Yuav kom teb cov lus nug tau raug qhia hauv lub npe ntawm kab lus, thiab kom nkag siab txog cov ntsiab lus tshuaj no zoo, koj yuav tsum paub txog qhov tseeb tias cov khoom ntawm cov tshuaj ncaj qha tsis yog nyob ntawm cov npe ntawm lawv xwb. constituent ntsiab, tab sis kuj nyob rau hauv lawv qhov chaw. Qhov no yuav muab lub tswv yim meej dua ntawm ib pab pawg twg hauv chemistry.
Kev faib tawm ntawm cov organic tebchaw
Qhov tseeb yog tias pawg ua haujlwm hauv chemistry ntawm cov organic tebchaw ua lub luag haujlwm loj. Nws paub tias txhua qhov kev faib tawm yog nyob ntawm cov yam ntxwv tshwj xeeb. Yog li, niaj hnub faib cov organic tshuaj rau hauv cov chav kawm yog ua raws li ob qho tseem ceeb:
- qauv ntawm cov pob txha carbon;
- muaj ib pab pawg ua haujlwm hauv lub molecule.
Nws hloov tawm tias lub tswv yim raws li kev txiav txim siab yog ib txoj hauv kev faib cov tebchaw rau hauv cov chav kawm thiab cov pab pawg hauv chemistry yog qhov tseem ceeb heev.
Vim li cas thiaj xav tau
Nws yog lub sijhawm los muab cov ntsiab lus meej thiab meej ntawm cov pab pawg twg hauv chemistry thiablub ntsiab ntawm nws yog dab tsi. Cia peb saib ntxiv.
Ib pawg ua haujlwm yog atom lossis ib pawg ntawm atoms uas muaj kev cuam tshuam zoo rau cov khoom ntawm cov khoom. Raws li lawv, lub teej tug ntawm lub xam compound rau ib chav kawm ntawm lub ntsiab yog txiav txim. Nov yog piv txwv.
Cov hauv qab no yog kev faib tawm ntawm cov organic tseem ceeb tshaj plaws raws li cov hom kev ua haujlwm:
| pab pawg ua haujlwm | Npe | Class |
| OH | hydroxo pawg (hydroxyl pawg) |
|
| C=O | oxo pawg (carbonyl pawg) |
|
| COOH | carboxyl pawg | YCarboxylic acid |
| NH2 | amino pawg | Amines |
Lub npe "thawj, theem nrab, theem nrab thiab quaternary" yog muab rau cov pa roj carbon atom nyob ntawm seb muaj pes tsawg qhov zoo sib xws nws cuam tshuam nrog hauv ib lub molecule.
Lwm lub luag haujlwm
Thaum kawg kom paub tseeb tias cov pab pawg ua haujlwm hauv chemistry, uas yog hauv cov organics, tseem ceeb heev, cia peb tham txog qhov tshwm sim ntawm isomerism. Nws txhais tau hais tias cov khoom muaj tib yam, ob qho tib si zoo thiab muaj pes tsawg leeg, tab sis tuaj yeem tsim tau ntau txoj hauv kev. Cov ntsiab lus no hu ua isomers.
Muaj ntau hom isomerism, tab sis peb yuav tham txog cov uas cuam tshuam nrog kev hloov pauv ntawm qhov chaw ntawm pawg ua haujlwm. Hauv cov txheej txheem no, cov qauv ntawm hydrocarbon yog hloov pauv vim nws txoj kev txav mus los. Piv txwv li, cia peb noj butanol-1 (CH2(OH)-CH2-CH2 -CH 3) thiab butanol-2 (CH3-CH(OH)-CH2- CH 3). Tus lej tom qab lub npe ntawm cov tshuaj qhia tau hais tias cov pa roj carbon cov pab pawg ua haujlwm tau cuam tshuam nrog. Qhov txawv ntawm cov qauv yog pom tseeb.
Nyob rau hauv tsab xov xwm peb saib dab tsi ib pab pawg neeg nyob rau hauv chemistry.
