nws tseem nyuaj rau kev ntsuas qhov kev nthuav dav ntawm Sami lus hauv Russia. Qhov tseeb yog tias cov ntaub ntawv thaum lub sij hawm suav pej xeem yog pub dawb, yog li nws tsis yooj yim sua kom suav suav pes tsawg tus neeg paub hom lus lossis nws hom lus. Ib yam li ntawd, nws nyuaj rau txiav txim seb muaj pes tsawg tus Sámi tau paub lus zoo, thiab leej twg ntawm lawv tsuas muaj kev paub yooj yim.
Hauv xyoo 2007, kev tshawb fawb loj tau pib, lub hom phiaj ntawm kev txheeb xyuas seb muaj pes tsawg Saami nyob hauv Russia thiab pes tsawg tus ntawm lawv muaj ib haiv neeg.lus. Thiab ntawm no nws tsis tau ua lub luag haujlwm zoo npaum li cas qhov kev paub no. Cov kev tshawb fawb no pab khaws cia thiab txhim kho cov lus, txhim kho kev pab qhia, luam tawm cov phau ntawv, phau ntawv thiab phau ntawv ntawm cov lus Sami.
