Txhua tus paub tias, zoo li ntau lub tebchaws hauv ntiaj teb, muaj xws li "tsev hais plaub qeb", thiab hauv tebchaws Russia. Qhov tseeb nthuav yog tias cov npe ntawm cov qib tau hloov pauv. Peter lub Great tsis tso tseg qhov niche tsis hloov thaum nws hloov kho - nws yog tus uas hloov cov npe nrog txawv teb chaws. Txawm li cas los xij, tsawg tus neeg paub tias lub ntsiab lus ntawm kab lus no yog dab tsi, thaum nws tshwm sim thiab cov thawj coj hauv tsev hais plaub no yog dab tsi.
keeb kwm keeb kwm
Lub tsev hais plaub qeb yog ib yam ntawm txoj haujlwm uas tau tshwm sim hauv keeb kwm yav dhau los. thaum lub sij hawm tsim ntawm tej pawg neeg nyob rau hauv monarchs thiab loj rulers. Cov pab pawg no tau tso siab rau qee qhov haujlwm hauv lub xeev kev tswj hwm lossis kev muab tus thawj coj thiab nws tsev neeg nrog txhua yam tsim nyog (kev tu thiab tsim lub tsev hais plaub). Hauv ntau lub tebchaws, cov tsev hais plaub sib txawv tsis yog hauv lawv lub npe xwb, tab sis kuj tseem nyob hauv thaj chaw ntawm kev ua ub no, tshwj xeeb ntawm cov haujlwm tau ua. Txawm li cas los xij, qhov tshwm sim yog tias cov neeg no yog ib feem ntawm cov neeg tseem ceeb (lub xeev cov neeg tseem ceeb). Maj mam, muaj kev faib cov qib rau hauv lub xeev thiab lub tsev hais plaub kom raug. ATRaws li kev txhawb nqa, cov tuav ntawm lub tebchaws kuj tuaj yeem tau txais tus neeg hais plaub, tab sis qhov no tsis tau txhais hais tias muab txoj haujlwm ntxiv rau tus neeg lossis ua haujlwm tshwj xeeb ntawm tus kav lub tsev hais plaub.
Definition
Cov kab lus "tsev hais plaub qeb" txhais tau tias muaj ib tus neeg uas muaj tib lub tsev hais plaub, uas yog, ib puag ncig, ib puag ncig ntawm cov neeg koom nrog. Yog li ntawd, lub ntsiab lus ntawm cov kab lus no yog ze ze rau lub xub ntiag ntawm ib tug kav, ib tug high-ranked neeg (tseem ceeb heev uas nws muaj nws tus kheej lub tsev hais plaub, cais los ntawm tus txiav txim). Yog li, lub tsev hais plaub qeb duas yog ib tug retinue nyob ze rau ib tug tseem ceeb (high-ranking) tus neeg uas ua tej yam functionalities muab rau nws, thiab kuj ntxiv cov tsos ntawm qhov tseem ceeb ntawm tus kav (tus neeg siab tshaj), ib co gloss, qhia tau hais tias. nyiaj txiag thiab kev ruaj ntseg.
Kev pabcuam qeb thiab cov npe hauv tebchaws Russia
Txawm tias thaum lub sijhawm kav nom tswv, cov neeg ua haujlwm hauv tsev hais plaub raug tsim los ntawm lawv lub tsev hais plaub, uas cov tswvcuab tau koom nrog kev ua haujlwm ntawm ntau lub luag haujlwm (ob qho tib si ncaj qha hauv tsev hais plaub, thiab kev tswj hwm, kev txiav txim thiab tub rog). Cov tswv cuab ntawm cov neeg ua haujlwm hauv tsev hais plaub raug hu ua cov neeg hauv tsev hais plaub. Muaj ob peb qeb ntawm cov neeg hauv tsev hais plaub (peb tuaj yeem hais tias cov no yog cov npe hauv tsev hais plaub), suav nrog boyars, stewards, butlers, okolniki, solicitors, trappings, falconers, thiab lwm yam. Tau kawg, cov qib siab tshaj plaws tau txais los ntawm cov ze tshaj rau tus kav. Thaum xub thawj, lawv tau ua ib yam ntawm cov kws pab tswv yim, tsis muaj nom tswvqeb thiab txoj haujlwm.
Cov neeg hauv tsev: lub ntsiab saum toj kawg nkaus
Boyarin yog tus nom loj tshaj plaws, uas yog thawj zaug muab rau cov neeg nyob ze tshaj rau tus kav, thiab dhau sij hawm nws tau los ua keeb kwm, xws li qib tau txais txiaj ntsig.
Voevoda yog qib ntawm cov thawj coj tub rog, lub taub hau ntawm ib pab tub rog lossis kev cais tawm (hauv kev nkag siab ntawm tus thawj coj tub rog). Sijhawm dhau mus, lawv tau ntiab cov tub ceev xwm los ua tus thawj coj hauv nroog.
Vicar - ib qeb muab ncaj qha los ntawm tus tub huabtais. Nws txoj cai yog los coj nom tswv hauv nroog hauv nroog.
Okolnichiy - lub tsev hais plaub qib thiab txoj haujlwm, uas nws lub luag haujlwm suav nrog kev teeb tsa thiab ntxiv kom muaj kev nplij siab ntawm tus tub huabtais txoj kev mus ncig, nrog rau kev txais tos zoo rau cov nom tswv los ntawm lwm lub tebchaws thiab sib tham nrog tom kawg.
Txoj haujlwm ntawm cov neeg ua haujlwm thoob tebchaws
Raws li tau hais dhau los, dhau sijhawm, hauv ntau lub tebchaws hauv ntiaj teb, cov tsev hais plaub tau muab faib ua cov tsev hais plaub dav dav thiab cov tsev hais plaub raug cai. Nyob rau hauv Russia, qhov tsim ntawm ob ceg ntawm cov qib coj qhov chaw nyob rau hauv parallel, thiab twb nyob rau hauv lub Nrab Hnub nyoog. Los ntawm qhov pib ntawm lub xyoo pua 16th, twb muaj ib tug meej system ntawm lub teb chaws qeb (qib):
- Duma qeb - cov thawj coj, cov neeg tuav txoj cai koom nrog cov rooj sib tham ntawm Boyar Duma.
- Cov tub qhe ntawm Moscow - cov thawj coj uas tsis muaj cai koom nrog hauv kev ua haujlwm (sib tham) ntawm Boyar Duma.
- Siv lub nroog lossis lub xeev - yog lub npelub xeev nobility.
hairman, Bed Keeper, Armorer thiab Butler
Cov tub ceev xwm hauv tsev hais plaub siab tshaj plaws hauv tebchaws Russia yog ib pawg ntawm cov thawj coj uas tau yws yws rau boyars. Cov no yog cov qeb xws li tus neeg ruaj khov, tus neeg saib xyuas txaj, tus kws tua phom (phom phom) thiab tus neeg tua hluav taws. Feem ntau nws yog tus equestrian uas coj tus Boyar Duma thiab tsoom fwv. Xws li ib tug nce qib ntawm lub taub hau ntawm Stable Order tshwm sim thaum lub sij hawm lub reign ntawm Ivan IV Ivanovich, zoo dua lub npe hu ua Ivan lub txaus ntshai. Tus neeg saib xyuas lub txaj yog tus neeg nyob ze tshaj plaws rau tus kav, vim nws yog lub luag haujlwm rau nws thiab nws tsev neeg cov khoom, kev ruaj ntseg, thiab nrog nws tus kheej mus ncig. Tus kws tua phom yog lub luag haujlwm rau lub xeev thiab huab tais riam phom, rau nyiaj txiag rau lub tuam tsev riam phom, thiab ua tus thawj coj ntawm Arms Order. Tus neeg tua hluav taws ua tus thawj coj ntawm Grand Palace, yog tus thawj txiav txim.
Table of Ranks
Raws li koj paub, Peter kuv yog ib tus neeg hloov kho zoo uas tsis tawm yuav luag txhua qhov ntawm lub neej thiab kev ua haujlwm ntawm lub xeev, cov neeg tsis hloov pauv. Cov qib thiab qib tsis nyob twj ywm tsis hloov ib yam. Los ntawm kev txiav txim ntawm thawj tus huab tais Lavxias teb sab, Peter lub Great, hnub tim 24 Lub Ib Hlis (Lub Ob Hlis 4), 1722, tau tsim ib lub rooj tshwj xeeb ntawm kev sib tham ntawm qib hauv 14 chav kawm. Lub rooj no hu ua "Table of Ranks". Nws muaj 263 txoj haujlwm, cov qeb tau muab faib ua 14 chav kawm. Lub tsev hais plaub qib ntawm lub xeev Lavxias, lossis lawv cov npe, tau hloov mus rau txawv teb chaws. Dab tsi tseem tsis tau hloov pauv yog cov tub rog qib nyob hauv qhov tseem ceebqhov chaw ntawm lwm tus. Daim ntawv tshaj tawm raug tshem tawm tsuas yog tom qab lub kiv puag ncig xyoo 1917, txog thaum lub sijhawm ntawd nws ua haujlwm, hloov pauv thiab hloov kho tsis tu ncua rau nws.
Thawj tsib qib ntawm lub rooj ntawm qeb
Nyob rau hauv thawj chav kawm tsis muaj tsev hais plaub qeb ntawm cov laus, qib siab tshaj plaws. Cov qib pej xeem (civilian) hauv thawj chav kawm yog tus thawj tswj hwm, qib tub rog yog tub rog tub rog, qib tubrog nkoj yog tus thawj coj.
Cov chav kawm thib ob suav nrog cov qib hauv qab no: Tus Thawj Kav Tebchaws tiag tiag (qib neeg pej xeem); generals los ntawm cavalry, artillery, infantry, general-general (tub rog qib); admiral (qib naval); Chief Chamberlain, Chief Chamberlain Marshal, Chief Stealmaster, Chief Jägermeister, Thawj Chamberlain Master, Chief Shenk, Chief Ceremonial Master, Chief Forschneider (lub tsev hais plaub qib ntawm qib siab).
Cov chav kawm thib peb suav nrog tus thawj tswj hwm (civilian), tus thawj tub rog (tub rog), tus lwm tsav dav hlau (naval), chamber marshal, ringmaster, jagermeister, chamberlain (plaub plaub kawg yog qib tsev hais plaub.).
Raws li ib feem ntawm qeb plaub, qib pej xeem hu ua "tus thawj tswj hwm hauv xeev", qib tub rog tau hu ua "tus thawj coj", qib dej hiav txwv hu ua "rov qab admiral", thiab lub tsev hais plaub raug hu ua " chamberlain."
Cov chav kawm thib tsib muaj ib tug pej xeem lub xeev councilor, ib tug tub rog brigadier, ib tug naval captain-commander.
thib ob sab saum toj tsib ntawm lub rooj ntawm qeb
Qib thib rau suav nrog xws li lub tsev hais plaub Lavxias teb sab ua chamber furier. Pej xeem qeb suav nrog collegiate thiab tub rog advisers. Ib tug tub rog qib tau suav hais tias yog ib tug tub rog, thiab naval- tus thawj coj ntawm thawj qeb.
Hnub xya raws li ib tug neeg hais plaub tseem khaws lub koob yees duab-furier, qib pej xeem yog tus kws pab tswv yim hauv tsev hais plaub, tus thawj tub ceev xwm thiab tus thawj coj ntawm qib thib ob - tub rog thiab tub rog, raws li.
Tus kws ntsuam xyuas qib siab (civilian), tus loj (tub rog) thiab tus thawj coj tub rog (nkoj) yog ib feem ntawm qib yim ntawm "Table of Ranks".
Nyob rau qib cuaj, tus thawj tub rog thiab tus thawj coj tau ua pawg tub rog, tus thawj tub rog - naval, chamber junker ua tus saib xyuas, thiab tus kws pab tswv yim - neeg pej xeem.
Qib kaum tau tshwj tseg rau tus tuav ntaub ntawv hauv tsev kawm ntawv, tus thawj coj ua haujlwm thiab tus thawj coj ua haujlwm. Qhov thib ib yog cov pej xeem, qhov thib ob thiab thib peb yog tub rog.
Kawg plaub ntawm Daim Ntawv Qhia
Plaub qib kawg (txij kaum ib mus rau kaum plaub) yog qhov meager:
- Nyob rau hauv kaum ib qhov chaw tsuas yog rau ib tug pej xeem qeb - nkoj secretary.
- Kaum ob muaj ib lub xeev tus tuav ntaub ntawv, uas yog tus sawv cev ntawm qib pej xeem, ib tug lieutenant (tub rog qib), ib tug midshipman nyob rau hauv lub luag hauj lwm ntawm naval rank.
- Tus Tuav Ntaub Ntawv Hauv Xeev, Senate Registrar, Synod Registrar, Txwj Laug Registrar - cov neeg sawv cev ntawm cov pej xeem qib ntawm qib kaum peb. Ob tug tub rog thiab cornet yog tub rog qib, thiab midshipman yog naval.
- College registrar thiab warrant officer - pej xeem thiab tub rog qib kaum plaub, feem.
"Table of Ranks" tso cai tsis yog tsuas yog tso cov khoom hauv cov qib thiab cov haujlwm, tab sis kuj tseem muab lub sijhawm rau kev nce qib rau cov neeg uas tsisbelongs rau cov chav kawm theem siab.
Poj niam tsev hais plaub qeb raws li Lub Rooj
"Table of Ranks" tsis yog tsuas yog cov txiv neej ntawm cov pej xeem ntawm lub tsev hais plaub huab tais - poj niam cov qeb kuj tau qhia. Cov tsev hais plaub zoo li no tau qhia (hauv Russia, lub xeev ntawm poj huab tais kuj tau tshwm sim, tab sis tsis muaj kev txiav txim nruj), xws li tus thawj hofmeisterins (siab tshaj plaws), cov poj niam ntawm tus thawj tswj hwm tiag tiag, cov poj niam tiag tiag hauv lub xeev thiab cov tub txib hauv chav tsev, gof- poj niam, gof- girls. Cov poj niam yav dhau los hauv tsev hais plaub yog neeg Lavxias nkaus xwb: boyars (poj niam ntawm boyars lossis laus dua cov nkauj xwb tsis tau sib yuav hauv tsev neeg), leej niam (tib yam li tus nais maum), tus kws saib xyuas neeg mob (ntiav cov neeg ua haujlwm pub menyuam yaus thiab feem ntau saib xyuas lawv txoj kev loj hlob), txaj -tus tsim (txoj haujlwm hauv tsev hais plaub, nws txoj haujlwm suav nrog ua kom lub txaj ntawm tus kav tus poj niam huv thiab huv si), thiab lwm yam.
