Nickel nyiaj yog dab tsi? Raws li nws muaj pes tsawg leeg thiab cov khoom, peb tuaj yeem hais tias nws yog ib qho kev txhim kho ntawm cov hlau qub - cupronickel, tau tsim rov qab rau xyoo 1819. Tsis zoo li cupronickel, uas tsuas muaj tooj liab thiab npib tsib xee, npib tsib xee nyiaj kuj tseem muaj zinc, thiab ntxiv rau nws, hlau thiab lwm yam alloying ntsiab.
Alloy kev xaiv xaiv
Nyob rau hauv cov nyiaj npib tsib xee, lub ntsiab alloy tseem ceeb yog tooj liab. Feem ntau, tooj liab alloys tau muab faib ua peb pawg loj: tooj dag (tooj liab nrog zinc), tooj liab-nickel alloys (qhov thib ob lub ntsiab lus yog pom tseeb los ntawm lub npe) thiab bronze (nyob rau hauv uas lwm yam hlau ua raws li alloying ntsiab, uas yog, tsuas yog rau nickel thiab zinc). Txawm hais tias cov nyiaj npib tsib xee muaj cov npib tsib xee thiab zinc, nws tseem raug cais raws li tooj liab-nickel alloy. Qhov tseeb no tau piav qhia los ntawm qhov tseeb tias qhov kev txhawb nqa tseem ceeb rau cov khoom ntawm cov khoom siv ua cov khoom siv hlau yog tsim los ntawm npib tsib xee, thiab tsis yog zinc.
feem pua ntawm npib tsib xeetuaj yeem sib txawv ntawm 5 mus rau 35%, zinc - los ntawm 12 mus rau 46%. Muaj ntau ntau yam kev xaiv alloy hauv GOSTs.
- Nickel nyiaj MNTs15-20. Cov tsiaj ntawv hauv lub npe qhia cov hlau uas ua rau cov hlau (tooj liab, npib tsib xee thiab zinc), thiab cov lej qhia cov ntsiab lus nruab nrab ntawm cov hlau raws li feem pua ntawm qhov hnyav. Nyob rau hauv no version ntawm cov alloy, cov ntsiab lus nickel txawv ntawm 13.5% mus rau 16.5%, zinc - los ntawm 18% mus rau 22%, impurities nyob rau hauv daim ntawv ntawm lwm yam hlau - silicon, antimony, thiab hais txog. - tsis ntau tshaj 2%, tus so yog tooj liab. Kev siv cov nyiaj npib tsib xee nrog cov hlau alloy ntawm hom no yog qhov dav heev: nws yog siv los ua cov khoom siv ntsuas ntsuas, cov cuab yeej kho mob, cov cuab yeej huv huv, cov cuab yeej siv, chav dej thiab dej fittings, yog siv hauv hluav taws xob engineering, thiab tseem siv los tsim cov khoom siv (piv txwv li, cutlery).
- Lead npib tsib xee nyiaj MNTsS16-29-1, 8. Raws li lub npe qhia, ntawm no, ntxiv rau npib tsib xee thiab zinc, txhuas ua lub luag haujlwm tseem ceeb hauv cov khoom sib xyaw ntawm cov hlau, cov ntsiab lus ntawm qhov hnyav yog li ntawm 1.6% mus rau 2%. Nickel occupies 15-16.7%, tooj liab - 51-55%, tus so - zinc thiab tsis pub ntau tshaj 1% impurities. Qhov chaw ntawm saib kev txav yog tsim los ntawm cov hlau lead npib tsib xee.
Lub cev thiab tshuaj lom neeg ntawm cov hlau
Nickel nyiaj muaj xim zoo nkauj nyiaj. Qhov no tau tshwm sim hauv nws lub npe - hauv kev txhais lus los ntawm German, npib tsib xee nyiaj txhais tau tias "nyiaj tshiab". Txawm tias muaj tseeb hais tias tooj liab - lub ntsiab hlau ntawm lub alloy - yog reddish nyob rau hauv cov xim, npib tsib xee "interrupts" nws, muab lub alloy dawb xim, tej zaum kuj muaj ib tug xiav tint.
Los ntawm qhov xwm txheej ntawm daim ntawv cog lus, cov nyiaj npib tsib xee yog cov tshuaj uas tsim cov tooj liab nrog npib tsib xee.
Ib qho tseem ceeb tshaj plaws ntawm cov nyiaj npib tsib xee yog nws qhov siab tiv thaiv corrosion. tooj liab thiab npib tsib xee, raws li cov hlau lawv tus kheej, yog resistant rau corrosion, qhov sib ntxiv ntawm zinc tsub kom qhov no tiv thaiv los ntawm kev tsim ib tug tiv thaiv oxide zaj duab xis - corrosion yog hais txog 0.5-30 × 10 - 4 mm ib xyoos. Nrog rau lub sij hawm raug rau ib tug acidic ib puag ncig, xaiv corrosion ntawm zinc tshwm - nws undergoes oxidation thiab tawm cov hlau, yog li tiv thaiv cov seem ntawm kev puas tsuaj, tab sis lawv kuj maj corrode. Yog li ntawd, kev sib cuag ncaj qha ntawm tooj liab alloys yog qhov tsis xav tau rau tus neeg, piv txwv li, thaum siv nickel nyiaj cutlery: ib puag ncig ntawm lub plab zom mov yog acidic, uas tuaj yeem tso cov tooj liab los ntawm cov hlau nkag mus rau hauv lub cev thiab ua rau hnyav hlau lom.
Mechanical properties of the alloy
Cov khoom siv tshuab suav nrog cov ntsuas xws li hardness, lub zog, elastic txwv, yield zog, elastic zog, hlau qaug zog thiab lwm yam ntxwv. Qhov sib ntxiv ntawm npib tsib xee nce qhov hardness thiab lub zog ntawm cov hlau, thiab txhim kho nws cov khoom elastic. Cov khoom ntawm cov khoom sib txawv yog tsim los ntawm cov nyiaj npib tsib xee - mos, tawv, cov khoom tawv heev nrog cov yam ntxwv sib txawv ntawm cov neeg kho tshuab.
Kev siv nyiaj npib tsib xee
Qhov muaj pes tsawg leeg thiab cov yam ntxwv tso cai rau cov hlau no siv rau ntau yam kev siv. Hauv kev lag luam, los ntawm cov nyiaj npib tsib xee, ua ntej ntawm tag nrho cov, lawv tau txaisib tug xov tooj ntawm cov khoom tseem ceeb: strips, tapes, rods, hlau ntawm txawv hardness. Heavy luag hauj lwm nickel nyiaj tapes yog siv los ua kev sib cuag springs siv nyob rau hauv hluav taws xob relays.
Kev siv cov nyiaj npib tsib xee yog txiav txim siab los ntawm cov khoom sib xyaw ntawm cov hlau. Vim tias muaj zog tiv thaiv sab nraud ntawm txhua yam, nws yog siv rau hauv kev tsim nkoj, siv nyob rau hauv cov xwm txheej ntawm qhov kub thiab txias.
Nickel nyiaj khoom
Ib zaug cupronickel cutlery tau nrov heev hauv Soviet Union. Lawv muaj nuj nqis rau lawv cov tsos, uas yog xyaum tsis txawv ntawm cov nyiaj mus rau lub qhov muag, txawm hais tias tus nqi ntawm cov tooj liab-nickel alloy yog kom meej meej npaum li cas tsawg dua tus nqi ntawm noble hlau. Kev siv cov nyiaj npib tsib xee rau tib lub hom phiaj tsis yog dav heev, txawm hais tias nws muaj tib lub hom phiaj; Tsis tas li ntawd, cupronickel thiab npib tsib xee nyiaj tseem yuav tsum tau plated nrog nyiaj kom tsis txhob muaj cov yam ntxwv ntawm cov xim hlau.
Rau tib yam khoom thiab cov yam ntxwv, cov nyiaj npib tsib xee kuj nrov heev nrog cov jewelers. Nws zoo li nyiaj thiab pheej yig, tab sis, tsis zoo li cov nyiaj, nws xyaum tsis tarnish thaum lub sij hawm, thiab cov hlau los ntawm nws muaj cov khoom siv zoo, yog li lawv nyiam siv cov nyiaj npib tsib xee hauv kev tsim cov hniav nyiaj hniav kub.
Neusilber as npib hlau
Txawm hais tias cov nyiaj npib tsib xee yeej tsis yog ib qho khoom siv nrov rau minting npib, qee zaum lawv tau siv rau nws - lawv tso tawm ua kev nco txog, txwvlos yog sau cov koob, nrog rau cov ntawv tshwj xeeb.
Ib qho piv txwv yog 20 kopeck npib minted hauv xyoo 1961. Kev tsim cov nyiaj npib tsis nyuaj - nws yog ib qho khoom siv zoo tib yam. Thiab tam sim no, ntawm cov numismatists, cov qauv ntawm nees nkaum-kopeck npib xyoo 1961 tsis muaj nuj nqis heev, txawm tias cov hlau tsis zoo.
Nco ntsoov npib tsib xee nyiaj npib tau minted hauv Ukraine thiab Kazakhstan hauv xyoo tas los no. Nyob rau hauv Kazakhstan, cov no yog ib tug series ntawm npib nrog lub ntsej muag tus nqi ntawm 50 tenge, nplooj siab rau ib tug ntawm cov ntsiab lus: "Tales", "Space", "Cities", "Red Book". Nyob rau hauv Ukraine, nyiaj npib ntawm ntau yam kev ncig thiab denominations tau minted: nyob rau hauv kev hwm ntawm cov neeg nto moo, nco txog hnub (ntau lub koom haum Great Patriotic War), cov nroog.
