Square of the USSR. Republics, nroog, pej xeem

Cov txheej txheem:

Square of the USSR. Republics, nroog, pej xeem
Square of the USSR. Republics, nroog, pej xeem
Anonim

Lub xeev loj tshaj plaws nyob rau hauv lub ntiaj teb no - lub Union ntawm Soviet Socialist Republics nyob ib tug thib rau ntawm lub ntiaj chaw. Lub cheeb tsam ntawm lub USSR yog plaub caug feem pua ntawm Eurasia. Lub Soviet Union yog 2.3 npaug loj dua US thiab me ntsis me dua North American sab av loj. Thaj chaw ntawm USSR yog ib feem loj ntawm sab qaum teb Asia thiab sab hnub tuaj Europe. Kwv yees li ib lub hlis twg ntawm thaj chaw poob rau ntawm European ib feem ntawm lub ntiaj teb, peb lub hlis twg ntxiv nyob rau hauv Asia. Thaj chaw tseem ceeb ntawm USSR tau nyob hauv Russia: peb lub hlis twg ntawm tag nrho lub tebchaws.

ua ussr
ua ussr

pas dej loj tshaj plaws

Nyob hauv USSR, thiab tam sim no hauv Russia, muaj lub pas dej tob tshaj plaws thiab huv tshaj plaws hauv ntiaj teb - Baikal. Nws yog lub pas dej loj tshaj plaws ntawm cov dej tshiab uas tsim los ntawm qhov xwm txheej, nrog rau cov tsiaj thiab tsiaj txhu. Tsis xav tias neeg tau ntev hu lub pas dej no lub hiav txwv. Nws yog nyob rau hauv nruab nrab ntawm Asia, qhov twg ciam teb ntawm lub koom pheej ntawm Buryatia thiab lub Irkutsk cheeb tsam hla, thiab stretches rau rau puas thiab nees nkaum kilometers nyob rau hauv ib tug loj crescent. Hauv qab ntawm Baikal yog 1167 meters hauv qab dej hiav txwv, thiab nws daim iav yog 456 meters siab dua. Qhov tob - 1642 meters.

Lwm lub pas dej hauv Russia - Ladoga - yog qhov loj tshaj plaws hauv Tebchaws Europe. Nws belongs rau lub B altic (hiav txwv) thiab Atlantic (dej hiav txwv) bass, sab qaum teb thiab sab hnub tuaj shores nyob rau hauv lub koom pheej ntawm Karelia, thiab sab hnub poob, sab qab teb thiab sab hnub tuaj shores nyob rau hauv lub Leningrad cheeb tsam. Thaj chaw ntawm Lake Ladoga hauv Tebchaws Europe, zoo li thaj tsam ntawm USSR hauv ntiaj teb, tsis muaj qhov sib npaug - 18,300 square kilometers.

Georgian SSR
Georgian SSR

dej loj tshaj

Tus dej ntev tshaj plaws hauv Tebchaws Europe yog Volga. Nws yog ntev heev uas cov neeg uas nyob hauv nws shores muab nws lub npe txawv. Nws ntws nyob rau hauv cov European ib feem ntawm lub teb chaws. Qhov no yog ib qho ntawm cov hlab ntsha loj tshaj plaws hauv ntiaj teb. Nyob rau hauv Russia, ib tug loj ib feem ntawm ib ncig ntawm nws yog hu ua lub Volga cheeb tsam. Nws qhov ntev yog 3690 mais, thiab thaj chaw dej hiav txwv yog 1,360,000 square kilometers. Muaj plaub lub nroog nyob rau hauv lub Volga nrog cov pejxeem ntawm ntau tshaj ib lab tus tib neeg - Volgograd, Samara (nyob rau hauv lub USSR - Kuibyshev), Kazan, Nizhny Novgorod (nyob rau hauv lub USSR - Gorky).

Nyob rau lub sijhawm ntawm 30s txog rau 80s ntawm lub xyoo pua nees nkaum, yim lub chaw nres tsheb loj loj tau tsim rau ntawm Volga - ib feem ntawm Volga-Kama cascade. Tus dej ntws nyob rau sab hnub poob Siberia - Ob yog qhov ntau tshaj-ntws, txawm tias luv me ntsis. Pib hauv Altai los ntawm qhov sib txuam ntawm Biya thiab Katun, nws khiav thoob plaws lub tebchaws mus rau Hiav Txwv Kara rau 3,650 mais, thiab nws lub pas dej yog 2,990,000 square kilometers. Nyob rau sab qab teb ntawm tus dej yog tus txiv neej tsim Ob Hiav Txwv, tsim thaum lub sij hawm tsim kho ntawm Novosibirsk hydroelectric power station, qhov chaw yog amazing.zoo nkauj.

Thaj Chaw ntawm USSR

Sab hnub poob ntawm USSR nyob ntau tshaj li ib nrab ntawm tag nrho cov teb chaws Europe. Tab sis yog hais tias peb coj mus rau hauv tus account tag nrho cov cheeb tsam ntawm lub USSR ua ntej lub cev qhuav dej ntawm lub teb chaws, ces lub cheeb tsam ntawm lub sab hnub poob tsuas yog ib feem peb ntawm tag nrho cov teb chaws. Txawm li cas los xij, cov pej xeem muaj ntau dua: tsuas yog nees nkaum yim feem pua ntawm cov neeg nyob hauv lub tebchaws tau nyob hauv tag nrho thaj tsam sab hnub tuaj.

Nyob rau sab hnub poob, nruab nrab ntawm Ural thiab Dnieper Rivers, Lavxias teb sab faj tim teb chaws tau yug los thiab nws nyob ntawm no tias txhua yam yuav tsum muaj rau kev tshwm sim thiab kev vam meej ntawm Soviet Union tau tshwm sim. Lub cheeb tsam ntawm lub USSR ua ntej lub cev qhuav dej ntawm lub teb chaws hloov ob peb zaug: ib co cheeb tsam koom, piv txwv li, Western Ukraine thiab Western Belarus, lub B altic xeev. Maj mam, qhov loj tshaj plaws kev ua liaj ua teb thiab kev lag luam lag luam tau teeb tsa nyob rau sab hnub tuaj, vim muaj ntau yam minerals thiab nplua nuj tshaj plaws.

Belarusian SSR
Belarusian SSR

Ciaj sia nyob ntev

Cov ciam teb ntawm USSR, txij li peb lub tebchaws, thiab tam sim no, tom qab kev sib cais ntawm kaum plaub lub tebchaws los ntawm nws, yog qhov loj tshaj plaws hauv ntiaj teb, ntev heev - 62,710 kilometers. Los ntawm sab hnub poob, lub tebchaws Soviet tau nthuav tawm sab hnub tuaj rau kaum txhiab mais - kaum lub sijhawm ntawm thaj av Kaliningrad (Curonian Spit) mus rau Ratmanov Island hauv Bering Strait.

Los ntawm sab qab teb mus rau sab qaum teb, USSR tau khiav mus txog tsib txhiab mais - los ntawm Kushka mus rau Cape Chelyuskin. Nws yuav tsum ciam teb rau thaj av nrog kaum ob lub tebchaws - rau ntawm lawv hauv Asia (Qaib ntxhw, Iran, Afghanistan, Mongolia, Tuam Tshoj thiab North Kauslim), rau hauv Tebchaws Europe (Finland, Norway, Poland, Czechoslovakia, Hungary,Romania). Thaj chaw ntawm USSR tsuas muaj ciam teb nrog dej hiav txwv nrog Nyiv thiab Asmeskas.

Borderland wide

Los ntawm sab qaum teb mus rau sab qab teb, USSR tau ncav cuag 5,000 km ntawm Cape Chelyuskin hauv Taimyr Autonomous District ntawm Krasnoyarsk Territory mus rau Central Asian nroog ntawm Kushka, Mary Region, Turkmen SSR. Los ntawm av, lub USSR ciam teb rau 12 lub teb chaws: 6 nyob rau hauv Asia (DPRK, Tuam Tshoj, Mongolia, Afghanistan, Iran thiab Qaib Cov Txwv) thiab 6 nyob rau hauv Teb chaws Europe (Romania, Hungary, Czechoslovakia, Poland, Norway thiab Finland).

Los ntawm hiav txwv, USSR ciam teb rau ob lub tebchaws - Tebchaws Asmeskas thiab Nyij Pooj. Lub teb chaws raug ntxuav los ntawm kaum ob lub hiav txwv ntawm Arctic, Pacific thiab Atlantic dej hiav txwv. Lub kaum peb hiav txwv yog lub Caspian, txawm hais tias nyob rau hauv tag nrho cov respects nws yog ib tug pas dej. Yog li ntawd, ob feem peb ntawm cov ciam teb tau nyob raws ntug hiav txwv, vim thaj tsam ntawm lub qub USSR muaj ntug hiav txwv ntev tshaj plaws nyob rau hauv lub ntiaj teb no.

Lithuanian SSR
Lithuanian SSR

Republics of the USSR: kev koom ua ke

Xyoo 1922, thaum lub sijhawm tsim ntawm USSR, nws suav nrog plaub lub tebchaws - Lavxias SFSR, Ukrainian SSR, Byelorussian SSR thiab Transcaucasian SFSR. Lwm qhov kev faib tawm thiab kev rov ntxiv tau tshwm sim. Hauv Central Asia, Turkmen thiab Uzbek SSRs tau tsim (1924), thiab muaj rau lub tebchaws nyob hauv USSR. Nyob rau hauv 1929, lub autonomous koom pheej nyob rau hauv lub RSFSR tau hloov mus rau hauv lub Tajik SSR, ntawm uas muaj muaj xya. Xyoo 1936, Transcaucasia tau muab faib: peb lub koom haum koom siab raug cais tawm ntawm tsoomfwv: Azerbaijan, Armenian thiab Georgian SSR.

Tib lub sijhawm, ob lub tebchaws Central Esxias kev ywj pheej ywj pheej uas yog ib feem ntawm RSFSR tau muab cais ua Kazakh thiab Kirghiz SSR. Tag nrho cov koom pheejua kaum ib. Xyoo 1940, ntau lub tebchaws tau txais kev lees paub rau USSR, thiab muaj kaum rau ntawm lawv: Moldavian SSR, Lithuanian SSR, Latvian SSR thiab Estonian SSR tau koom nrog lub tebchaws. Xyoo 1944, Tuva koom nrog, tab sis SSR Tuva Autonomous Region tsis ua. Karelian-Finnish SSR (ASSR) hloov nws cov xwm txheej ob peb zaug, yog li muaj kaum tsib lub tebchaws nyob rau xyoo 60s. Tsis tas li ntawd, muaj cov ntaub ntawv raws li uas nyob rau hauv lub 60s Bulgaria thov kom koom nyob rau hauv cov qeb ntawm lub union republics, tab sis qhov kev thov ntawm Comrade Toodor Zhivkov tsis tau tso cai.

Republics of the USSR: collapse

Los ntawm 1989 txog 1991, lub npe hu ua parade of sovereignties tau tshwm sim hauv USSR. Rau ntawm kaum tsib lub koom pheej tsis kam koom nrog lub koom haum tshiab - lub koom pheej ntawm Soviet Sovereign Republics thiab tshaj tawm kev ywj pheej (Lithuanian SSR, Latvian, Estonian, Armenian thiab Georgian), thiab Moldavian SSR tshaj tawm txoj kev hloov mus rau kev ywj pheej. Nrog rau tag nrho cov no, ib tug xov tooj ntawm autonomous republics txiav txim siab nyob twj ywm ib feem ntawm lub union. Cov no yog Tatar, Bashkir, Chechen-Ingush (tag nrho - Russia), South Ossetia thiab Abkhazia (Georgia), Transnistria thiab Gagauzia (Moldova), Crimea (Ukraine).

Crash

Tab sis lub cev qhuav dej ntawm USSR tau ua rau cov neeg tawg rog, thiab xyoo 1991 yuav luag txhua lub koomhaum koom pheej tau tshaj tawm kev ywj pheej. Nws kuj tseem ua tsis tiav los tsim ib lub koom haum, txawm tias Russia, Uzbekistan, Turkmenistan, Tajikistan, Kyrgyzstan, Kazakhstan thiab Belarus txiav txim siab los xaus qhov kev pom zoo.

Tom qab ntawd Ukraine tau muaj kev ywj pheej xaiv tsa thiab peb lub koom haum tsim tsa tau kos npe rau Bialowieza cov lus pom zoo los rhuav tshem lub koom haum, tsim CIS (Commonwe alth of Independentstates) nyob rau theem ntawm ib lub koom haum interstate. RSFSR, Kazakhstan thiab Belarus tsis tshaj tawm kev ywj pheej thiab tsis muaj kev xaiv tsa. Kazakhstan, txawm li cas los xij, ua li ntawd tom qab.

Armenian SSR
Armenian SSR

Georgian SSR

Tsim nyob rau lub Ob Hlis 1921 raws li lub npe ntawm Georgian Soviet Socialist Republic. Txij li thaum 1922, nws yog ib feem ntawm Transcaucasian SFSR raws li ib feem ntawm lub USSR, thiab tsuas yog nyob rau hauv lub Kaum Ob Hlis 1936 ncaj qha los ua ib tug ntawm cov koom pheej ntawm lub Soviet Union. Georgian SSR suav nrog South Ossetian Autonomous Region, Abkhaz ASSR, thiab Adzhar ASSR. Nyob rau xyoo 1970, kev tawm tsam tsis sib haum xeeb nyob rau hauv kev coj noj coj ua ntawm Zviad Gamsakhurdia thiab Mirab Kostava muaj zog hauv Georgia. Perestroika coj cov thawj coj tshiab rau Pawg Neeg Communist ntawm Georgia, lawv poob kev xaiv tsa.

South Ossetia thiab Abkhazia tshaj tawm kev ywj pheej, tab sis Georgia tsis nyiam nws, kev ntxeem tau pib. Russia tau koom nrog qhov kev tsis sib haum xeeb ntawm sab Abkhazia thiab South Ossetia. Xyoo 2000, tsoomfwv tsis pub vixaj nruab nrab ntawm Russia thiab Georgia tau raug tshem tawm. Xyoo 2008 (Lub Yim Hli 8) tau muaj "tsib-hnub ua tsov ua rog", uas yog vim li cas Thawj Tswj Hwm ntawm Russia tau kos npe rau tsab cai lees paub cov koom pheej ntawm Abkhazia thiab South Ossetia ua lub tebchaws ywj pheej thiab ywj pheej.

thaj chaw ntawm ussr
thaj chaw ntawm ussr

Armenia

Lub Armenian SSR tau tsim nyob rau lub Kaum Ib Hlis 1920, thaum xub thawj nws kuj yog ib feem ntawm Transcaucasian Federation, thiab xyoo 1936 nws tau sib cais thiab ncaj qha los ua ib feem ntawm USSR. Armenia nyob rau sab qab teb ntawm Transcaucasia, ciam teb rau Georgia, Azerbaijan, Iran thiab Qaib Cov Txwv. Thaj tsam ntawm Armenia 29 800square kilometers, pejxeem 2,493,000 tus neeg (1970 USSR census). Lub peev ntawm lub koom pheej yog Yerevan, lub nroog loj tshaj plaws ntawm nees nkaum peb (piv rau 1913, thaum tsuas muaj peb lub nroog hauv Armenia, ib tus tuaj yeem xav txog qhov ntim ntawm kev tsim kho thiab kev loj hlob ntawm cov koom pheej hauv nws lub sijhawm Soviet).

Ntxiv rau cov nroog, nees nkaum yim lub nroog tshiab tau tsim hauv peb caug plaub lub nroog. Cov av feem ntau yog roob, hnyav, yog li yuav luag ib nrab ntawm cov pejxeem nyob hauv Ararat hav, uas tsuas yog rau feem pua ntawm tag nrho thaj chaw. Cov pejxeem ceev yog qhov siab heev txhua qhov chaw - 83.7 tus neeg ib square kilometer, thiab nyob rau hauv ararat hav - txog plaub puas leej neeg. Nyob rau hauv lub USSR, muaj coob tus neeg coob coob nyob rau hauv Moldova. Tsis tas li ntawd, kev nyab xeeb thiab thaj chaw zoo nyiam nyiam cov neeg mus rau ntawm ntug dej hiav txwv ntawm Lake Sevan thiab mus rau hav Shirak. Kaum rau feem pua ntawm thaj chaw ntawm lub tebchaws tsis suav nrog cov pej xeem mus tas li, vim hais tias ntawm qhov siab tshaj 2500 saum toj no hiav txwv nws tsis tuaj yeem nyob ntev. Tom qab lub cev qhuav dej ntawm lub teb chaws, lub Armenian SSR, twb yog ib tug dawb Armenia, tau ntsib ob peb nyuaj heev ("dub") xyoo ntawm blockade los ntawm Azerbaijan thiab Qaib Cov Txwv, lub confrontation uas muaj ib tug ntev keeb kwm.

Belarus

Belarusian SSR nyob rau sab hnub poob ntawm European ib feem ntawm USSR, ciam teb rau Poland. Thaj tsam ntawm lub tebchaws yog 207,600 square kilometers, cov pejxeem yog 9,371,000 tus neeg txij li lub Ib Hlis 1976. Lub teb chaws muaj pes tsawg leeg raws li kev suav pej xeem xyoo 1970: 7,290,000 Belarusians, tus so tau faib los ntawm Russians, Poles, Ukrainians,Cov neeg Yudais thiab cov neeg tsawg tsawg ntawm lwm haiv neeg.

Density - 45, 1 tus neeg ib square km. Lub nroog loj tshaj plaws: lub peev - Minsk (1,189,000 inhabitants), Gomel, Mogilev, Vitebsk, Grodno, Bobruisk, Baranovichi, Brest, Borisov, Orsha. Nyob rau hauv Soviet lub sij hawm, lub nroog tshiab tshwm sim: Soligorsk, Zhodino, Novopolotsk, Svetlogorsk thiab ntau lwm tus. Nyob rau hauv tag nrho, muaj cuaj caum-rau lub nroog thiab ib puas thiab cuaj lub nroog-hom chaw nyob rau hauv lub koom pheej.

Xwm feem ntau yog hom tiaj tus, moraine toj ncab nyob rau sab qaum teb-sab hnub poob (Belarusian ridge), sab qab teb nyob rau hauv cov swamps ntawm Belarusian Polesie. Muaj ntau tus dej ntws, qhov tseem ceeb yog Dnieper nrog Pripyat thiab Sozh, Neman, Western Dvina. Tsis tas li ntawd, muaj ntau tshaj kaum ib txhiab lub pas dej hauv tebchaws. Cov hav zoov nyob ib feem peb ntawm thaj chaw, nws feem ntau yog coniferous.

Keeb kwm ntawm Byelorussian SSR

Soviet lub hwj chim tau tsim nyob rau hauv Belarus yuav luag tam sim tom qab lub Kaum Hli Ntuj kiv puag ncig, ua raws li txoj hauj lwm: thawj German (1918), ces Polish (1919-1920). Nyob rau hauv 1922, lub BSSR twb yog ib feem ntawm lub USSR, thiab nyob rau hauv 1939 nws tau reunited nrog Western Belarus, uas tau torn los ntawm Poland nyob rau hauv kev twb kev txuas nrog cov treaty. Lub koom haum kev sib raug zoo ntawm cov koom pheej hauv xyoo 1941 tau nce siab los tawm tsam Nazi-German invaders: cov neeg koom nrog kev sib cais ua haujlwm thoob plaws hauv thaj chaw (muaj 1255 ntawm lawv, yuav luag plaub puas txhiab tus neeg koom nrog lawv). Belarus tau ua tswv cuab ntawm UN txij thaum 1945.

Lub tsev Communist tom qab tsov rog tau ua tiav zoo. Lub BSSR tau txais ob qhov Kev Txiav Txim ntawm Lenin, Kev Txiav Txim ntawm Kev Sib Raug Zoo ntawm Tib Neeg thiab Kev Txiav Txim ntawm Lub Kaum Hli Ntuj. Los ntawm cov neeg pluag ua liaj ua tebBelarus tau dhau los ua lub tebchaws vam meej thiab muaj kev lag luam, uas tau tsim kev sib raug zoo nrog lwm cov koom haum koom pheej. Nyob rau hauv 1975, theem ntawm industrial ntau lawm ntau tshaj li ntawm 1940 nees nkaum ib zaug, thiab theem ntawm 1913 - ib puas thiab rau caum-rau. Heavy kev lag luam thiab mechanical engineering tsim. Cov chaw nres tsheb fais fab tau tsim: Berezovskaya, Lukomlskaya, Vasilevichskaya, Smolevichskaya. Kev lag luam roj peat (qhov qub tshaj plaws hauv kev lag luam) tau loj hlob mus rau hauv cov roj ntau lawm thiab ua tiav.

thaj tsam ntawm ussr ua ntej lub cev qhuav dej
thaj tsam ntawm ussr ua ntej lub cev qhuav dej

Kev lag luam thiab kev ua neej nyob ntawm cov pejxeem ntawm BSSR

Mechanical engineering los ntawm xya caum ntawm lub xyoo pua nees nkaum tau sawv cev los ntawm lub tshuab cuab yeej lub tsev, tsheb laij teb lub tsev (lub tsheb laij teb paub zoo "Belarus"), automotive engineering (lub loj "Belaz", piv txwv li), xov tooj cua electronics. Kev lag luam tshuaj, zaub mov, thiab teeb pom kev lag luam tau tsim thiab loj hlob tuaj. Tus qauv ntawm kev ua neej nyob hauv tebchaws tau nce tsis tu ncua; nyob rau hauv kaum xyoo txij li xyoo 1966, cov nyiaj tau los hauv tebchaws tau nce ob thiab ib nrab zaug, thiab cov nyiaj tau los ntawm ib tus neeg tau yuav luag ob npaug. Kev muag khoom muag ntawm kev koom tes thiab kev lag luam hauv xeev (nrog rau kev noj zaub mov rau pej xeem) tau nce kaum npaug.

Nyob rau xyoo 1975, cov nyiaj tso rau hauv cov txhab nyiaj khaws cia tau txog yuav luag peb thiab ib nrab txhiab rubles (hauv xyoo 1940 nws yog kaum xya lab). Cov koom pheej tau dhau los ua kev kawm, ntxiv rau, kev kawm tsis tau hloov mus rau hnub no, txij li nws tsis tau ncaim ntawm tus qauv Soviet. Lub ntiaj teb txaus siab rau qhov kev ncaj ncees rau cov hauv paus ntsiab lus: tsev kawm qib siab thiab tsev kawm qib siab hauv tebchaws nyiam cov tub ntxhais kawm txawv tebchaws coob coob. Ntawm nosiv ob hom lus sib npaug: Belarusian thiab Russian.

Pom zoo: