Thawj phau ntawv hauv tebchaws Russia tau tshwm sim ua ntej tuaj txog ntawm cov phau ntawv nto moo los ntawm Moravia - Cyril (Konstantin) thiab Methodius. Lub prerequisites rau txoj kev loj hlob ntawm phau ntawv lag luam nyob rau hauv lub teb chaws Russia yog lawv cov kev loj hlob ntawm kev lag luam thiab kab lis kev cai. Lub luag haujlwm tseem ceeb hauv kev txhim kho qib ntawm kev loj hlob ntawm Russia tau ua los ntawm nws txoj haujlwm kev nom kev tswv thiab thaj chaw - ntawm txoj kev lag luam qub tshaj plaws "los ntawm Varangians mus rau Greeks", uas tau ua kom muaj kev sib pauv kev coj noj coj ua tas li nrog cov teb chaws ntawm Western thiab Eastern Europe. Cov tsos ntawm cov phau ntawv, nyob rau hauv lem, muab impetus rau qhov tshwm sim thiab kev loj hlob ntawm cov tsev qiv ntawv nyob rau hauv Russia. Nyob rau hauv lub 9th-13th centuries, tus txheej txheem no pib nyob rau hauv kev twb kev txuas nrog rau kev sib kis ntawm cov ntseeg Vajtswv nyob rau hauv Russia.
Vladimir Krasno Solnyshko qhov kev pabcuam los txhim kho kev nyeem ntawv ntawm cov pejxeem ntawm Kievan Rus
Thaum twg thawj cov tsev qiv ntawv tshwm sim hauv Russia? Yuav luag thaum cov thawj coj loj hauv tebchaws Russia tau saib xyuas lawv txoj kev pom kev ntawm cov neeg.
Historians ntseeg tias thawj phau ntawv hauv tebchaws Russia tau tshwm sim hauv 9th-10th centuries. Lawv tau sau tes. Lub sijhawm ntawd lawv tau sau cov ntawv ntawm parchment - hnav khaub ncaws zoo calfskin. Npog tau dai kom zoo nkauj nrog kub, pearls, pob zeb zoo nkauj. Yog li ntawd, tus nqi ntawm handwritten ancient Lavxias teb sab phau ntawvtau siab heev.
Taw qhia txog kev nyeem phau ntawv pib hauv tsev neeg muaj koob muaj npe. Txawm tias tus Tub Vaj Ntxwv ntawm Kyiv Vladimir Svyatoslavovich, tau coj lub zwm txwv thiab "ua kev cai raus dej Russia" rau hauv Orthodoxy, tau them nyiaj tshwj xeeb rau kev txhawb kev nyeem ntawv thiab qhia cov neeg nyob ze nws. Nws hais kom cov menyuam los ntawm cov tsev neeg muaj koob muaj npe raug xa mus kawm hauv cov tsev kawm ntawv qhib los ntawm nws txoj cai, qhov chaw nyeem ntawv yog ib qho ntawm cov kev kawm. Qhov tseeb, cov ntaub ntawv no muaj cov ntsiab lus hauv pawg ntseeg lossis suav nrog cov ntaub ntawv keeb kwm thiab kev xav. Vladimir tau hais kom lub tsev teev ntuj sab hauv ntawm lub Kaum Ib Hlis tau txhim kho kom zoo nkauj nrog cov phau ntawv.
Txawm hais tias lo lus "library" tseem tsis tau siv nyob rau lub sijhawm ntawd, qhov tseeb, cov ntawv sau ntawm Greek, Slavic thiab Lavxias rau kev qhia kev nyeem ntawv tuaj yeem raug suav hais tias yog li ntawd.
Los ntawm lub xyoo pua 12th, twb tau sau cov phau ntawv nyob rau hauv lub nroog loj ntawm Russia: Vladimir-Suzdal, Ryazan, Chernigov, thiab lwm yam. nyob rau hauv Ancient Russia. Tsuas yog cov neeg muaj koob muaj npe thiab cov txiv plig tuaj yeem muaj nws. Maj mam, muaj ntau cov tsev qiv ntawv ntiag tug uas feem ntau yog cov tsev princely thiab boyar.
YYaroslav the Wise Library
Thaum huab tais Yaroslav the Wise of Kyiv, thawj zaug, los ntawm nws txoj cai, lawv tau pib sau ntau phau ntawv ntawm txawv teb chaws thiab txawv teb chaws tuaj. Cov ntawv sau rov qab tau khaws cia hauv St. Sophia Cathedral. Lub tsev qiv ntawv ntawm Yaroslav lub Wise muaj txog tsib puas phau ntawv thiab muaj tej hauj lwm ntawm ecclesiastical, keeb kwm, natural science cov ntsiab lus (xws li.piav qhia txog tsiaj zoo heev), geography thiab sau ntawv. Tseem muaj cov sau phau ntawv dab neeg.
Lub tsev qiv ntawv no tau raug puas tsuaj thaum lub hnab ntim ntawm Kyiv los ntawm Prince Mstislav Andreevich Bogolyubsky. Nws coj ntau phau ntawv mus rau Moscow. Cov nyiaj tseem muaj sia nyob tau maj mam ntxiv nrog cov ntim tshiab, tab sis thaum pib ntawm lub xyoo pua 13th nws tau rov plundered los ntawm Lavxias teb sab princes thiab Polovtsy, uas tau sib koom tua ntawm Kyiv. Tej zaum Yaroslav the Wise yog tus tsim thawj lub tsev qiv ntawv hauv tebchaws Russia.
Disappeared Library
Peb tab tom tham txog lub tsev qiv ntawv legendary ntawm Lavxias teb sab Tsar Ivan Vasilyevich txaus ntshai, yog thawj zaug hauv tebchaws Russia. Cov nyiaj ntawm qhov kev sau no tau tsim los ntawm peb qhov chaw:
- khoom plig los ntawm Grand Dukes;
- nrhiav tau nyob rau sab hnub tuaj;
- kev pub los ntawm Greek txiv plig tuaj txog hauv Ancient Russia los tsim Orthodoxy ntawm no.
Tseem muaj cov lus dab neeg uas feem ntau ntawm cov khoom sau tau ua los ntawm ib feem loj ntawm lub tsev qiv ntawv nto moo ntawm Constantinople, coj mus rau Lavxias teb sab av los ntawm Ivan III tus poj niam Zoya Palaiologos, tus ntxhais xeeb ntxwv ntawm tus huab tais ntawm Byzantium. Nws yog cov phau ntawv no uas tsim lub hauv paus ntawm cov nyiaj ntawm cov ntaub ntawv hauv Greek, Latin thiab Hebrew. Tom qab kev koom ua ke ntawm Kazan Khanate, lub tsev qiv ntawv tsarist kuj suav nrog cov phau ntawv hauv Arabic coj los ntawm qhov ntawd.
Nws ntseeg tias cov phau ntawv tau khaws cia hauv Kremlin cellars. Peb lub laj thawj tseem ceeb tau muab los ua kev sib cav:
- ntau qhov hluav taws kub tuaj yeem rhuav tshem cov phau ntawv,yog lawv tso rau ntawm qhov chaw;
- ntau tus neeg yos hav zoov los ntawm Tebchaws Europe tau qab cov khoom muaj nqis no;
- Ioann tus txaus ntshai heev thiab tsis ntseeg phau ntawv rau leej twg lossis tsuas yog cov neeg nyob ze nws, tab sis vim nws tuag tam sim ntawd, nws tau pom tias lawv txhua tus yuav raug tua ua ntej.
Tom qab huab tais tuag tam sim ntawd, qhov zais cia ntawm lub tsev qiv ntawv ntawm Ivan qhov txaus ntshai tseem tsis tau daws. Txog niaj hnub no, tsis muaj leej twg paub nws nyob qhov twg. Tej zaum tsar ceev faj coj nws tawm thiab nkaum nws sab nraum Moscow. Tom qab tag nrho, muaj pov thawj tias Grozny feem ntau tawm hauv lub nroog nrog lub rooj sib txoos, npog los ntawm qhov muag prying nrog lev.
Nrhiav tus Poob
Tseem muaj ntau yam hais txog qhov zais cia ntawm Ivan the Terrible lub tsev qiv ntawv. Yog li ntawd, nyob rau hauv 1933, AF Ivanov luam tawm ib tsab xov xwm nyob rau hauv lub zoo-paub phau ntawv Journal Science thiab lub neej, uas hais tias ib tug secret passage coj mus rau lub ploj Library ntawm Grozny los ntawm ib lub qhov taub nyob rau hauv lub Cathedral ntawm Tswv Yexus tus Cawm Seej mus rau lub Kremlin storerooms. Txawm li cas los xij, txog niaj hnub no, txhua qhov kev tshawb nrhiav rau lub tsev qiv ntawv tsis muaj txiaj ntsig, thiab ntau qhov kev xav tsis tau lees paub.
Thawj "tus neeg yos hav zoov" yog hu ua Konon Osipov, sexton ntawm lub Koom Txoos St. John the Baptist on Presnya. Nyob rau hauv lub thib ob ib nrab ntawm lub xyoo pua 17th, nws khawb tunnels nyob rau hauv lub Tainitskaya thiab Sobakin yees kom nrhiav tau ob chav nyob rau hauv lub brim nrog lub hauv siab nrog cov ntsiab lus tsis paub, pom los ntawm tus neeg ua hauj lwm ntawm lub Great Treasury Vasily Makariev, uas tsis tau tso cai nyob rau ntawd los ntawm Tsarevna. Sofya Alekseevna. Kuv nrhiav tau ib txoj kev nyob rau hauv lub Tainitskaya pej thuam, tab sis mus nkagnws ua tsis tau. Nyob rau hauv Peter I, nws kuj tau tshawb nrhiav txoj hauv kev hauv Dog Tower, tab sis lub hauv paus ntawm Zeikhgauz tsis ua kom tiav qhov tau pib. Tom qab ntawd, Osipov sim nrhiav lub tsev qiv ntawv los ntawm trenches khawb hla lub qhov xav tau, tab sis qhov kev sim no tau ua tsis tiav.
Thaum kawg ntawm lub xyoo pua 19th, Tub Vaj Ntxwv N. Shcherbatov pib khawb. Tab sis txij li thaum tag nrho cov hlaws tau puv nrog av thiab dej, kev ua haujlwm kuj raug tso tseg.
Ua ntej Tsov Rog Tsov Rog Loj, archaeologist Ignaty Yakovlevich Stelletsky tau hais txog qhov teeb meem no. Nws tau tswj xyuas thiab tshawb nrhiav ib feem ntawm Makariev chav tsev, tab sis lub tsev qiv ntawv ntawm Ivan the Terrible tsis pom dua.
Cov tsev qiv ntawv Monastic thiab cov tsev qiv ntawv hauv Russia
thawj lub tsev qiv ntawv sau thiab khaws cia los ntawm cov tuam tsev Lavxias thaum ub tau muaj kev cuam tshuam loj rau kev loj hlob ntawm cov tsev qiv ntawv.
Ib lub tsev qiv ntawv nto moo tshaj plaws ntawm Hnub Nyoog Nrab Hnub nyoog hauv Russia tau suav tias yog ib phau ntawv sau ntawm Kiev-Pechersk Monastery. Cov phau ntawv tau coj tuaj ntawm no los ntawm cov tswv uas pleev xim rau lub tuam tsev tseem ceeb ntawm lub tsev teev ntuj, thiab tau muab khaws cia rau hauv nws lub rooj hu nkauj.
Nws yog nyob rau hauv thawj Lavxias teb sab monastic tsev qiv ntawv uas txoj hauj lwm ntawm cov tsev qiv ntawv yog thawj zaug txiav txim, uas yog ua los ntawm ib tug ntawm cov hauj sam ntawm lub monastery. Tus so ntawm cov kwv tij yuav tsum tau mus xyuas lub tsev qiv ntawv rau kev nkag siab los ntawm kev sib txuas lus nrog cov phau ntawv thaum lub sij hawm nruj me ntsis faib los ntawm lub monastic charter. Cov tsev qiv ntawv feem ntau yog ib qho ntawm cov neeg txawj ntse tshaj plaws thiab muaj kev kawm ntawv. Nws lub luag haujlwm suav nrog khaws cov phau ntawv thiab muab rau lwm tus txiv plig rau kev kawm thiab paub, nrog rau kev txhawb nqatus kheej kev paub thiab kev nkag siab. Tsis tas li ntawd, cov kev cai tshwj xeeb tau sau rau tus neeg sau ntawv, uas nws yuav tsum tau ua raws li nruj me ntsis.
Cov phau ntawv zoo li cas tsis nyob hauv cov tsev qiv ntawv no! Thiab lub tsev teev ntuj tomes, thiab keeb kwm tagnrho, philosophical treatises thiab annals, ancient Lavxias teb sab ntaub ntawv thiab lus dab neeg, tsoom fwv cov ntaub ntawv … Muaj txawm yog cov ntaub ntawv cuav pawg ntseeg! Cov tib neeg cov hauj lwm kuj muaj cov tsev qiv ntawv tus kheej, piv txwv li, tus mlom ntawm Kiev-Pechersk monastery Gregory. Nws yog tus sau phau ntawv tag nrho nws lub neej thiab tsis muaj lwm yam khoom.
Lub tsev qiv ntawv lub tsev teev ntuj ntawm lub sijhawm ntawd ua ke peb lub luag haujlwm tseem ceeb:
- khaws cov phau ntawv (warehouse function);
- tsim cov phau ntawv (muaj tswv yim thiab tsim muaj nuj nqi): hauv cov tuam tsev, cov phau ntawv tsis yog tsim xwb, tab sis kuj tau theej, thiab khaws cov ntaub ntawv sau tseg;
- phau ntawv qiv (kev kawm muaj nuj nqi).
Cov tsev qiv ntawv Monastic tuaj yeem pib nrog 2-3 phau ntawv uas koom nrog tus thawj xibfwb, piv txwv li, lub tsev qiv ntawv ntawm Trinity-Sergius Monastery pib nrog Txoj Moo Zoo thiab Ps alter ntawm Sergius ntawm Radonezh. Nyob rau hauv tag nrho, lub tsev qiv ntawv monastery yuav muaj li ntawm 100 mus rau 350 ntim.
Library ntawm Patriarch Nikon
Patriarch Nikon, uas tau ua haujlwm ntev hauv Ferapont Monastery, suav tias yog tus tsim ntawm Patriarchal Library.
Zaj dab neeg ntawm Nikita Minin txoj kev sib raug zoo (uas yog lub npe ntawm yav tom ntej Moscow Patriarch hauv ntiaj teb) nrog cov phau ntawv thaum pibtsim nyob rau hauv thaum yau, thaum nws niam tuag, nws txiv tsis nyob hauv tsev ntev heev thiab ib tug phem stepmother tau koom nyob rau hauv kev loj hlob ib tug unloved cov me nyuam. Nws yog nws txoj kev npau taws thiab kev thab plaub uas coj Nikita txhua lub sijhawm los nrhiav cov sijhawm so so thiab cawm nws tus kheej los ntawm kev nyeem cov ntawv hauv pawg ntseeg. Tom qab pib nws tus kheej kawm nyeem thiab sau ntawv, cov tub ntxhais hluas tau txuas ntxiv nws hauv lub tsev teev ntuj Zheltovodsky Makaryevsky, qhov chaw nws yog ib tug novice txij thaum muaj hnub nyoog 12 xyoos. Tom qab kev tuag ntawm nws tus pog uas nws hlub thiab kev sib yuav tsis tau tiav, Nikita so haujlwm mus rau Solovetsky Monastery, qhov chaw uas nws tau ua tiav. Txhua lub sijhawm nws nyob hauv lub skate, nws thov Vajtswv thiab nyeem phau ntawv dawb huv.
Nikon txoj kev txuas ntxiv mus rau qib ntawm Moscow Patriarch yog qhov nyuaj thiab pos. Raws li yawg suab, Nikon tau ua ntau lub tsev teev ntuj hloov kho, ntawm cov uas yog "bookish" ib qho: phau ntawv dawb ceev yuav tsum tau muab txhais thiab rov luam tawm raws li Greek canons. Cov kev hloov kho tau ua rau muaj kev sib cais hauv pawg ntseeg Lavxias, thiab Nikon poob tawm ntawm kev pom zoo nrog Tsar Alexei Mikhailovich thiab raug yuam kom tawm hauv Moscow. Tom qab kev khiav tawm mus ntev, nws tuag vim mob hnyav.
Nikon yog ib tug neeg txawj ntse thiab nyeem tau zoo heev. Los ntawm cov ntawv nws kos cov kev paub thiab kev txawj ntse, uas pab nws thiab nws pab yaj hauv lub neej thiab kev ua haujlwm. Tag nrho kuv lub neej kuv sau kuv tus kheej sau phau ntawv. Nws kuj khaws nws cov ntawv sau tseg. Tag nrho nws cov cuab yeej tau piav qhia ua ntej qhov kev ncaim ntawm tus yawg koob uas raug ntiab tawm mus rau Kirillo-Belozersky Monastery. Nws cov ntawv sau suav nrog 43 phau ntawv luam tawm thiab 13 phau ntawv sau.
Qhov chaw ntawm lub tsev qiv ntawv tus kheej ntawm Patriarch Nikon:
- khoom plig ntawm Tsar Alexei Mikhailovich;
- khoom plig los ntawm Kev Sawv Rov Los Monastery;
- ntawm daim ntawv xa ntawvCov ntaub ntawv luam tawm ntawm lub tsev luam ntawv Moscow rau cov tsev qiv ntawv monastery;
- Nikon xaj los ntawm Kirillo-Belozersky Monastery;
- xov xwm ntawm yawg koob.
Cov nyiaj ntawm Nikon Lub Tsev Qiv Ntawv tuaj yeem muab faib raws li kev cai:
1. Los ntawm kev tshaj tawm hom:
- handwritten;
- printed.
2. Qhov chaw tshaj tawm:
- "Kyiv";
- "Moscow" (tshaj tawm ntawm Moscow Printing Yard).
keeb kwm ntawm kev tsim cov tsev qiv ntawv accounting system
Cov txheej txheem ntawm kev npaj nyiaj txiag thiab cov ntawv teev npe ntawm cov tsev qiv ntawv qub Lavxias teb sab monastic tseem tsis tuaj yeem nkag siab, txij li ntau cov ntaub ntawv khaws tseg thiab cov ntaub ntawv raug rhuav tshem thaum xyoo kev tsov kev rog thiab kev cuam tshuam, thaum lub sijhawm Soviet lub zog, thiab tuag hauv hluav taws., uas nquag nyob rau hauv Russia.
Cov nyiaj hauv phau ntawv tau tsim maj mam thiab ib txwm muab faib ua peb qhov tseem ceeb, tab sis nws yuav muaj peev xwm ua kom tiav plaub ntawm lawv:
- rau kev pabcuam hauv pawg ntseeg;
- rau kev sau ntawv sau ua ke;
- rau kev nyeem tus kheej (nrog rau cov ntaub ntawv hauv ntiaj teb);
- rau kev kawm ("Herbalists", "Healers", thiab lwm yam).
Thawj lub tsev qiv ntawv cov khoom lag luam tau tshwm sim thaum kawg ntawm lub xyoo pua 15th thiab yog ib daim ntawv teev cov phau ntawv khaws cia hauv lub tsev qiv ntawv. Ua tsaug rau cov khoom muag thaum ub, ib tus tuaj yeem taug qab keeb kwm ntawm kev tsim cov tsev qiv ntawv sau thiab lawv cov khoom ntxiv. Thiab tseem los txiav txim siab cov pab pawg ntawm kev ua haujlwm, uas tuaj yeem suav hais tias yog tus thawj coj ntawm lub tsev qiv ntawv catalogs. Thaum kawm xws li piav qhia, nws tau pom tias nrogLub sijhawm dhau los, hauv cov tsev qiv ntawv Lavxias thaum ub, cov txheej txheem ntawm "kev ntxuav tawm" cov ntawv qub thiab cov txheej txheem ntawm lawv cov kev puas tsuaj tau tshwm sim.
Kev tsim cov nyiaj hauv cov tsev qiv ntawv monastic yog vim kev luam cov ntawv sau los ntawm cov phau ntawv sau ntawm lwm lub tuam tsev. Qhov no tau ua tau vim yog kev tsim kev sib raug zoo ntawm kev coj noj coj ua ntawm cov qub txeeg qub teg Lavxias teb sab. Cov txheej txheem ntawm kev sib pauv cov phau ntawv tau tshwm sim los ntawm kev cog lus ib phau ntawv uas muaj txiaj ntsig zoo ib yam ntawm cov txiaj ntsig nyiaj txiag thiab hais txog nws qhov tseem ceeb ntawm sab ntsuj plig thiab cov ntsiab lus. Xws li kev sib pauv tau ua tsis tau tsuas yog ntawm Lavxias teb sab monasteries, tab sis kuj nrog monastic tsev qiv ntawv hauv lwm lub teb chaws.
Tsis tas li ntawd, cov nyiaj no kuj tau sau ua tsaug rau cov nyiaj pub dawb los ntawm cov pawg ntseeg uas tau pub cov phau ntawv los ntawm lawv tus kheej sau rau lub tuam tsev.
Lub ntsiab lus thiab tsim lub ntsiab lus
Lus, lo lus "library" yog txhais los ntawm Greek ua ke ntawm nws ob ntu: "biblion" - phau ntawv, thiab "teka" - khaws cia. Dictionaries muab peb ib tug tsis meej pem txhais ntawm lub tswvyim. Ua ntej ntawm tag nrho cov, lub tsev qiv ntawv yog ib tug repository ntawm cov phau ntawv, uas sib haum mus rau lub ncaj qha txhais ntawm lo lus. Qhov no kuj yog lub npe ntawm lub tsev kawm ntawv npaj rau kev khaws thiab faib cov phau ntawv nyeem rau ntau tus neeg. Tsis tas li ntawd, ib phau ntawv sau rau kev nyeem ntawv feem ntau hu ua lub tsev qiv ntawv. Ntxiv rau cov phau ntawv uas zoo sib xws hauv hom lossis cov ncauj lus lossis npaj rau ib pab neeg nyeem. Qee lub sij hawm lo lus "library" txawm hais txog lub chaw ua haujlwm tsim los rau cov chav kawm, uas muaj ntau phau ntawv tsim nyog rau qhov no.
NyobNyob rau hauv Russia, lo lus "tsev qiv ntawv" pib siv tsuas yog nyob rau hauv lub xyoo pua 18th. Txog thaum ntawd, cov tsev qiv ntawv hu ua "bookkeepers". Txawm li cas los, muaj ib tug hais txog cov tsev qiv ntawv nyob rau hauv lub annals ntawm lub xyoo pua 15th, tab sis nrog rau cov ntawv "bookhouse". Muaj cov xwm txheej thaum cov npe xws li "book-holder", "book depository", "book treasury" los yog "book treasury" tau siv. Txawm li cas los xij, lub ntsiab lus ntawm lub npe tau nqis los rau hauv qhov chaw khaws cov phau ntawv thiab qhov chaw uas lawv tau khaws cia hauv qee yam xwm txheej.
Txoj kev khaws cia cov phau ntawv hauv cov tsev qiv ntawv qub Lavxias
Phau ntawv tau muab khaws cia rau hauv qhov chaw zoo tib yam los ntawm tsev neeg pom, tab sis nrog kev ua tiav ntawm ob peb yam xwm txheej:
- qhov rooj yuav tsum muaj xauv, qhov rais yuav tsum muaj tuav;
- chav tsev yuav tsum "pob" ntawm tib neeg lub qhov muag, nyob rau hauv ib qho chaw deb thiab nkag tsis tau ntawm lub tsev teev ntuj;
- nkag mus rau hauv chav tsuas tuaj yeem dhau los ntawm kev tsis meej pem thiab ntaiv;
- phau ntawv tau muab khaws cia rau hauv lub thawv tshwj xeeb, lub hleb lossis lub hauv siab, tom qab ntawm cov txee hauv cov txee ntsug, uas ua rau lawv tsis zoo dua los ntawm txoj kev cia kab rov tav, thiab tau yooj yim dua;
- npaj los ntawm cov ntsiab lus: pawg ntseeg, keeb kwm, kev cai lij choj, thiab lwm yam.
- phau ntawv "tsis tseeb" tau muab cais ua pab pawg tshwj xeeb (tseem txwv tsis pub nyeem lawv);
- phau ntawv spines tsis tau kos npe, thiab tag nrho cov ntawv tau ua nyob rau hauv thawj nplooj ntawv lossis sab nrauv ntawm daim npog, qee zaum thaum kawgphau ntawv;
- tshwj xeeb "staples" tau siv los cim cov phau ntawv - cov kab lus ntev dhau los ntawm nplooj ntawv mus rau nplooj ntawv txij thaum pib mus rau qhov kawg ntawm phau ntawv, los ntawm qhov tsuas yog ib lo lus lossis lub suab tau sau rau hauv cov npoo, ntawm ntug lossis qaum.;
- Tom qab ntawd lawv pib siv cov ntawv sau rau ntawm daim npog lossis txha nraub qaum.
Nrhiav ntawm lub xyoo pua 20th: birch bark qiv
Thawj cov ntawv luam ntawm cov ntawv sau no tau sau los ntawm Novgorodians thaum kawg ntawm lub xyoo pua 19th los ntawm Vasily Stepanovich Peredolsky. Lawv tau los ua lub hauv paus ntawm kev sau ntawm birch-bark sau ntawv tsev cia puav pheej qhib los ntawm Peredolsky hauv Novgorod. Tab sis txij li tsis muaj leej twg nyeem tau lawv, cov tub ceev xwm kaw lub tsev cia puav pheej, thiab cov khoom sau tau ploj lawm.
Txawm li cas los xij, ib puas xyoo tom qab, thaum lub sij hawm archaeological excavations ntawm Nerevsky excavation site, tau pom ib tug qub birch bark. Nyob rau tib lub caij, tau pom cuaj tsab ntawv ntawm tib yam. Thiab tam sim no qhov kev sau twb muaj ntau tshaj li ib txhiab yam khoom, qhov qub tshaj plaws uas hnub rov qab mus rau xyoo pua 10 thiab tau pom nyob rau ntawm Troitsky excavation site.
Plaub pawg ntawm birch bark tuaj yeem paub qhov txawv:
- kev lag luam ntawv;
- love messages;
- xov xwm hem Vajtswv txoj kev txiav txim;
- nrog lus phem.
Cov phau ntawv sau ntawv thaum ub kuj pom muaj nyob rau ntawd, uas yog cov ntoo ntoo nrog kev nyuaj siab nyob hauv nruab nrab uas muaj cov quav ciab. Rau kev sau ntawv, kev sau ntawv tshwj xeeb tau siv, ib qho ntawm qhov kawg ntawm qhov ntse ntse, thiab lwm qhov zoo li lub spatula - mus rau qib siv quav ciab. Xws li cov phau ntawv-"notebooks" tau siv los qhia kev nyeem ntawv. Cov phau ntawv kuj tau ua tib yam nkaus, txuas cov boards nrog cov ntawv.
Kev rho tawm thiab rov ua tiav ntawm lub tsev qiv ntawv tshwj xeeb txuas ntxiv mus rau hnub no. Nws yuav siv li ib txhiab xyoo thiaj li muab tau nws tag nrho.
