Txhua yam ntawm cov ntaub ntawv muaj lub cev, mechanical, thermophysical, lub zog, tshuaj, hydrophysical thiab ntau lwm yam khoom. Tab sis nyob rau hauv tsab xov xwm no peb yuav qhia tshwj xeeb uas yog thawj - lub cev khoom ntawm cov khoom. Cia peb muab lub ntsiab txhais, teev tshwj xeeb yog dab tsi zais hauv qab lawv, thiab piav qhia meej txhua yam ntawm cov khoom.
Definition
Lub cev lub cev ntawm cov khoom siv - txhua yam khoom uas muaj nyob hauv cov tshuaj tsis muaj tshuaj lom neeg rau lawv.
Txhua yam khoom tseem tsis hloov pauv (los ntawm nws tus kheej) nyob rau hauv ib qho xwm txheej - tsuav nws muaj pes tsawg leeg tsis hloov pauv, nrog rau cov qauv ntawm nws cov molecules. Yog hais tias cov khoom tsis yog-molecular, nws muaj pes tsawg leeg thiab daim ntawv cog lus ntawm atoms tseem zoo ib yam. Thiab twb muaj qhov sib txawv ntawm lub cev thiab lwm yam ntxwv ntawm cov khoom siv sib cais sib xyaw ua ke ntawm nws.
Nws tseem ceeb heev kom paub tias lub cev lub cev ntawm cov khoom tuaj yeem sib txawv rau nws cov ntaub ntawv sib sau ua ke. Hais thermal, hluav taws xob, mechanical, lub cev, kho qhov muagcov khoom ntawm cov teeb meem nyob ntawm seb cov kev taw qhia nyob rau hauv lub crystal.
Lub cev muaj zog ntawm cov teeb meem suav nrog:
- Viscosity.
- melting point.
- Density.
- npog taw tes.
- Thermal conductivity.
- xim.
- kev sib haum xeeb.
- Absorption.
- Heat peev.
- Ib zaug.
- Radioactivity.
- Inductance.
- Curl.
- Electrical conductivity.
YDielectric permeability.
Thiab lub cev lub cev ntawm cov khoom siv feem ntau yog sawv cev los ntawm cov hauv qab no:
- Density.
- Neeg.
- Moisture return.
- nqus dej.
- Air resistant.
- Frost resistance.
- Thermal resistance.
- Thermal conductivity.
- Hluav taws kub retardant.
- Refractoriness.
- Radiation resistance.
- tshuaj tiv thaiv.
- Durability.
Nyob zoo ib tsoom phooj ywg.
YHygroscopicity.
Y dej permeability.
Lub cev, tshuaj thiab thev naus laus zis ntawm cov khoom tseem ceeb sib npaug. Tab sis peb yuav txheeb xyuas thawj qeb hauv kev nthuav dav ntxiv. Cia peb nthuav qhia cov yam ntxwv ntawm lub cev tseem ceeb tshaj plaws ntawm cov khoom siv.
Density
Ib qho tseem ceeb tshaj plaws hauv cov ntaub ntawv tshawb fawb. Qhov ceev tau muab faib ua peb pawg:
- Nyob. Mass per unit volumecov khoom uas suav hais tias yog ntom ntom.
- Average. Qhov no twb yog qhov loj ntawm ib chav tsev ntim nyob rau hauv lub ntuj lub xeev ntawm cov khoom (nrog pores thiab voids). Yog li, qhov nruab nrab ntom ntom ntawm cov khoom los ntawm cov khoom siv tib yam yuav txawv - nyob ntawm qhov voidness thiab porosity.
- Cov. Nws yog siv rau cov ntaub ntawv xoob - nws yog xuab zeb, crushed pob zeb, cement. Qhov no yog qhov piv ntawm qhov loj ntawm cov hmoov thiab granular cov ntaub ntawv rau tag nrho cov ntim lawv nyob (qhov chaw nruab nrab ntawm cov khoom kuj suav nrog hauv kev suav).
Qhov ntom ntawm cov khoom cuam tshuam rau nws cov yam ntxwv thev naus laus zis - lub zog, thermal conductivity. Nws yuav ncaj qha nyob ntawm porosity thiab av noo. Nrog nce humidity, feem, qhov ceev yuav nce. Qhov no kuj yog ib qho cim qhia rau kev txiav txim siab tus nqi ntawm cov khoom siv.
Nyob zoo ib tsoom niam txiv kwv tij neej tsas sawv daws.
Ntawm lub cev, thev naus laus zis thiab cov khoom siv kho tshuab ntawm cov khoom, porosity tsis yog qhov kawg. Qhov no yog qhov degree ntawm kev ntim cov khoom ntim nrog cov pores.
Hauv cov ntsiab lus no, qhov pores yog cov hlwb me tshaj plaws uas muaj dej lossis cua. Lawv tuaj yeem loj lossis me, qhib lossis kaw. Yog tias cov pores me me, piv txwv li, tau ntim nrog huab cua, qhov no ua rau cov khoom siv thermal rwb thaiv tsev zoo dua. Tus nqi ntawm porosity pab txiav txim rau lwm yam tseem ceeb - durability, zog, nqus dej, ceev.
Qhib qhov pores sib txuas lus nrog ib puag ncig thiab nrog ib leeg, tuaj yeem ua kom muaj dej ntxivthaum cov khoom yog immersed nyob rau hauv ib tug kua. Feem ntau hloov nrog cov kaw. Nyob rau hauv cov ntaub ntawv suab-absorbing, piv txwv li, qhib porosity thiab perforation yog artificially tsim - rau ntau zog nqus ntawm suab zog.
Kaw qhov pore faib thiab qhov loj me yog tus yam ntxwv raws li hauv qab no:
- Ib qho nkhaus ntawm kev faib cov pore ntim ib chav tsev ntim raws lawv cov radii.
- Differential pore ntim faib nkhaus.
Kev tsis muaj nqis
Peb tseem xav txog cov khoom siv lub cev ntawm cov ntaub ntawv (ntom ntom, Frost Kuj, thiab lwm tus). Cov tom ntej no yog emptiness. Qhov no yog lub npe ntawm tus naj npawb ntawm voids uas tsim ntawm ib tug neeg cov nplej ntawm xoob, crumbly khoom. Qhov no yog pob zeb crushed, xuab zeb, thiab lwm yam.
Dej permeability yog lub peev xwm ntawm cov khoom tso tawm kua thaum nws qhuav thiab nqus dej thaum ntub.
Thaum kawm txog lub cev lub cev ntawm cov khoom, koj yuav tsum tau ua tib zoo saib xyuas qhov tseeb tias cov dej saturation tuaj yeem tshwm sim hauv ob txoj hauv kev: thaum raug cov khoom hauv cov kua hauv lub xeev lossis thaum raug tsuas yog nws cov vapor..
Los ntawm no tuaj ob qho tseem ceeb - qhov no yog hygroscopicity thiab dej nqus.
YHygroscopicity
Lub cev khoom ntawm cov ntaub ntawv no tau txiav txim siab li cas hauv cov ntaub ntawv tshawb fawb? Hygroscopicity - lub peev xwm nqus dej vapor thiab khaws cia rau hauvvim capillary condensation. Nws ncaj qha nyob ntawm qhov txheeb ze av noo thiab qhov kub thiab txias ntawm huab cua, qhov loj me, ntau yam thiab cov pores ntawm cov khoom, nws qhov xwm txheej.
Yog tias cov khoom nquag nyiam cov dej molecules nrog nws qhov chaw, ces nws hu ua hydrophilic. Yog hais tias cov khoom, ntawm qhov tsis tooj, repels lawv los ntawm nws tus kheej, ces nws yog hu ua hydrophobic. Tsis tas li ntawd, qee cov ntaub ntawv hydrophilic yog soluble hauv dej, thaum cov ntaub ntawv hydrophobic tiv thaiv cov teebmeem ntawm aqueous media.
nqus dej
Yog tias peb tham luv luv txog lub cev ntawm cov khoom siv hauv tsev, peb tsis tuaj yeem hais txog kev nqus dej - lub peev xwm tuav thiab nqus cov kua. Cov cuab yeej yog tus cwj pwm los ntawm qhov ntim ntawm cov dej absorbed los ntawm cov khoom qhuav thaum nws yog kiag li raus hauv dej. Qhia tawm raws li qhov feem pua ntawm qhov loj (khoom siv).
Kev nqus dej yuav tsawg dua qhov porosity tseeb ntawm cov khoom, txij li qee tus naj npawb ntawm cov pores hauv nws tseem kaw. Yog li ntawd, nws yuav txawv ntawm lawv cov naj npawb, ntim, degree ntawm qhov qhib. Qhov xwm ntawm cov khoom, nws hydrophilicity kuj yuav cuam tshuam tus nqi.
Raws li cov khoom saturation nrog dej, nws cov khoom siv lub cev qee zaum hloov pauv ntau: thermal conductivity thiab ntom ntom, ntim nce (ib txwm rau av nplaum, ntoo), lub zog txo vim kev tawg ntawm kev sib raug zoo ntawm tus kheej. particles.
Moisture return
Qhov no yog lub peev xwm ntawm cov khoom tso tawm noo noo rau hauv ib puag ncig. Ua rauhuab cua, raw cov ntaub ntawv thiab cov khoom khaws cia lawv cov av noo tsuas yog nyob rau hauv tej yam kev mob - ntawm tus txheeb ze equilibrium huab cua humidity. Yog tias qhov ntsuas qis dua tus nqi no, ces cov khoom pib tso cov dej noo mus rau hauv qhov chaw, kom qhuav.
Qhov ceev ntawm cov txheej txheem no yog nyob ntawm ntau yam: ntawm qhov sib txawv ntawm cov av noo ntawm cov khoom nws tus kheej thiab cov av noo ntawm huab cua (qhov ntau dua, qhov ziab ntau dua), ntawm cov khoom ntawm cov khoom. nws tus kheej - nws porosity, xwm, hydrophobicity. Yog li, cov khoom siv raw nrog cov pores loj, hydrophobic yuav yooj yim muab cov kua ntau dua li cov khoom siv hydrophilic, nrog cov pores me me.
Air resistance
Huab cua tsis kam yog lub peev xwm ntawm cov khoom siv los tiv thaiv kev rov ua kom qhuav thiab moistening rau lub sijhawm ntev yam tsis tau poob ntawm nws cov tshuab ntom ntom, nrog rau tsis muaj qhov cuam tshuam loj.
Qee cov ntaub ntawv pib o thaum lub sij hawm moistened, ib co shrink, ib co warp ntau dhau. Ntoo, piv txwv li, yuav raug hloov deformations. Cov cement uas nquag ya raws-qhuav yuav tawg, crumble.
Qhov no yog lub cev khoom - lub peev xwm ntawm cov ntaub ntawv kom dhau cov kua hauv lub siab los ntawm lawv. Nws yog tus cwj pwm los ntawm qhov ntim ntawm cov dej, uas dhau los ntawm 1 square meter hauv 1 teev. m ntawm cov khoom nyob rau hauv siab ntawm 1 MPa.
Nws yog ib qho tseem ceeb uas yuav tsum nco ntsoov tias tseem muaj cov khoom siv dej tsis huv. Cov no yog cov hlau, bitumen, iav, cov khoom tseem ceeb ntawm cov yas.
Frost resistance
Ib qho khoom tseem ceeb hauv lub cev hauv Lavxias. Qhov no yog lub npe ntawm lub peev xwm ntawm cov khoom saturated nrog dej los tiv thaiv rov alternating freezing thiab thawing yam tsis muaj ib tug tseem ceeb txo nyob rau hauv lub zog, cov tsos ntawm pom cov tsos mob ntawm kev puas tsuaj.
Kev puas tsuaj thaum lub sijhawm txheej txheem no feem ntau yog vim qhov tseeb tias thaum khov, dej nce hauv nws qhov ntim li ntawm 9%. Nyob rau tib lub sijhawm, nws qhov nthuav dav tshaj plaws thaum hloov mus rau dej khov yog pom ntawm -4 ° C. Thaum sau cov pores ntawm cov khoom nrog dej, nws nthuav dav thiab khov, cov phab ntsa pore muaj kev puas tsuaj loj, uas ua rau kev puas tsuaj ntawm cov khoom.
Raws li, Frost tsis kam yuav txiav txim siab txog qib ntawm cov pores nrog dej, nws qhov ntom. Nws yog cov khoom siv ntom ntom uas suav tias yog Frost-resistant. Ntawm qhov ntxeem tau, tsuas yog cov uas txawv los ntawm qhov muaj qhov loj ntawm cov pores kaw tuaj yeem raug ntaus nqi rau pawg no. Los yog nws qhov pores tsis ntau tshaj 90% puv dej.
Lub cev lub cev tuaj yeem sawv cev lub peev xwm tseem ceeb ntawm cov ntaub ntawv. Ib txhia ntawm lawv peb twb tau tham nyob rau hauv kom meej nyob rau hauv tsab xov xwm. Qhov no yog lub peev xwm tiv taus txias, rov ua dua nrog dej thiab ziab, khaws cia, nqus, tso kua thiab lwm yam tseem ceeb.
