Cov lus Lavxias paub txog nws txoj kev nplua nuj. Raws li "Cov Lus Qhia Txog Kev Kawm Loj" hauv 17 ntim, nws muaj ntau dua 130,000 lo lus. Ib txhia ntawm lawv yog cov neeg Lavxias teb sab, thaum lwm tus tau qiv nyob rau lub sijhawm sib txawv los ntawm ntau hom lus. Cov lus qiv ua ib feem tseem ceeb ntawm cov lus Lavxias.
Keeb kwm ntawm cov lus
Russian belongs rau East Slavic tsev neeg ntawm hom lus. Hauv kev hais lus, muaj kev xav tias thaum xub thawj muaj ib hom lus Indo-European. Nws tau los ua lub hauv paus rau kev tsim lub lauj kaub-Slavic lossis Proto-Slavic, los ntawm qhov uas Lavxias tau tshwm sim tom qab.
Ntxiv mus, nyob rau hauv kev cuam tshuam ntawm kev sib raug zoo thiab kev coj noj coj ua, cov lus tshiab pib nkag mus rau hauv cov lus, uas tuaj rau peb los ntawm ntau hom lus. Nws yog kev cai rau ib leeg ib txwm nyob hauv Lavxias thiab qiv cov lus.
Primordial Formation
Cov lus qub suav nrog Indo-European thiab ntau Slavic lexemes, nrog rau sab hnub tuaj Slavic txheej thiab cov lus hu ua Lavxias.
Indo-European txheej
Cov lus Indo-European tau nyob hauv hom lus txawm tias ua ntej kev sib tsoo ntawm haiv neeg Indo-European zej zog, uas tshwm sim nyob ib ncig ntawm qhov kawg ntawm Neolithic.
Indo-European lexemes suav nrog:
- Lo lus qhia txog kev sib raug zoo: "niam", "daughter", "txiv", "kwv tij".
- Tsiaj lub npe: "j", "pw", "ox".
- Nroj tsuag: "willow".
- Khoom noj: "pob txha", "nqaij"
- Actions: "coj", "lead", "saib", "order".
- Qualities: "daws", "barefoot".
Common Slavic txheej
Cov lus Slavic lus tau tsim ua ntej xyoo pua VI. n. e. Cov lus no tau txais qub txeeg qub teg los ntawm cov lus ntawm cov neeg Slavic neeg raug txhom, uas nyob hauv thaj chaw nruab nrab ntawm sab qaum teb sab hnub poob, Vistula thiab Dnieper Rivers.
Nws suav nrog:
- Npe ntawm cov nroj tsuag thiab cereals: "oak", "linden", "maple", "ash", "rowan", "branch", "pine", "bark", "bough".
- kab lis kev cai: "barley", "millet", "spruce", "pea", "wheat", "poppy"
- Npe ntawm vaj tse thiab nws cov khoom: "tsev", "pem teb", "chaw nyob", "canopy".
- Foodstuffs: "cheese", "lard", "kvass", "jelly"
- Npe noog (ob hav zoov thiab hauv tsev): "rooster","goose", "crow", "sparrow", "nightingale", "starling".
- Npe ntawm cov cuab yeej thiab txheej txheem: "weave", "txiav", "shuttle", "hoe".
- Actions: "wander", "share", "mumble"
- Lub ntsiab lus ib ntus: "caij nplooj ntoos hlav", "lub caij ntuj no", "kub"
- Qualities: "neeg zej zog", "zoo siab", "siab phem", "kev hlub", "daj", "dub"
Raws li N. M. Shansky, lawv tuav txog ib feem peb ntawm cov lus uas peb siv feem ntau hauv lub neej txhua hnub thiab yog cov ntsiab lus ntawm cov lus Lavxias.
Cov lus qub Lavxias
Cov lus qub Lavxias lossis sab hnub tuaj Slavic txheej ntawm cov lus suav nrog cov lus uas tau tshwm sim hauv cov lus ntawm Sab Hnub Tuaj Slavs hauv 6th-7th centuries. Cov no yog cov lus suav nrog hauv Ukrainian thiab Belarusian lus - cov pab pawg neeg tom qab tsim Kievan Rus.
No suav nrog cov lus los qhia:
- Khoom thiab cov khoom zoo ntawm cov khoom thiab kev ua: "zoo", "grey", "rumble", "tsaus", "sighted", "blond", "dense", "cheap"
- Actions: "fidget", "chill", "excuse", "sway", "boil"
- Txoj kev sib raug zoo ntawm tsev neeg: "txiv ntxawm", "tub xeeb ntxwv", "tus ntxhais xeeb ntxwv".
- Txhua hnub lub tswv yim: "graveyard"," hlua", "bast basket", "samovar", "string".
- Npe ntawm qee cov noog thiab tsiaj: squirrel, bullfinch, miv, marten, jackdaw, finch, viper.
- Vajtswv tus lej: "cinety, plaub caug".
- Tokens rau denoting lub sij hawm thiab lub ntsiab lus: "tam sim no", "hnub no", "tom qab".
Cov lus Lavxias tiag tiag
Cov lus Lavxias raug suav nrog cov lus uas tau siv tom qab cov lus ntawm cov neeg Lavxias loj tau tsim, uas yog los ntawm xyoo pua 14th, thiab tom qab ntawd Lavxias hauv xyoo pua 17.
Cov no suav nrog:
- Npe cov khoom hauv tsev: "wallpaper", "top", "fork".
- Cov khoom lag luam: "jam", "khoom qab zib", "kulebyaka", "khoom qab zib"
- Phenomena ntawm xwm: "blizzard", "huab cua phem", "ice ice", "swell".
- Nroj tsuag thiab txiv hmab txiv ntoo: "Antonovka", "shrub".
- Tus neeg sawv cev ntawm tsiaj ntiaj teb: "rook", "desman", " qaib"
- Actions: "influence", "uproot", "rare", "loom", "coo", "blame".
- Cov Cim: "bulging", "flabby", "pastaking", "mob siab", "sai", "in reality".
- Npe ntawm lub tswv yim paub daws teeb meem: "kev dag ntxias", "kev puas tsuaj","experience", "tidiness", "ceev faj"
Ib qho cim ntawm cov lus Lavxias yog qhov muaj cov lus "-ost" thiab "-stvo".
Qiv
Cov lus qiv tau muab faib ua ob pawg loj:
- Cov lus los ntawm cov lus hais txog Slavic.
- Tokens los ntawm cov lus tsis yog Slavic.
Cov lus txawv teb chaws tau nkag mus rau hauv cov lus ntawm Lavxias teb sab vim kev coj noj coj ua thiab kev nom kev tswv, kev lag luam thiab kev ua tub rog nrog lwm lub xeev. Nyob rau hauv ib tug xov tooj ntawm cov neeg mob, lawv assimilated, uas yog, lawv yoog raws li cov qauv ntawm cov lus sau thiab tau los ua ib txwm siv. Ib txhia ntawm lawv muaj zog heev nyob rau hauv peb lexicon uas peb yuav tsis txawm xav tias lawv tsis yog haiv neeg Lavxias teb sab.
Muaj tseeb tiag, qhov qiv tau ob txoj hauv kev - lwm yam lus kuj tau ntxiv cov lus nrog peb cov lexemes.
Church Slavonic lus
Kev qiv los ntawm cov lus Slavic tshwm sim nyob rau lub sijhawm sib txawv.
txheej ntxov tshaj plaws yog Lub Koom Txoos Qub Slavonic lossis Lub Koom Txoos Slavonic qiv cov lus hauv Lavxias. Nws tau siv los ntawm cov neeg Slavic ua lus sau rau kev txhais cov phau ntawv teev ntuj thiab nthuav tawm cov ntseeg Vajtswv hauv lub tebchaws Slavic. Nws yog raws li ib qho ntawm cov lus ntawm Old Bulgarian, thiab Cyril thiab Methodius raug suav hais tias yog nws tus tsim. Nyob rau hauv Russia, cov lus qub Slavonic tau tshwm sim nyob rau thaum xaus ntawm lub xyoo pua 10th, thaum Christianity raug saws. Qhov ntawd yog thaum nws pibKev loj hlob sai ntawm cov lus qiv.
Lub Koom Txoos Qub Slavonic lexemes suav nrog:
- Lub Koom Txoos cov ntsiab lus: "tus pov thawj", "kev txi", "tus ntoo khaub lig".
- Abstract concepts: "power", "pom zoo", "grace", "virtue".
Thiab ntau lo lus: "lub qhov ncauj", "cheek", "ntiv tes". Koj tuaj yeem paub lawv los ntawm ntau qhov sib txawv.
Signs of Old Church Slavism
Lawv qhia txog lub suab thiab cov yam ntxwv ntawm lub Koom Txoos Qub Slavonicisms, uas koj tuaj yeem xam cov lus qiv qiv sai sai.
Phonetic hais txog:
- Lub suab tsis tiav, uas yog, muaj nyob hauv cov lus "-ra-" lossis "-la-", "-re-" lossis "-le-" hloov pauv li niaj zaus "-oro-" thiab " -olo-", "-here-" thiab "-barely-" nyob rau hauv tib lub morpheme, feem ntau, lub hauv paus. Piv txwv li: "gate", "gold", "string" - "gate", "gold", "queue".
- "Ra-" thiab "la-", hloov "ro-", "lo-" uas lo lus pib. Piv txwv li: "sib npaug" - "nruj", "rook" - "nkoj".
- Kev sib xyaw ua ke ntawm "zhd" hloov "zh": "taug kev", "tsav tsheb".
- "Щ" los ntawm Lavxias "h". Piv txwv li: "teeb pom kev" - "tswj tswm ciab".
- Stressed "e" ua ntej ib tug nyuaj consonant nyob rau hauv qhov chaw ntawm Lavxias teb sab "e" ("o"): " ntuj ceeb tsheej" -"sky", "ntiv tes" - "thimble".
- "E" thaum pib ntawm cov lus, tsis yog Lavxias "o": "esen" - "lub caij nplooj zeeg", "ezero" - "lake", "unit" - "ib".
Morphological nta:
Prefix "up-", "from-", "through-", "pre-": "repay", "dhuav", "cast out", "overthrow", "fall down", " dhau heev lawm, " saib tsis taus ", " txhob txwm tshaj tawm"
Suffixes "–stvi(e)", "-h(s)", "-zn", "-te", "-usch-", "-yusch-", "-ash-", "-box-": "kev vam meej", "stalker", "lub neej", "kev tua", "sib ntaus sib tua", "knowledgeable", "dag".
Parts of compound words "zoo-", "vajtswv-", "dab-", "sacrifice-", "one-": "grace", "vajtswv-fearing", "malice", "benevolent ", " uniformity", "kev txi"
Cov lus qiv ntsig txog Old Slavonicism muaj lub ntsiab lus ntawm kev ua siab zoo lossis kev zoo siab. Piv txwv li, piv cov lus xws li "shore" lossis "shore", "drag" lossis "drag". Cov lus zoo li no muaj ntau dua hauv kev hais lus thiab paj huam thiab qhia txog lub sijhawm hauv nqe lus nug.ua haujlwm. Lawv tuaj yeem ua tus cwj pwm los ntawm kev swb rau hauv lawv cov lus.
Nyob rau hauv ib co tej hauj lwm ntawm 19th caug xyoo, lawv tau siv los tsim irony los yog satire, lom zem.
khoom plig ntawm cov lus Slavic
Cov lus qiv nto moo tshaj plaws hauv cov lus ntawm cov lus Lavxias los ntawm Polish, lub npe hu ua Polonisms, nkag mus rau hauv peb cov lus nyob ib ncig ntawm 17th-18th centuries. Cov no suav nrog:
- Housing names: "apartment".
- Tsheb thiab lawv cov khoom: "carriage", "tshis".
- khoom tsev: "khoom khoom".
- Clothes: "jacket".
- Cov lus tub rog: "wahmister", "hussar", "colonel", "recruit".
- Actions: "xim", "kos", "shuffle".
- Npe tsiaj thiab nroj tsuag, khoom: "Lav", "almond", "jam", "txiv hmab txiv ntoo".
Lo lus xws li "brynza", "cov menyuam yaus", "hopak", "bagel" los ntawm Ukrainian lus rau Lavxias.
Grezisms
Cov lus Greek pib nkag mus rau cov lus Lavxias thaum lub sijhawm sib koom ua ke Slavic. Cov qiv nyiaj ntxov tshaj plaws suav nrog cov ntsiab lus niaj hnub: "cauldron", "bread", "bed", " tais".
Los ntawm lub xyoo pua 9, tom qab kev cai raus dej ntawm Russia, lub sij hawm ntawm kev coj noj coj ua ntawm Russia thiab Byzantium pib, nyob rau tib lub sij hawm lawv nkag mus rau lub lexicon:
- Cov ntsiab lus kev cai dab qhuas thiab cov ntsiab lus:"angel", "dab", "metropolitan", "archbishop", "icon", "lamp".
- Cov ntsiab lus tshawb fawb: "philosophy", "history", "mathematics", "grammar".
- Ib tug naj npawb ntawm cov ntsiab lus niaj hnub: "tub", "lantern", "notebook", "bath".
- Npe ntawm cov nroj tsuag thiab fauna: "cedar", "crocodile", "cypress".
- Ntau cov ntsiab lus los ntawm kev tshawb fawb thiab kos duab: "lub tswv yim", "logic", "anapaest", "trochee", "mantle", "verse".
- Linguistic terminology: "vocabulary" thiab "lexicology", "antonym" thiab "homonym", "semantics" thiab "semasiology".
Latinisms
Latin cov ntsiab lus feem ntau nkag mus rau Lavxias teb sab lus nyob rau lub sijhawm txij li 16th mus rau 18th centuries, ua rau muaj txiaj ntsig zoo ntxiv rau cov lus sib xyaw ua ke hauv kev sib raug zoo, kev nom kev tswv thiab kev tshawb fawb thiab kev siv lus..
Cov no yog cov lus siv hauv ntau hom lus: "republic", "proletariat", "revolution", "dictatorship", "meridian", "yam tsawg", "corporation", "laboratory", "process".
Turkisms
Los ntawm cov lus Turkic (Avar, Pecheneg, Bulgar, Khazar) cov lus hauv qab no tau qiv: "pearl", "jerboa", "idol", "beads", "feather grass".
Feem ntau ntawm cov Turkisms tuaj rau peb los ntawm cov lus Tatar: "caravan", "mound", "karakul", "nyiaj", "nyiaj txiag", "pob zeb diamond", "watermelon", "raisin", "" stocking", "shoe", "lub hauv siab", "robe", "noodles".
Qhov no kuj suav nrog cov npe ntawm cov tsiaj thiab xim ntawm nees: "roan", "bay", "xim av", "xim av", "argamak".
Scandinavian taug qab
Ib tug me me ntawm Lavxias teb sab lus qiv los ntawm cov lus Scandinavian. Yeej, cov no yog cov lus hais txog cov khoom siv hauv tsev: "tsheb thauj mus los", "nqus", "lub hauv siab", "nplua", nrog rau cov npe zoo: Rurik, Oleg, Igor.
German-Romance kev sib raug zoo
Muaj ntau lo lus qiv los ntawm German, Dutch, Lus Askiv, Mev, Italian thiab Fabkis:
- Piv txwv ntawm cov lus qiv los ntawm German, koj tuaj yeem hnov los ntawm cov tub rog. Cov no yog cov lus xws li "corporal", "paramedic", "headquarters", "guardhouse", "junker".
- Qhov no kuj suav nrog cov nqe lus ntawm kev lag luam: "bill", "freight", "stamp".
- Cov ntsiab lus los ntawm kev kos duab: " toj roob hauv pes "," easel ".
- lus txhua hnub: "khi", "breeches", "clover", "spinach", "chisel", "workbench"
- Thaum lub sijhawm kav Peter I, phau ntawv txhais lus suav nrog tus lejNautical lus los ntawm Dutch lus: "tack", "flag", "skipper", "sailor", "rudder", "fleet", "drift".
- Npe tsiaj, khoom paub peb: "raccoon", "umbrella", "bonnet".
Cov lus Askiv tau muab rau peb cov lus xws li "nkoj", "yacht", "schooner", ntsig txog maritime affairs.
Kev sib raug zoo, cov ntsiab lus niaj hnub, cov ntsiab lus kev ua si thiab kev ua kis las kuj tau qiv: "sib ntaus", "rally", "tunnel", "kev sib tw", "kev nplij siab", "gin", "grog", "pudding", "football", "hockey", "basketball", "tiav"
Los ntawm nruab nrab ntawm XVIII-XIX, qiv los ntawm Fabkis pib. Nov yog cov lus qiv tshiab dua.
Ntawm no yog tsim nyog qhia cov pab pawg hauv qab no:
- khoom hauv tsev: "dawb", "lub tsho", "lub tsho", "tights", "toilet", "corsage", "veil", "broth", "marmalade", "cutlet".
- Ntau cov lus los ntawm kev kos duab: "play", "actor", "director", "entrepreneur".
- Tub rog cov ntsiab lus: "tawm tsam", "squadron", "cannonade".
- Cov ntsiab lus nom tswv: "parliament", "assembly", "exploitation", "demoralization".
Los ntawmItalian tuaj:
- suab paj nruag: aria, tenor, sonata, cavatina.
- npe khoom noj: "pasta", "vermicelli".
Spanish qiv cov lus xws li serenade, guitar, carravel, cigar, txiv lws suav, caramel.
Hnub no, kev siv cov lus qiv los ntawm cov lus Germano-Romance hauv lub neej txhua hnub yog ib qho tshwm sim rau peb.
Zoo kawg
Cov lus hauv paus txawm thiab qiv ua cov lus ntawm Lavxias. Txoj kev tsim ntawm ib hom lus yog ib txoj kev ntev heev. Thaum lub sij hawm nws txoj kev loj hlob, Lavxias teb sab tau ntxiv nrog ib tug xov tooj ntawm lexemes los ntawm ntau yam lus. Qee qhov qiv nyiaj tau tshwm sim ntev dhau los peb tsis tuaj yeem xav tias lo lus peb paub zoo tsis yog lus Lavxias.
