Cov tib neeg lymphatic system ua haujlwm ntau yam tseem ceeb tiv thaiv kev tiv thaiv kev loj hlob ntawm cov kab mob kab mob lossis kab mob hauv cov kua dej, cov hlwb thiab cov ntaub so ntswg. B-lymphocytes yog lub luag haujlwm rau kev tiv thaiv kab mob humoral, uas, nrog rau kev loj hlob ntxiv, tsim cov tshuaj immunoglobulins (Ig). Cov qauv ntawm cov tshuaj no tso cai rau koj mus nrhiav, cim thiab rhuav tshem cov antigens uas tau nkag mus rau hauv lub cev. Dab tsi yog cov yam ntxwv ntawm molecules?
Plasma cells
Txhua cov qog ntshav ntawm tib neeg lub cev tau muab faib ua ob pawg loj: T-lymphocytes thiab B-lymphocytes. Thawj yog lub luag haujlwm rau kev tiv thaiv cellular, absorbing antigens nyob rau hauv tus txheej txheem ntawm phagocytosis. Lub luag haujlwm ntawm tom kawg yog los ua ke cov tshuaj tiv thaiv tshwj xeeb - humoral tiv thaiv.
B-lymphocytes tau txiav txim siab hauv cov kab mob lymphoid thib ob (lymph nodes, spleen), thiab tom qab ntawd tsim cov neeg ntawm cov ntshav plasma, uas tseem hu ua plasma cells. Lawv txuas ntxiv mus rau cov pob txha liab, mucous daim nyias nyias thiab cov ntaub so ntswg.
Plasmocytes ncav cuag qhov loj (txog 20 microns), stain basophilically, piv txwv li hauv ntshav nrog kev pab ntawm dyes. Hauv qhov chawntawm cov hlwb no yog ib tug loj nucleus nrog cov yam ntxwv clumps ntawm heterochromatin, uas zoo li lub spokes ntawm lub log.
Cov cytoplasm stains sib dua li cov nucleus. Nws muaj lub chaw thauj khoom muaj zog, suav nrog endoplasmic reticulum thiab Golgi apparatus. AH tau tsim muaj zog heev, ua kom lub teeb ci ntawm lub xov tooj ntawm tes.
Tag nrho cov qauv no yog tsom rau kev sib txuas ntawm cov tshuaj tiv thaiv kab mob uas muaj lub luag haujlwm rau kev tiv thaiv kev lom zem. Cov qauv ntawm cov immunoglobulin molecule muaj nws tus yam ntxwv, yog li kev loj hlob zuj zus thiab zoo ntawm cov qauv no hauv cov txheej txheem ntawm kev sib txuas yog qhov tseem ceeb.
Qhov tseeb, qhov no yog vim li cas qhov sib txuas ntom ntom ntawm EPS thiab Golgi apparatus tau tsim. Tsis tas li ntawd, cov cuab yeej genetic apparatus ntawm plasma hlwb, nyob rau hauv lub nucleus, feem ntau yog tsom rau cov synthesis ntawm antibody proteins. Cov hlwb plasma paub tab yog ib qho piv txwv ntawm kev txiav txim siab siab, yog li lawv tsis tshua faib.
Cov qauv ntawm immunoglobulin antibodies
Cov molecules tshwj xeeb no yog glycoproteins vim lawv muaj cov protein thiab carbohydrate. Peb txaus siab rau lub cev pob txha ntawm immunoglobulins.
A molecule muaj 4 peptide chains: ob hnyav (H-chains) thiab ob lub teeb (L-chains). Lawv txuas mus rau ib leeg los ntawm disulfide daim ntawv cog lus, thiab yog li ntawd, peb tuaj yeem soj ntsuam cov duab ntawm cov molecule, zoo li lub slingshot.
Cov qauv ntawm immunoglobulins yog tsom rau kev sib txuas nrog antigens uas siv cov Fab-ntu tshwj xeeb. Ntawm qhov dawb kawg ntawm "slingshot", txhua cheeb tsam no yog tsim los ntawm ob qhov sib txawv: ib qho los ntawm hnyav thiabib tug ntawm lub teeb sawb. Lub chaw ruaj khov ua haujlwm ua ib qho scaffold (3 ntawm txhua qhov hnyav thiab ib qho ntawm lub teeb chains).
Kev txav mus los ntawm qhov sib txawv ntawm qhov kawg ntawm immunoglobulin yog muab los ntawm qhov muaj pob khawm hauv qhov chaw uas muaj cov nyiaj disulfide tsim ntawm ob H-chains. Qhov no ua kom yooj yim rau cov txheej txheem ntawm antigen-antibody kev sib cuam tshuam.
Qhov thib peb ntawm cov molecule, uas tsis cuam tshuam nrog txawv teb chaws molecules, tseem tsis tau xav txog. Nws yog hu ua Fc cheeb tsam thiab yog lub luag haujlwm rau kev txuas ntawm immunoglobulin rau daim nyias nyias ntawm cov plasma hlwb thiab lwm cov hlwb. Los ntawm txoj kev, lub teeb chains tuaj yeem yog ob hom: kappa (κ) thiab lambda (λ). Lawv muaj kev sib txuas los ntawm disulfide bonds, kuj tseem muaj tsib hom chains hnyav, raws li ntau hom immunoglobulins tau faib. Cov no yog α-(alpha), δ-(delta), ε-(epsilon), γ-(gamma) Μ-(mu) chains.
Qee cov tshuaj tiv thaiv muaj peev xwm tsim cov qauv polymer uas ruaj khov los ntawm J-peptides ntxiv. Qhov no yog li cas dimers, trimers, tetramers lossis pentomers ntawm Ig ntawm ib hom yog tsim.
Lwm qhov S-chain ntxiv yog cov yam ntxwv ntawm secretory immunoglobulins, cov qauv thiab biochemistry uas tso cai rau lawv ua haujlwm hauv cov mucous ntawm lub qhov ncauj lossis cov hnyuv. Cov saw ntxiv no tiv thaiv cov enzymes ntuj los ntawm kev rhuav tshem cov tshuaj tiv thaiv kab mob.
qauv thiab chav kawm ntawm immunoglobulins
Ntau hom tshuaj tiv thaiv hauv peb lub cev ua ntej txiav txim siab qhov hloov pauv ntawm kev tiv thaiv kab mob humoral. Txhua chav kawm IgNws muaj nws tus yam ntxwv tshwj xeeb, uas nws tsis yooj yim los twv lawv lub luag haujlwm hauv kev tiv thaiv kab mob.
Cov qauv thiab kev ua haujlwm ntawm immunoglobulins yog ncaj qha nyob ntawm ib leeg. Nyob rau theem molecular, lawv txawv ntawm cov amino acid ib ntus ntawm cov saw hnyav, hom uas peb tau hais lawm. Yog li, muaj 5 hom immunoglobulins: IgG, IgA, IgE, IgM thiab IgD.
Cov yam ntxwv ntawm immunoglobulin G
IgG tsis tsim cov polymers thiab tsis koom ua ke hauv cell membranes. Lub xub ntiag ntawm gamma-hnyav saw tau tshwm sim nyob rau hauv muaj pes tsawg leeg ntawm cov molecules.
Ib yam txawv ntawm chav kawm no yog qhov tseeb tias tsuas yog cov tshuaj tiv thaiv kab mob no tuaj yeem nkag mus rau hauv placental barrier thiab tsim kev tiv thaiv ntawm tus menyuam hauv plab.
IgG ua rau 70-80% ntawm tag nrho cov tshuaj tiv thaiv kab mob, yog li cov molecules tau yooj yim tshawb pom los ntawm txoj kev kuaj. Hauv cov ntshav, 12 g / l yog cov ntsiab lus nruab nrab ntawm chav kawm no, thiab daim duab no feem ntau mus txog thaum muaj hnub nyoog 12.
Tus qauv ntawm immunoglobulin G tso cai rau koj ua cov haujlwm hauv qab no:
- Detoxification.
- Kev tawm tsam ntawm antigens.
- Pib ntxiv-kho kho cytolysis.
- Kev nthuav qhia ntawm antigen rau cov neeg tua neeg.
- Txhim kev tiv thaiv ntawm tus menyuam mos.
Immunoglobulin A: nta thiab ua haujlwm
chav kawm ntawm cov tshuaj tiv thaiv kab mob no tshwm sim hauv ob hom: ntshav qab zib thiab secretory.
Hauv cov ntshav ntshav, IgA ua rau 10-15% ntawm tag nrho cov tshuaj tiv thaiv, thiab nws qhov nyiaj nruab nrabyog 2.5 g / l los ntawm 10 xyoo.
Peb xav paub ntau ntxiv hauv daim ntawv zais cia ntawm immunoglobulin A, txij li kwv yees li 60% ntawm cov molecules ntawm cov chav kawm ntawm cov tshuaj tiv thaiv no yog cov concentrated hauv cov mucous ntawm lub cev.
Cov qauv ntawm immunoglobulin A kuj txawv ntawm nws qhov sib txawv vim muaj J-peptide, uas tuaj yeem koom nrog hauv kev tsim cov dimers, trimers lossis tetramers. Vim li no, ib qho tshuaj tiv thaiv kab mob no tuaj yeem khi ntau tus antigens.
Thaum lub sijhawm tsim ntawm IgA, lwm cov khoom txuas nrog rau cov molecule - S-protein. Nws lub luag haujlwm tseem ceeb yog los tiv thaiv tag nrho cov complex los ntawm kev puas tsuaj ntawm enzymes thiab lwm cov hlwb ntawm tib neeg lymphatic system.
Y Immunoglobulin A muaj nyob rau hauv cov mucous daim nyias nyias ntawm txoj hnyuv, genitourinary system thiab ua pa ib ntsuj av. IgA molecules envelop antigenic hais, yog li tiv thaiv lawv adhesion mus rau phab ntsa ntawm hollow organ.
Cov haujlwm ntawm chav kawm ntawm cov tshuaj tiv thaiv no yog raws li hauv qab no:
- Neutralization ntawm antigens.
- thawj qhov thaiv ntawm txhua qhov kev tiv thaiv kev tiv thaiv kab mob.
- Opsonize thiab sau npe antigens.
Immunoglobulin M
Cov neeg sawv cev ntawm chav kawm IgM yog qhov txawv ntawm qhov loj me me, vim lawv cov complexes yog pentamers. Tag nrho cov qauv yog txhawb nqa los ntawm J-protein, thiab cov pob txha ntawm cov molecule yog cov chains hnyav ntawm nu-type.
Cov qauv pentameric yog yam ntxwv ntawm daim ntawv zais cia ntawm cov tshuaj immunoglobulin, tab sis kuj muaj cov monomers. Cov tom kawg yog txuas rau daim nyias nyiasB-lymphocytes, yog li pab cov hlwb kom pom cov kab mob hauv lub cev.
Tsuas 5-10% yog IgM hauv cov ntshav ntshav, thiab nws cov ntsiab lus ntawm qhov nruab nrab tsis tshaj 1 g / l. Cov tshuaj tiv thaiv ntawm cov chav kawm no yog cov laus tshaj plaws hauv cov ntsiab lus evolutionary, thiab lawv tsuas yog tsim los ntawm B-lymphocytes thiab lawv cov precursors (plasmocytes tsis muaj peev xwm ntawm qhov no).
Tus naj npawb ntawm cov tshuaj tiv thaiv M nce hauv cov menyuam mos, vim. Qhov no yog ib qho tseem ceeb hauv kev mob siab rau kev tso tawm ntawm IgG. Qhov kev txhawb nqa no muaj txiaj ntsig zoo rau kev loj hlob ntawm tus menyuam lub cev tiv thaiv kab mob.
Tus qauv ntawm immunoglobulin M tsis tso cai rau nws hla cov placental teeb meem, yog li kev tshawb pom ntawm cov tshuaj tiv thaiv kab mob hauv lub cev xeeb tub dhau los ua teeb meem ntawm kev ua txhaum ntawm cov txheej txheem metabolic, kev kis kab mob lossis qhov tsis xws luag hauv cov placenta.
IgM ua haujlwm:
- Neutralization.
- Kev ua lag luam.
- Kev ua kom ua tiav ntawm kev ua tiav-dependent cytolysis.
- Kev tiv thaiv ntawm tus menyuam mos.
Cov yam ntxwv ntawm immunoglobulin D
hom tshuaj tiv thaiv no tau kawm me ntsis, yog li lawv lub luag haujlwm hauv lub cev tsis nkag siab tag nrho. IgD tshwm sim tsuas yog nyob rau hauv daim ntawv ntawm monomers; nyob rau hauv cov ntshav cov ntshav, cov molecules tsim tsis ntau tshaj 0.2% ntawm tag nrho cov tshuaj tiv thaiv (0.03 g / l).
Lub luag haujlwm tseem ceeb ntawm immunoglobulin D yog txais tos hauv daim nyias nyias ntawm B-lymphocytes, tab sis tsuas yog 15% ntawm tag nrho cov pejxeem ntawm cov hlwb no muaj IgD. Cov tshuaj tiv thaiv kab mob txuas nrog siv Fc-terminus ntawm cov molecule, thiab cov saw hnyav yog nyob rau hauv chav kawm delta.
qauv thiab ua haujlwmimmunoglobulin E
chav kawm no ua rau ib feem me me ntawm tag nrho cov tshuaj tiv thaiv kab mob (0.00025%). IgE, tseem hu ua reagin, yog cov cytophilic heev: cov monomers ntawm cov immunoglobulins yog txuas mus rau daim nyias nyias ntawm mast hlwb thiab basophils. Raws li qhov tshwm sim, IgE cuam tshuam rau kev tsim cov tshuaj histamine, uas ua rau kev txhim kho cov tshuaj tiv thaiv kab mob.
Epsilon-hom hnyav chains muaj nyob rau hauv cov qauv ntawm immunoglobulin E.
Vim tias muaj me me, cov tshuaj tiv thaiv kab mob no nyuaj heev los kuaj xyuas los ntawm kev kuaj ntshav hauv cov ntshav. Nce IgE yog ib qho tseem ceeb ntawm kev kuaj mob ntawm kev tsis haum tshuaj.
Cov Lus Qhia
Cov qauv ntawm immunoglobulins ncaj qha cuam tshuam rau lawv txoj haujlwm hauv lub cev. Kev tiv thaiv kab mob humoral plays lub luag haujlwm tseem ceeb hauv kev tswj hwm homeostasis, yog li txhua cov tshuaj tiv thaiv yuav tsum ua haujlwm kom meej thiab du.
Cov ntsiab lus ntawm txhua chav kawm Ig yog nruj me ntsis rau tib neeg. Txhua qhov kev hloov pauv tau sau tseg hauv chav kuaj yuav yog vim li cas rau kev txhim kho cov txheej txheem pathological. Nov yog qhov kws kho mob siv hauv lawv qhov kev xyaum.
