Thaum peb tham txog ib phau ntawv, peb ua ntej ntawm txhua yam xav txog cov ntaub ntawv uas muaj npe nrov.
daim ntawv no paub zoo rau peb tias nws tau dhau los ua lub ntsiab lus ntawm kev ua haujlwm ntawm ntau yam khoom ntawm lub hom phiaj sib txawv kiag li. Piv txwv li, ib lub rooj zaum-phau ntawv, wardrobe-phau ntawv, phau ntawv npog. Tab sis phau ntawv raws li qhov chaw ntawm cov ntaub ntawv nyob rau hauv ancient sij hawm muaj cov ntaub ntawv sib txawv kiag li. Cov ntawv tau sau (thiab qee zaum raug ntaus tawm) ntawm pob zeb, ntawm cov ntsiav tshuaj av nplaum, ntawm daim tawv nqaij ntawm cov tsiaj, knots nrog cov hlua ntawm cov hlua. Ib daim ntawv ntawm phau ntawv qub yog phau ntawv papyrus dov rau hauv lub raj.
papyrus
Papyrus yog ib tsob nroj ntawm tsev neeg sedge uas loj hlob hauv qhov chaw uas muaj av noo siab. Papyrus loj hlob mus txog 5 m, nws qia yog xyaum tsis muaj nplooj. Hauv tebchaws Iziv, papyrus tau muab faib rau hauv Nile Delta. Los ntawm cov stems ntawm papyrus, cov neeg Iyiv thaum ub tau tsim cov khoom siv rau ntau lub hom phiaj. Kev ua papyrus yog zoo li weaving. Nqaim strips ntawm txiav stems tau nteg on ib tug du puag: nyob rau hauv thawj txheej - nyob rau hauvib qho kev taw qhia, nyob rau hauv ob txheej - nyob rau hauv lwm yam, perpendicular mus rau thawj. Tom qab ntawd, ib daim ntawv ntawm papyrus tau muab tso rau hauv kev tsim txom, cov khaubncaws sab nraud povtseg ua ke nrog cov kua txiv hmab txiv ntoo uas sawv hauv qhov hnyav.
Cov khoom tiav tau siv rau kev tsim khau, thiab rau lub nkoj, thiab rau cov rafts, thiab rau shuttles. Papyrus tau tsim nyob rau hauv ntau yam sib txawv. Los ntawm lub yim hli ntuj charter mus rau lub lag luam charter.
Daim ntawv qhia lub Yim Hli (hauv kev hwm ntawm Emperor Augustus) tau siv los sau cov ntawv tseem ceeb tshaj plaws, cov tub lag luam daim ntawv qhia zoo li cov ntawv qhwv.
Rau peb, qhov nthuav tshaj plaws yog phau ntawv papyrus. Cov nplooj ntawv tau glued ua ke thiab dov mus rau hauv ib tug scroll. Lub scroll tau raug mob nrog papyrus qaum thiab kaw nrog lub foob av nplaum, feem ntau nyob rau hauv daim ntawv ntawm scarab. Lawv tau muab khaws cia rau hauv lub thawv ntoo tshwj xeeb. Cov ntawv tsis tseem ceeb tau khaws cia rau hauv cov lauj kaub av.
Yuav sau dab tsi hauv phau ntawv qub
Papyri sau nrog ib tug reed stick, uas hu ua "kalam". Lawv sau nrog cov xim dub thiab xim liab, uas tau muab tso rau ntawm lub phaj av nplaum (palette).
Thawj hieroglyphs ntawm kab ib txwm sau ua xim liab. Li no cov lus qhia "liab kab". Cov kws tshawb fawb tam sim no muaj ntau papyri ntawm lawv pov tseg. Cov papyri qub tshaj plaws pom los ntawm cov kws tshawb fawb keeb kwm hnub rov qab mus rau xyoo pua 26 BC.
Cov ntawv ntau yam ntawm Egyptian papyri thaum ub loj heev. Qhov no yog ib qho kev piav qhia ntawm kev tsim cov pyramids, thiab cov dab neeg hais txog kev ua tub rog, thiab kev ua haujlwm tshawb fawb. Biography thiabdeeds ntawm cov pharaohs. Paub phau ntawv papyrus, dov mus rau hauv ib lub raj, uas qhia txog cov tshuaj. Muaj cov lus qhia txog lej thiab kev ua tub rog. Cov neeg Iyiv tau sau cov lus qhia, dab neeg, paj huam. Lub Tsev khaws puav pheej Brussels muaj lub tsev papyrus mob siab rau daws kev ua txhaum cai.
Papyri hauv Ancient Greece
Ua ntej lub ntsej muag ntawm papyrus hauv tebchaws Greece, lawv tau sau feem ntau ntawm cov ntaub nplaum thiab av nplaum, ntawm cov av nplaum. Tab sis siv quav ciab thiab av nplaum ntsiav tshuaj yog luv heev. Thiab koj tsis tuaj yeem sau ntau ntawm shards. Papyrus tuaj rau tim Nkij teb chaws los ntawm tim lyiv teb chaws nyob rau hauv lub xyoo pua 7 BC. e. thiab tau los ua cov ntaub ntawv tseem ceeb rau kev sau ntawv. Qhov no ua rau muaj kev hloov pauv loj hauv kev loj hlob ntawm kev tshawb fawb thiab cov ntaub ntawv.
Cov kws tshawb fawb tau pom papyri nrog cov haujlwm los ntawm Hesiod, Sappho, Euripides, Sophocles, Euclid thiab lwm yam.
Phau ntawv papyrus dov mus rau hauv lub raj yog ib qho ntawm cov cwj pwm ntawm Greek muse ntawm keeb kwm Clio. Hauv cov duab qub, nws tuav papyrus scroll hauv nws txhais tes.
Papyrus tau tshwm sim hauv Rome tom qab, nyob rau xyoo pua 3 BC. e.
Papyrus tom qab hloov los ntawm parchment, cov khoom ua los ntawm cov tawv tawv tshwj xeeb.
papyrology
Papyrology yog kev kawm ntawm papyri. Nws tshwm sim thaum kawg ntawm lub xyoo pua puv 19, cuam tshuam nrog kev faib tawm ntawm tsis yog papyri nkaus xwb, tab sis kuj tseem muaj lwm qhov chaw sau ntawv, kev sib tham, kev faib tawm, thiab keeb kwm ntawm papyri. Raws li cov ntsiab lus ntawm papyri tau muab faib ua kev sau ntawv thiab kev lag luam. Lawv kuj raug cais raws hnub tim, qhov chaw nrhiav pom, hom ntawv siv.
Thaum pib ntawm lub xyoo pua nees nkaum, kev tshawb fawbpapyrological phau ntawv journal.
Paj ntaub ntawv dov mus rau hauv ib lub raj yuav tseem qhia peb ntau yam nthuav!
