Hlau: txhais, faib, tshuaj muaj pes tsawg leeg thiab daim ntawv thov

2024 Tus sau: Angel Austin | [email protected]. Kawg hloov kho: 2023-12-17 05:28

peb hnov lo lus "steel". Thiab nws yog pronounced tsis tau tsuas yog los ntawm cov tub txawg nyob rau hauv lub tshav pob ntawm metallurgy ntau lawm, tab sis kuj los ntawm lub zosfolk. Tsis muaj cov qauv muaj zog ua tiav yam tsis muaj hlau. Qhov tseeb, thaum peb tham txog tej yam hlau, peb txhais tau hais tias cov khoom ua los ntawm steel. Cia peb kawm seb nws muaj dab tsi thiab nws faib li cas.

Definition

Hlau yog kab tias cov hlau nyiam tshaj plaws, uas yog ua los ntawm hlau thiab carbon. Ntxiv mus, qhov sib faib ntawm qhov kawg ntawm 0.1 txog 2.14%, thaum lub qub tsis tuaj yeem qis dua 45%. Kev yooj yim ntawm kev tsim khoom thiab muaj cov khoom siv raw yog qhov tseem ceeb hauv kev faib cov hlau no rau txhua qhov chaw ntawm tib neeg kev ua haujlwm.

Cov yam ntxwv tseem ceeb ntawm cov khoom sib txawv nyob ntawm nws cov tshuaj muaj pes tsawg leeg. Lub ntsiab txhais ntawm steel raws li ib tug alloy uas muaj ob yam, hlau thiab carbon, tsis tuaj yeem hu ua tiav. Nws tuaj yeem suav nrog, piv txwv li, chromium rau kev tiv thaiv tshav kub, thiab npib tsib xee rau corrosion kuj.

Cov khoom yuav tsum tau muajcov ntaub ntawv muab kev pab ntxiv. Yog li, hlau ua rau cov hlau tsis zoo thiab yooj yim deformable nyob rau hauv tej yam kev mob, thiab carbon ua rau lub zog thiab hardness ib txhij nrog brittleness. Tias yog vim li cas nws feem ntau yog li me me hauv tag nrho cov hlau. Kev txiav txim siab ntawm cov txheej txheem ntawm kev tsim cov alloy coj mus rau cov ntsiab lus ntawm manganese nyob rau hauv nws cov nyiaj ntawm 1% thiab silicon - 0.4%. Muaj ib tug xov tooj ntawm impurities uas tshwm sim thaum lub sij hawm melting ntawm cov hlau thiab uas lawv sim tshem tawm. Nrog rau phosphorus thiab sulfur, oxygen thiab nitrogen kuj degrade cov khoom ntawm cov khoom, ua rau nws tsis tshua muaj zog thiab hloov ductility.

Kev faib tawm

Lub ntsiab lus ntawm cov hlau ua hlau nrog qee yam ntawm cov yam ntxwv, tau kawg, yog qhov tsis ntseeg. Txawm li cas los xij, nws yog qhov tseeb nws muaj pes tsawg leeg uas ua rau nws muaj peev xwm faib cov khoom hauv ntau cov lus qhia. Yog li, piv txwv li, hlau yog qhov txawv ntawm cov yam ntxwv hauv qab no:

• on tshuaj;
• qauv;
• by zoo;
• as intended;
• raws li qib ntawm deoxidation;
• by hardness;
• on steel weldability.

Hlau txhais, cim thiab tag nrho nws cov yam ntxwv yuav raug piav qhia hauv qab no.

Marking

Hmoov tsis zoo, tsis muaj lub ntiaj teb kev tsim steel hlau, uas cuam tshuam kev lag luam ntawm cov teb chaws nyuaj heev. Nyob rau hauv Russia, ib tug alphanumeric system yog txhais. Cov tsiaj ntawv qhia lub npe ntawm cov khoom thiab cov txheej txheem ntawm deoxidation, thiab cov lej qhia lawv tus lej.

tshuaj muaj pes tsawg leeg

Muaj ob txoj hauv kevfaib cov hlau los ntawm cov tshuaj muaj pes tsawg leeg. Cov ntsiab lus muab los ntawm cov phau ntawv niaj hnub no ua rau nws paub qhov txawv ntawm cov khoom siv carbon thiab alloyed.

Thawj tus cwj pwm txhais cov hlau ua cov pa roj carbon tsawg, nruab nrab-carbon thiab high-carbon, thiab thib ob - qis-alloy, nruab nrab-alloy thiab high-alloy. Cov hlau tsis tshua muaj hlau hu ua, uas, raws li GOST 3080-2005, tuaj yeem suav nrog, ntxiv rau cov hlau, cov khoom hauv qab no:

• Carbon - mus txog 0.2%. Nws txhawb nqa thermal zog, vim qhov tensile lub zog thiab hardness yog ob npaug.
• Manganese ntau txog 0.8% nquag nkag mus rau hauv cov tshuaj lom neeg nrog oxygen thiab tiv thaiv kev tsim cov hlau oxide. Cov hlau zoo dua tuaj yeem tiv taus cov loads dynamic thiab yog qhov zoo dua rau thermal hardening.
• Silicon - mus txog 0.35%. Nws txhim kho txhua yam khoom xws li toughness, lub zog, weldability.

Raws li GOST, lub ntsiab lus ntawm cov hlau uas muaj cov pa roj carbon tsawg yog muab rau cov hlau uas muaj, ntxiv rau qhov muaj txiaj ntsig, ntau yam tsis zoo hauv cov khoom hauv qab no. Nov yog:

• Phosphorus - txog li 0.08% yog lub luag haujlwm rau cov tsos mob khaub thuas brittleness, impairs endurance thiab lub zog. Txo qhov toughness ntawm cov hlau.
• Sulfur - mus txog 0.06%. Nws nyuaj rau kev ua cov hlau los ntawm lub siab, ua rau muaj kev kub ntxhov.
• Nyuaj Nitrogen. Txo cov cuab yeej technology thiab lub zog ntawm cov hlau.
• Oxygen. Txo lub zog thiab cuam tshuam nrog cov cuab yeej txiav.

Nws yuav tsum tau sau tseg tias qis lossislow-carbon steels yog tshwj xeeb yog mos thiab ductile. Lawv deform zoo ob qho tib si kub thiab txias.

Lub ntsiab lus ntawm nruab nrab carbon steel nrog rau nws cov muaj pes tsawg leeg yog qhov txawv ntawm cov khoom tau piav qhia saum toj no. Thiab qhov sib txawv loj tshaj plaws yog cov pa roj carbon ntau, uas nyob ntawm 0.2 txog 0.45%. Xws li cov hlau tsis muaj toughness thiab ductility nrog rau cov khoom zoo heev. Cov pa roj carbon nruab nrab feem ntau yog siv rau qhov chaw uas siv nyob rau hauv ib txwm muaj zog loads.

Yog tias cov ntsiab lus carbon ntau dua 0.5%, ces cov hlau no hu ua high-carbon steel. Nws tau nce hardness, txo viscosity, ductility, thiab yog siv rau stamping cov cuab yeej thiab qhov chaw los ntawm kub thiab txias deformation.

Ntxiv rau kev txheeb xyuas cov pa roj carbon tam sim no hauv cov hlau, kev txiav txim siab ntawm cov yam ntxwv ntawm cov khoom yog ua tau los ntawm qhov muaj cov impurities ntxiv hauv nws. Yog hais tias, ntxiv rau cov ntsiab lus zoo tib yam, chromium, npib tsib xee, tooj liab, vanadium, titanium, nitrogen nyob rau hauv ib lub xeev chemically khi rau lub hom phiaj qhia rau hauv cov hlau, ces nws yog hu ua doped. Xws li additives txo qhov kev pheej hmoo ntawm brittle puas, nce corrosion kuj thiab lub zog. Lawv tus lej qhia txog qib ntawm alloying ntawm steel:

• qis-alloyed - muaj txog li 2.5% alloying additives;
• nruab nrab alloyed - los ntawm 2.5 mus rau 10%;
• hnyav alloyed - mus txog 50%.

Qhov no txhais li cas? Piv txwv li, qhov nce ntawm txhua yam khoom pib muab raws li hauv qab no:

1. Ntxiv chromium. zoocuam tshuam cov yam ntxwv ntawm cov khoom siv uas twb muaj lawm nyob rau hauv tus nqi ntawm 2% ntawm tag nrho.
2. Kev taw qhia ntawm npib tsib xee los ntawm 1 mus rau 5% nce qhov kub thiab txias ntawm viscosity. Thiab txo qhov txias brittleness.
3. Manganese ua haujlwm tib yam li npib tsib xee, txawm tias pheej yig dua. Txawm li cas los xij, nws yuav pab ua kom cov hlau rhiab heev rau overheating.
4. Tungsten yog carbide-forming additive uas muab siab hardness. Vim nws tiv thaiv kev loj hlob ntawm nplej thaum rhuab.
5. Molybdenum yog ib qho khoom kim heev. Uas ua rau kom cov cua sov ua haujlwm ntawm kev kub ceev steels.
6. Silicon. Ua kom acid tsis kam, elasticity, nplai kuj.
7. Y Titanium. Yuav txhawb nqa cov qauv zoo thaum ua ke nrog chromium thiab manganese.
8. Copper. Ua kom muaj zog tiv thaiv corrosion.
9. Aluminium. Ua kom kub tsis kam, scaling, toughness.

qauv

Kev txiav txim siab ntawm cov hlau yuav ua tsis tiav yam tsis tau kawm txog nws cov qauv. Txawm li cas los xij, qhov kos npe no tsis tas li, thiab tuaj yeem nyob ntawm ntau yam, xws li: hom kev kho cua sov, tus nqi cua txias, qib ntawm alloying. Raws li txoj cai, cov qauv hlau yuav tsum tau txiav txim siab tom qab annealing lossis normalization. Tom qab annealing, cov hlau muab faib ua:

• pro-eutectoid qauv - nrog ntau tshaj ferrite;
• eutectoid, uas muaj perlite;
• hypereutectoid - nrog cov carbide theem nrab;
• ledeburite - nrog thawj carbides;
• austenitic - nrog lub ntsej muag-centered crystal lattice;
• ferritic - nrog lub cubic lub cev-centered lattice.

Kev txiav txim siab cov chav steel yog ua tau tom qab normalization. Nws tau nkag siab tias yog hom kev kho cua sov, uas suav nrog cua sov, tuav thiab txias tom qab. Ntawm no, pearlite, austenitic thiab ferritic qib yog qhov txawv.

Quality

Kev txiav txim siab hom tau dhau los ua qhov ua tau zoo ntawm plaub txoj hauv kev. Nov yog:

1. Qhov zoo ib yam - cov no yog cov hlau uas muaj cov ntsiab lus carbon txog li 0.6%, uas yog smelted nyob rau hauv qhib-hearth furnaces lossis hauv converters siv oxygen. Lawv suav hais tias yog qhov pheej yig tshaj plaws thiab tsis zoo hauv cov yam ntxwv ntawm cov hlau ntawm lwm pab pawg. Ib qho piv txwv ntawm cov hlau no yog St0, St3sp, St5kp.
2. Quality. Cov neeg sawv cev tseem ceeb ntawm hom no yog steels St08kp, St10ps, St20. Lawv tau smelted siv tib lub cub tawg, tab sis nrog cov kev xav tau siab dua rau tus nqi thiab cov txheej txheem ntau lawm.
3. Cov hlau zoo tshaj yog yaj hauv hluav taws xob rauv, uas tau lees tias qhov nce ntawm cov purity ntawm cov khoom siv rau cov khoom tsis yog xim hlau, uas yog, kev txhim kho hauv cov khoom siv kho tshuab. Cov ntaub ntawv no suav nrog St20A, St15X2MA.
4. Tshwj xeeb zoo - yog ua raws li cov txheej txheem ntawm metallurgy tshwj xeeb. Lawv raug rau electroslag remelting, uas muab purification ntawm sulfides thiab oxides. Cov hlau ntawm hom no suav nrog St18KhG-Sh, St20KhGNTR-Sh.

Structural steels

Nov yog kab tias qhov yooj yim tshaj plaws thiab nkag siab kos npe rau tus neeg layman. Muaj cov txheej txheem, cov cuab yeej thiab cov hom phiaj tshwj xeeb. Cov qauv feem ntau muab faib ua:

1. Kev tsim cov hlau yog cov hlau uas zoo tib yam thiab cov neeg sawv cev ntawm cov khoom siv qis qis. Lawv raug rau ntau yam yuav tsum tau, lub ntsiab ntawm uas yog weldability ntawm ib tug txaus theem siab. Ib qho piv txwv yog StS255, StS345T, StS390K, StS440D.
2. cov ntaub ntawv cemented yog siv los ua cov khoom lag luam uas ua haujlwm nyob rau hauv qhov chaw hnav khaub ncaws thiab ib txhij muaj kev ua haujlwm hnyav. Cov no suav nrog cov pa roj carbon tsawg St15, St20, St25 thiab qee cov alloyed: St15Kh, St20Kh, St15KhF, St20KhN, St12KhNZA, St18Kh2N4VA, St18Kh2N4MA, St18KhGT, St20KhGR0.
3. Rau txias stamping, dov nplooj los ntawm cov qauv qis-carbon zoo yog siv. Xws li St08Yu, St08ps, St08kp.
4. Treatable steels uas tau txhim kho los ntawm quenching thiab siab tempering txheej txheem. Cov no yog cov nruab nrab carbon (St35, St40, St45, St50), chromium (St40X, St45X, St50X, St30XRA, St40XR) steels, nrog rau chromium-silicon-manganese, chromium-nickel-molybdenum thiab chromium-nickel.
5. Caij nplooj ntoos hlav caij nplooj ntoos hlav muaj zog elastic thiab khaws cia rau lub sijhawm ntev, vim tias lawv muaj kev tiv thaiv siab rau qaug zog thiab kev puas tsuaj. Cov no yog cov neeg sawv cev ntawm cov pa roj carbon monoxide ntawm St65, St70 thiab alloyed steels (St60S2, St50KhGS, St60S2KhFA, St55KhGR).
6. Cov qauv muaj zog siab yog cov uas muaj ob zaug lub zog ntawm lwm cov qauv hlau, ua tiav los ntawm kev kho cua sov thiab tshuaj lom neeg muaj pes tsawg leeg. Nyob rau hauv ntau, cov no yog alloyed nruab nrab-carbon steels, piv txwv li, St30KhGSN2A, St40KhN2MA, St30KhGSA, St38KhN3MA, StOZN18K9M5T, St04KHIN9M2D2TYu.
7. pob bearingsteels yog yus muaj los ntawm tshwj xeeb endurance, ib tug high degree ntawm hnav tsis kam thiab lub zog. Lawv yuav tsum ua kom tau raws li qhov yuav tsum tau ua rau qhov tsis muaj ntau yam kev suav nrog. Cov qauv no suav nrog cov pa roj carbon ntau nrog cov ntsiab lus chromium hauv cov ntsiab lus (StSHKh9, StSHKh15).
8. Tsis siv neeg hlau txhais tau raws li hauv qab no. Cov no yog cov qauv siv rau hauv kev tsim cov khoom tsis tseem ceeb xws li bolts, ceev, screws. Xws li cov khoom seem feem ntau yog machined. Yog li ntawd, lub luag haujlwm tseem ceeb yog txhawm rau ua kom lub tshuab ua tau zoo ntawm cov khoom, uas ua tiav los ntawm kev qhia tellurium, selenium, sulfur thiab txhuas rau hauv cov khoom. Xws li additives pab tsim cov nkig thiab luv chips thaum lub sij hawm machining thiab txo kev sib txhuam. Cov neeg sawv cev tseem ceeb ntawm cov hlau tsis siv neeg raug xaiv raws li hauv qab no: StA12, StA20, StA30, StAS11, StAS40.
9. Corrosion-resistant steels yog cov hlau alloy nrog cov ntsiab lus chromium ntawm li 12%, vim nws tsim cov oxide zaj duab xis rau ntawm qhov chaw uas tiv thaiv corrosion. Cov neeg sawv cev ntawm cov hlau no yog St12X13, St20X17N2, St20X13, St30X13, St95X18, St15X28, St12X18NYUT,
10. Cov qauv hnav-tiv taus yog siv rau hauv cov khoom lag luam uas ua haujlwm hauv kev sib txhuam txhuam, poob siab thiab muaj zog. Ib qho piv txwv yog qhov chaw ntawm railway lem, crushers thiab kab ntsig tshuab, xws li St110G13L.
11. Cov hlau tiv taus cua sov tuaj yeem ua haujlwm thaum kub kub. Lawv yog siv nyob rau hauv kev tsim cov kav dej, roj thiab chav turbine spare qhov chaw. Cov no yog cov feem ntau high-alloyed low-carbon qauv, uas yuav tsum muaj nickel, uas tej zaum yuav muaj additives nyob rau hauv daim ntawv. Molybdenum, nobium, titanium, tungsten, boron. Ib qho piv txwv yuav yog St15XM, St25X2M1F, St20XZMVF, St40HUS2M, St12X18N9T, StXN62MVKYU.
12. Kub-resistant yog tshwj xeeb tshaj yog tiv taus tshuaj lom nyob rau hauv huab cua, roj thiab cub tawg, oxidizing thiab carburizing ib puag ncig, tab sis qhia creep nyob rau hauv hnyav loads. Cov neeg sawv cev ntawm hom no yog St15X5, St15X6SM, St40X9S2, St20X20H14S2.

Tshooj steels

Hauv pab pawg no, cov alloys tau muab faib ua cov tuag, rau kev txiav thiab ntsuas cov cuab yeej. Muaj ob hom hlau tuag.

• Cov khoom siv rau kev ua kom txias yuav tsum muaj qib siab ntawm hardness, lub zog, hnav tsis kam, kub ua haujlwm. Tab sis muaj viscosity txaus (StX12F1, StX12M, StX6VF, St6X5VMFS).
• Cov khoom siv kub kub muaj lub zog zoo thiab tawv. Nrog rau kev hnav tsis kam thiab nplai tsis kam (St5KhNM, St5KhNV, St4KhZVMF, St4Kh5V2FS).

ntsuas cov cuab yeej steels, ntxiv rau kev hnav tsis kam thiab hardness, yuav tsum muaj qhov ruaj khov thiab yooj yim zom. Calibers, staples, templates, rulers, nplai, vuas yog tsim los ntawm cov alloys. Ib qho piv txwv yuav yog alloys StU8, St12Kh1, StKhVG, StKh12F1.

Kev txiav txim siab cov pab pawg hlau rau cov cuab yeej txiav yog qhov yooj yim heev. Xws li cov alloys yuav tsum muaj peev xwm txiav thiab siab hardness rau lub sijhawm ntev, txawm tias raug cua sov. Cov no suav nrog cov cuab yeej carbon thiab alloy, thiabkev kub ceev steels. Ntawm no koj tuaj yeem sau npe cov neeg sawv cev tseem ceeb hauv qab no: StU7, StU13A, St9XS, StKhVG, StR6M5, Stryuk5F5.

Deoxidation ntawm alloy

Kev txiav txim siab ntawm cov hlau los ntawm qib ntawm deoxidation implies nws peb hom: calm, semi-kub thiab boiling. Lub tswv yim heev yog hais txog kev tshem tawm cov pa tawm ntawm cov kua alloy.

Quet steel yuav luag tsis emit gases thaum solidification. Qhov no yog vim qhov kev tshem tawm tag nrho ntawm cov pa oxygen thiab tsim cov kab noj hniav shrinkage nyob rau sab saum toj ntawm lub ingot, uas tom qab ntawd txiav tawm.

Hauv cov hlau tsis khov, cov pa roj tau tso tawm ib nrab, uas yog, ntau dua li cov hlau tsis muaj zog, tab sis tsawg dua hauv cov boiling. Tsis muaj lub plhaub ntawm no, zoo li nyob rau hauv rooj plaub dhau los, tab sis npuas tsim rau saum.

Boiling alloys tso tawm cov roj ntau thaum muaj zog, thiab hauv ntu ntu nws txaus kom pom qhov sib txawv ntawm cov tshuaj muaj pes tsawg leeg ntawm cov txheej sab saud thiab qis.

Hardness

Lub tswv yim no hais txog lub peev xwm ntawm cov khoom siv los tiv thaiv kev nkag mus rau hauv nws. Kev txiav txim siab hardness tau siv peb txoj hauv kev: L. Brinell, M. Rockwell, O. Vickers.

Raws li txoj kev Brinell, lub pob hlau tawv tawv yog nias rau hauv av ntawm tus qauv. Los ntawm kev kawm txoj kab uas hla ntawm cov luam ntawv, txiav txim siab qhov hardness.

Txoj kev txiav txim siab qhov nyuaj ntawm cov hlau raws li Rockwell. Nws yog raws li kev xam qhov tob tob ntawm 120 degree pob zeb diamond cone ntsis.

Raws li Vickers hauv cov qauv xeemlub pob zeb diamond tetrahedral pyramid yog nias rau hauv. Nrog lub kaum sab xis ntawm 136 degrees ntawm lub ntsej muag sib txawv.

Puas tuaj yeem txiav txim siab qib ntawm cov hlau tsis muaj tshuaj lom neeg? Cov kws kho mob tshwj xeeb hauv kev lag luam metallurgy muaj peev xwm paub txog qib hlau los ntawm lub txim taws. Kev txiav txim siab ntawm cov khoom ntawm cov hlau yog ua tau thaum nws ua. Piv txwv li:

• CVG steel muaj cov xim daj tsaus nti nrog cov xim daj-liab thiab cov pob tw. Thaum kawg ntawm cov ceg ntoo, cov hnub qub ci liab tshwm nrog cov nplej daj nyob hauv nruab nrab.
• P18 steel kuj tau txheeb xyuas los ntawm cov xim daj tsaus nti nrog daj thiab liab tufts thaum pib, txawm li cas los xij, cov xov ncaj thiab tsis muaj rab rawg. Nyob rau ntawm qhov kawg ntawm cov pob khoom muaj sparks nrog ib los yog ob lub teeb daj nplej.
• Steel qib ХГ, Х, ШХ15, ШХ9 muaj daj daj nrog lub hnub qub. Thiab cov nplej liab rau ntawm cov ceg.
• U12F steel yog qhov txawv ntawm lub teeb daj daj nrog cov hnub qub tuab thiab loj. Nrog ob peb lub pob liab liab thiab daj.
• Steels 15 thiab 20 muaj lub teeb daj daj, ntau rab diav rawg thiab hnub qub. Tab sis ob peb tufts.

Kev txiav txim siab ntawm cov hlau los ntawm lub txim yog ib txoj hauv kev ncaj ncees rau cov kws tshaj lij. Txawm li cas los xij, tib neeg tsis tuaj yeem ua tus yam ntxwv ntawm cov hlau los ntawm kev tshuaj xyuas cov xim ntawm lub txim xwb.

weldability

Cov cuab yeej ntawm cov hlau los tsim ib qho kev sib koom ua ke nyob rau hauv ib qho kev cuam tshuam yog hu ua weldability ntawm steels. Kev txiav txim siab ntawm qhov ntsuas no yog ua tau tom qab kuaj pom cov ntsiab lus ntawm hlau thiab carbon.

Nws ntseeg tau tias lawv tau txuas zoo los ntawm kev vuamqis carbon steels. Thaum cov ntsiab lus carbon ntau tshaj 0.45%, weldability deteriorates thiab ua phem dua thaum cov ntsiab lus carbon siab. Qhov no kuj tshwm sim vim hais tias qhov inhomogeneity ntawm cov khoom nce, thiab sulfide inclusions sawv tawm ntawm lub grain ciam teb, uas ua rau tsim cov kab nrib pleb thiab nce nyob rau hauv kev nyuaj siab.

Alloying Cheebtsam kuj ua, ua rau kev sib txuas tsis zoo. Qhov tsis zoo tshaj plaws rau vuam yog cov tshuaj xws li chromium, molybdenum, manganese, silicon, vanadium, phosphorus.

Txawm li cas los xij, kev ua raws li cov thev naus laus zis thaum ua haujlwm nrog cov hlau tsis tshua muaj hlau muab qhov feem pua zoo ntawm weldability yam tsis tas siv cov kev ntsuas tshwj xeeb. Kev txiav txim siab ntawm weldability yog ua tau tom qab ntsuas ntau yam khoom tseem ceeb, suav nrog:

• Coj ceev.
• tshuaj muaj pes tsawg leeg.
• Saib ntawm thawj crystallization thiab cov qauv kev hloov pauv thaum lub sijhawm vuam.
• Lub peev xwm ntawm cov hlau tsim cov kab nrib pleb.
• Nyob ntawm cov khoom los ua hardening.