Feem ntau ntawm cov ntaub ntawv hais txog keeb kwm ntawm Ancient Russia peb khaws los ntawm cov ntawv sau tseg. Hom ntawv no ntawm ancient Lavxias teb sab cov ntaub ntawv tau thiab tseem yog lub ntsiab ntawm cov ntaub ntawv keeb kwm rau niaj hnub science, nrog rau kev tshawb fawb archaeological. Qhov tshwj xeeb txaus siab rau cov kws tshawb fawb yog Ipatiev Chronicle. Vim li cas? Wb sib paub ua ke.
Keeb Kwm
Lub npe "chronicle" hais rau nws tus kheej - sau cov xwm txheej ntau xyoo, xyoo. Cov kws sau ntawv feem ntau yog cov hauj sam ntawm cov monasteries, uas tau piav qhia luv luv ntawm cov xwm txheej tseem ceeb uas tshwm sim. Thaum lub sij hawm ntawm feudal fragmentation, txhua lub tsev princely compiled nws tus kheej code, uas kuj muab ib co kev txhais ntawm dab tsi tshwm sim, raws li cov kev txaus siab ntawm lub dynasty kav. Thawj chroniclers nyob rau hauv Russia tau tshwm sim nyob rau hauv lub xyoo pua 11th. Cov hauj lwm qub tshaj plaws nyob rau hauv hom no uas tau nqis los rau peb yog Phau Ntawv Keeb Kwm ntawm Bygone Xyoo, sau nyob ib ncig ntawm 1113 los ntawm Nestor, ib tug mlom ntawm Kiev-Pechersk Lavra.
Historians tau pom ntau lub tsev teev ntuj zoo sib xwsxwm txheej. Cov nto moo tshaj plaws thiab ancient ntawm lawv yog Laurentian Chronicle thiab Ipatiev Chronicle. Kev sau yog ib qho haujlwm uas suav nrog kev suav pej xeem ntawm cov peev txheej dhau los, uas tau ntxiv los ntawm cov xwm txheej tsis ntev los no. Yog li, "Chronicle of Bygone Years" yog suav nrog feem ntau ntawm cov lej ntawm lub sijhawm lig raws li qhov pib ntawm cov lus piav qhia.
Karamzin qhov kev tshawb pom
Nyob rau hauv lub xyoo pua 19th, Lavxias teb sab historian N. Karamzin nrhiav tau ib tug annals nyob rau hauv lub archives ntawm lub Ipatiev Monastery nyob ze Kostroma. Nws tau sau hnub tim rau xyoo pua 14th. Nws tau txais nws lub npe - Ipatiev Chronicle - ntawm qhov chaw nrhiav pom. Nrog rau tus lej Laurentian, qhov no yog ib qho qub tshaj plaws. Nws peculiarity yog hais tias, nyob rau hauv tas li ntawd mus rau lub niaj zaus suav nrog ntawm Nestor tus narration, nws muaj ib tug ncauj lus kom ntxaws cov txheej xwm nyob rau hauv lub keeb kwm ntawm lub Kiev thawj tswj hwm nyob rau hauv lub reign ntawm Rurik Rostislavovich, raws li zoo raws li lub Galicia-Volyn thaj av mus txog rau thaum xaus ntawm lub principality. xyoo pua 13th. Qhov no yog ib yam khoom tshwj xeeb rau kev kawm keeb kwm ntawm ancient Lavxias teb sab hnub poob teb chaws tom qab pib ntawm feudal fragmentation thiab tsim Tatar-Mongol txoj cai.
Yuav nyeem cov ntawv li cas?
Kev paub txog keeb kwm yav dhau los yog ua tau rau ntau tus neeg nyeem. Ua ntej, Sau kom tiav ntawm Lavxias teb sab Chronicles tau luam tawm ntau tshaj 150 xyoo dhau los. Qhov thib ob, tam sim no feem ntau ntawm lawv muaj nyob hauv Is Taws Nem. Tau kawg, lawv tau rov ua haujlwm raws li cov lus niaj hnub Lavxias. Ipatiev Chronicle, uas kuj tau muab txhais uaUkrainian lus kuj muaj rau leej twg. Ib feem ntawm nws yog lus Askiv. Tab sis yog tias koj tseem muaj lub siab xav nyeem cov ntawv keeb kwm hauv thawj, ces koj yuav tsum kawm tsawg kawg Lub Koom Txoos Slavonic. Cov ntaub ntawv luam tawm thiab tshaj tawm online.
Cov ntsiab lus ntawm Ipatiev Code
Nws feem ntau lees paub qhov txawv peb feem ntawm txoj cai raws li kev txiav txim siab. Thawj chronicle raws li daim ntawv teev npe Ipatiev yog ib txwm muaj rau txhua tus neeg - qhov no yog "Cov Dab Neeg ntawm Bygone Xyoo". Txawm hais tias muaj qee qhov sib txawv hauv nws, kev qhia meej ntawm cov ntaub ntawv uas tsis nyob hauv lwm cov lej. Qhov no ua pov thawj tias qhov chaw tsim khoom yog thaj av Lavxias sab qab teb, qhov chaw uas tus sau cov cai tau nkag mus rau cov ntaub ntawv thiab cov ntaub ntawv khaws cia thiab tuaj yeem piav qhia cov ntaub ntawv tsim nyog.
thib ob hu ua Kievskaya. Kev saib xyuas ntau yog them rau kev kav ntawm Prince Ryuryuk los ntawm lub tsev ntawm Rostislav. Piv txwv li, tus abbot ntawm Vydubitsky Monastery yog tus sau ntawm qhov no ntawm Hypatian Chronicle.
Ukraine, ntau qhov tseeb, Galicia-Volyn Rus, nyob rau hauv lub xyoo pua kaum peb yog sawv cev nyob rau hauv peb feem ntawm txoj cai. Qhov no txawv ntawm cov yav dhau los. Nyob rau hauv thawj, nws tsis txawm muaj ib txwm enumeration ntawm hnub, uas, thaj, tau affixed thaum sau tawm tom qab. Cia peb nyob ntawm ob ntu kawg.
Kyiv Chronicle
Raws li qhov tsis txaus ntseeg raws li nws lub suab, Kyiv Chronicle kuj yog ib phau ntawm chroniclers ntawm ntau tus huab tais uas kav hauv Kyiv. Lub xyoo pua kaum ob nyuaj heev rau thaj av no. Muaj kev tawm tsam tsis tu ncua rau lub zwm txwv ntawm Monomakhoviches thiab Olgoviches. Cov qauv no tau pom tsis tau tsuas yog nyob rau hauv lub nroog peev, tab sis kuj nyob rau hauv lwm lub teb chaws. Cov xeeb leej xeeb ntxwv ntawm Monomakh tau tsiv mus rau sab qaum teb sab hnub tuaj, tau txais lub zog tsis muaj kev txwv nyob rau ntawd, thaum Olgovichi tseem nyob rau sab qab teb, nyob rau hauv kev hem thawj ntawm Polovtsian raids.
Nyob rau hauv 1185 muaj ib tug tu siab phiaj los nqis tes ntawm Igor Svyatoslavovich nyob rau hauv lub steppe, piav nyob rau hauv "The Tale of Igor's Campaign". Tus cwj pwm ntawm nws yog tag nrho opposite nyob rau hauv Laurentian thiab Ipatiev Chronicles. Cov yav tas los qhia ntau kev khuv leej thiab condescension rau Igor qhov ua tsis tau tejyam sim tshem tawm Lavxias teb sab av ntawm cov yeeb ncuab. Nyob rau hauv lub vault ntawm sab qaum teb-sab hnub tuaj av, Igor raug rau txim rau kev khav theeb, vim tsis tos kev pab los ntawm nws cov kwv tij. Qee cov kws tshawb fawb ntseeg tias qhov pib ntawm Kyiv Chronicle tau muab tso rau hauv Chernigov thiab Pereyaslavl nyob rau hauv Prince Rostislav. Nws yog los ntawm qhov ntawd cov ntsiab lus los ntawm lub neej ntawm cov thawj coj sab qab teb.
About Galicia-Volyn Rus
Galic thiab Volyn, raws li ciam teb sab hnub poob ntawm Kievan Rus, muaj cov yam ntxwv tseem ceeb hauv kev txhim kho. Peb nyeem txog cov nuances ntawm kev tawm tsam nom tswv, kev sib raug zoo thoob ntiaj teb los ntawm 1205 txog 1292 hauv Ipatiev Chronicle. Nws yuav tsum raug sau tseg tias cov compilers ntawm qhov kawg yog cov neeg txawj ntse tshaj plaws ntawm lawv lub sijhawm, raws li lawv siv Greek thiab yav dhau los qub Lavxias teb sab. Lawv kos cov ntaub ntawv los ntawm cov ntawv ceeb toom ntawm ambassadors, princely tsab ntawv, tub rog dab neeg. Ua tsaug rau lub vault no, peb muaj cov lus piav qhia ntxaws txog kev sib ntaus sib tua ntawm Kalka thiab qhov tshwm sim ntawm Batu ntxeem tau ntawm Southwestern Russia. Peb cia siab tias tam sim no nws yog qhov tseeb tias Ipatiev Chronicle piav qhia thiab vim li cas nws thiaj li nthuavlaymen thiab professional historians.
