Acids yog cov tshuaj sib xyaw uas muaj hydrogen atoms uas tuaj yeem hloov tau los ntawm cov khoom hlau thiab cov kua qaub. Lawv kuj tuaj yeem txhais tau tias yog cov tshuaj uas tuaj yeem cuam tshuam nrog cov tshuaj lom neeg los tsim cov ntsev thiab dej.
Muaj ob hom kev sib txuas no: muaj zog thiab tsis muaj zog. Lawv tuaj yeem raug faib ua cov ntxhia thiab cov organic acids nyob ntawm lawv cov tshuaj muaj pes tsawg leeg. Qhov sib txawv tseem ceeb ntawm ob yog qhov qub yog cov tshuaj inorganic ua los ntawm ntau yam kev sib txuas ntawm cov tshuaj lom neeg, thaum tom kawg yog kev sib xyaw ntawm carbon thiab hydrogen atoms.
Definition
Mineral acid yog ib yam khoom uas tsim los ntawm ib los yog ntau dua inorganic compounds. Nws tso tawm hydrogen ions nyob rau hauv kev daws, los ntawm qhov uas, nyob rau hauv lem, hydrogen tuaj yeem hloov chaw los ntawm cov hlau los tsim cov ntsev. Cov kua qaub sib txawv muaj cov qauv sib txawv. Piv txwv li, sulfuric acid yog H2SO4, nitric acid yog HNO3.
Cov ntsev ntawm cov ntxhia hauv cov kua qaub muaj nyob hauv cov kab mob uas muaj sia nyob, yaj hauv dej (hauv daim ntawv ntawm ions) lossis nyob hauvKhoom lub xeev (piv txwv li, calcium thiab phosphorus ntsev nyob rau hauv muaj pes tsawg leeg ntawm tib neeg skeleton thiab feem ntau vertebrates).
Ib tus yam ntxwv ntawm txhua cov kua qaub yog tias lawv ib txwm muaj tsawg kawg ib lub atom hydrogen hauv lawv cov molecule. Tag nrho cov ntawm lawv koom nyob rau hauv neutralization cov tshuaj tiv thaiv, reacting nrog bases thiab tsim ntsev thiab dej. Lwm cov khoom ntawm cov kua qaub yog qaub saj thiab muaj peev xwm ua kom tsis muaj xim ntawm qee cov dyes. Ib qho piv txwv ntawm qhov no yog kev hloov xim ntawm litmus ntawv los ntawm xiav mus rau liab.
Mineral acids yog soluble hauv dej heev. Lawv yog kiag li immiscible nrog organic solvents. Ntxim qab heev li os.
Daim ntawv teev cov inorganic acids
Minerals suav nrog cov tshuaj hauv qab no:
- YMuriatic acid - HCl.
- Nitric acid - HNO3.
- Phosphoric acid - H3PO4.
- Sulfuric acid - H2SO4.
- YBoric acid - H3BO3.
- Hydrofluoric acid - HF.
- YHydrobromic acid - HBr.
- Perchloric acid - HClO4.
- YHydroiodic acid - HI.
Lub npe hu ua cov kua qaub - hydrochloric, sulfuric thiab nitric - feem ntau siv. Cia wb mus saib yav tom ntej.
YHydrochloric acid
Cov tshuaj muaj zog yog cov tshuaj aqueous uas muaj txog 38% hydrogen chloride (HCl). Nws muaj ib tug pungent tsw thiab ua rau kub hnyiab rau lub pa system thiab ob lub qhov muag. Hydrochloric acid tsis raug cais raws li oxidizing lossis txo tus neeg sawv cev. Txawm li cas los xij, thaum sib xyaw nrog, piv txwv li,sodium hypochlorite (bleach) los yog poov tshuaj permanganate, nws tso cov tshuaj chlorine gas.
Raws li cov kua qaub uas tsis yog-oxidizing, HCl dissolves feem ntau cov hlau, tso cov pa hluav taws xob hydrogen.
Nitric acid (HNO3)
Nitric acid muaj nyob rau hauv cov tshuaj concentrated (68-70%, 16 M) thiab hauv daim ntawv tsis muaj dej (100%). Nws yog ib qho muaj zog oxidizing tus neeg sawv cev. Cov khoom yog khaws cia txawm tias nws yog txaus diluted thiab nyob rau hauv chav tsev kub. Cov tshuaj no oxidizes feem ntau cov organic tebchaw, tig mus rau nitrous oxide. Nws tuaj yeem tsim cov khoom tawg nrog yuav luag txhua cov organic compound.
Concentrated nitric acid reacts hnyav nrog cov khoom siv organic, ua rau outgassing thiab muaj peev xwm tsim siab, ua raws li kev tawg ntawm lub nkoj yog tias lub nkoj tsis zoo. Cov tshuaj tiv thaiv oxidation nrog qee cov kuab tshuaj organic tuaj yeem tsim cov nitrates tawg.
Nitric acid reacts nrog rau cov hlau feem ntau, tso tawm gaseous hydrogen los yog nitrogen oxides, nyob ntawm seb qhov concentration thiab hom reagent. Nws tsis yaj kub thiab platinum.
Sib xyaw nitric acid thiab hydrochloric acid yuav tsim cov pa taws xim av ua los ntawm cov tshuaj lom nitrogen oxides.
Tsov ua rau pob daj ntawm daim tawv nqaij.
Sulfuric acid (H2SO4)
Cov tshuaj muaj zogfeem ntau muab rau hauv 98% tov (18M). Nws yog ib qho muaj zog oxidizer, hygroscopic thiab muaj zog lub cev qhuav dej.
Cov tshuaj diluted reacts nrog hlau zoo li lwm cov ntxhia acids, tso hydrogen gas. Cov concentrated compound tseem tuaj yeem yaj qee cov hlau zoo xws li tooj liab, nyiaj, thiab mercury, tso tawm sulfur dioxide (SO2). Lead thiab tungsten tsis hnov mob nrog sulfuric acid.
Vim nws muaj peev xwm oxidizing thiab lub cev qhuav dej, nws hnov mob hnyav nrog ntau cov tshuaj organic, ua rau muaj roj evolution.
Phosphoric acid (H3PO4)
Ntshiab orthophosphorus compound yog dej-soluble crystalline khoom. Cov kua qaub, feem ntau yog muag raws li 85% aqueous tov, yog viscous, non-volatile, thiab tsw. Nws tsis tshua muaj tshwm sim dua li lwm cov ntxhia acids uas tau tham saum toj no.
Dissolving hauv dej, cov khoom ua rau cov kua nplaum thiab khov.
YSiv cov ntxhia acids
Inorganic acids muaj los ntawm cov kua qaub muaj zog (sulphuric) mus rau cov kua qaub heev (boric). Lawv zoo li dej soluble thiab immiscible nrog organic solvents.
Mineral acids yog siv nyob rau hauv ntau qhov chaw ntawm kev lag luam tshuaj raws li raw cov ntaub ntawv rau synthesis ntawm lwm yam tshuaj, ob qho tib si organic thiab inorganic. Ntau tus ntawm lawv, tshwj xeeb tshaj yog sulfuric, nitrogenous thiab hydrochloric,ua lag luam siv nyob rau hauv loj factories.
Lawv kuj tau siv dav vim tias lawv cov khoom corrosive. Piv txwv li, dilute hydrochloric acid tov yog siv los tshem tawm cov deposits hauv boilers. Cov txheej txheem no hu ua descaling.
Nyob rau hauv lub neej txhua hnub, sulfuric acid tuaj yeem siv rau lub tsheb roj teeb thiab ntxuav qhov chaw. Tsuas yog ob peb xyoos dhau los, tib neeg niaj hnub yuav lub raj mis ntawm cov tshuaj no kom rov them lawv cov roj teeb tsheb.
Nitric acid (HNO3) yog siv los ntxuav qhuav. Phosphoric acid (H3PO4) yog siv los ua cov khoom sib tw.
Nyob zoo ib tsoom niam txiv kwv tij neej tsas sawv daws
Nruab nrab ntawm inorganic thiab organic acids, muaj cov yam ntxwv uas muab lawv ua ib pawg. Lawv cov npe yog raws li nram no:
- Can tso protons (H ions).
- React with chemical bases.
- muaj zog thiab qaug zog acidity.
- Dye xiav litmus ntawv liab.
- Kev sib cuam tshuam ntawm cov kua qaub thiab cov zaub mov.
Qhov txawv
Qhov tsis sib xws hauv qab no yuav tsum tau hais meej ntawm inorganic thiab organic acids:
- Definition. Mineral acids yog cov khoom tsim los ntawm cov tshuaj inorganic. Organic acids yog cov organic compounds uas muaj acidic zog.
- Keeb kwm. Feem ntau cov ntxhia acids tsis yog cov hauv paus chiv keeb, xws li cov ntxhiaqhov chaw. Nrog cov organic tebchaw, qhov opposite yog qhov tseeb.
- Solubility. Feem ntau cov ntxhia acids yog soluble hauv dej. Organic compounds tsis sib tov zoo nrog kua.
- Acidity. Feem ntau cov ntxhia acids muaj zog. Organic - feem ntau tsis muaj zog.
- Tshuaj muaj pes tsawg leeg. Mineral acids yuav los yog tsis muaj carbon atoms nyob rau hauv lawv cov qauv. Lawv yeej ib txwm muaj nyob rau hauv cov organic tebchaw.
Cov kab lus nthuav tawm cov ntaub ntawv ntawm cov kua qaub thiab lawv cov khoom.
