Inorganic chemistry yog ib feem ntawm cov chemistry. Nws cuam tshuam nrog kev kawm txog cov khoom thiab tus cwj pwm ntawm cov tshuaj inorganic - lawv cov qauv thiab muaj peev xwm ua rau muaj kev cuam tshuam nrog lwm yam tshuaj. Qhov kev taw qhia no tshawb txog txhua yam khoom, tshwj tsis yog cov uas tau tsim los ntawm cov saw hlau (qhov kawg yog qhov kev kawm ntawm cov organic chemistry).
Kev piav qhia
Chemistry yog ib txoj kev tshawb fawb. Nws faib rau hauv pawg yog purely arbitrary. Piv txwv li, inorganic thiab organic chemistry yog txuas los ntawm cov tebchaw hu ua bioinorganic. Cov no suav nrog hemoglobin, chlorophyll, vitamin B 12 thiab ntau cov enzymes.
Ntau zaus, thaum kawm txog cov khoom lossis cov txheej txheem, ib tus yuav tsum coj mus rau hauv tus account ntau yam kev sib raug zoo nrog lwm yam kev tshawb fawb. General thiab inorganic chemistry npog cov yooj yim thiab complex tshuaj, tus naj npawb ntawm uas mus txog 400,000. Txoj kev kawm ntawm lawv cov khoom feem ntau muaj ntau yam ntawm lub cev chemistry txoj kev, txij li thaum lawv muaj peev xwm muab cov yam ntxwv ntawm ib tug science xws liphysics. Qhov zoo ntawm cov khoom yog cuam tshuam los ntawm conductivity, sib nqus thiab kho qhov muag, cov nyhuv ntawm catalysts thiab lwm yam "lub cev" yam.
Feem ntau, inorganic compounds raug cais raws li lawv txoj haujlwm:
- acids;
- chaw;
- oxides;
- s alt.
Oxides feem ntau muab faib ua hlau (basic oxides lossis yooj yim anhydrides) thiab tsis yog hlau oxides (acidic oxides lossis acid anhydrides).
Keeb Kwm
Keeb kwm ntawm inorganic chemistry tau muab faib ua ob peb lub sijhawm. Thaum pib, kev paub tau sau los ntawm kev soj ntsuam random. Txij thaum ancient sij hawm, tau sim ua kom hloov cov hlau hauv paus rau hauv cov khoom muaj nqis. Lub tswv yim alchemical tau txhawb nqa los ntawm Aristotle los ntawm nws cov lus qhuab qhia ntawm kev hloov pauv ntawm cov ntsiab lus.
Nyob rau hauv thawj ib nrab ntawm lub xyoo pua kaum tsib, kev sib kis tau tshwm sim. Tshwj xeeb yog cov pej xeem raug kev txom nyem los ntawm cov kab mob me thiab kab mob plague. Aesculapius xav tias cov kab mob tshwm sim los ntawm qee yam tshuaj, thiab kev tawm tsam lawv yuav tsum tau ua nrog kev pab los ntawm lwm yam tshuaj. Qhov no tau coj mus rau qhov pib ntawm lub sijhawm hu ua tshuaj kho mob. Lub sijhawm ntawd, chemistry tau los ua kev ywj pheej.
Kev tshwm sim ntawm kev tshawb fawb tshiab
Thaum lub sijhawm Renaissance, chemistry los ntawm kev kawm ua haujlwm nkaus xwb pib "tau txais" cov tswv yim theoretical. Cov kws tshawb fawb tau sim piav qhia txog cov txheej txheem hauv qab uas tshwm sim nrog cov tshuaj. Xyoo 1661, Robert Boyle qhia txog lub tswv yim ntawm "chemical element". Xyoo 1675 Nicholas Lemmer cais cov tshuaj lom neegminerals los ntawm cov nroj tsuag thiab tsiaj txhu, yog li stipulating txoj kev kawm ntawm chemistry ntawm inorganic compounds cais los ntawm cov organic.
Tom qab ntawd, cov kws tshuaj tau sim piav qhia qhov tshwm sim ntawm kev sib xyaw. Tus kws tshawb fawb German Georg Stahl tau tsim txoj kev xav ntawm phlogistons, raws li qhov uas lub cev combustible tsis lees paub qhov tsis yog gravitational particle ntawm phlogiston. Nyob rau hauv 1756, Mikhail Lomonosov sim ua pov thawj tias combustion ntawm tej yam hlau yog txuam nrog hais txog huab cua (oxygen). Antoine Lavoisier kuj tsis lees paub qhov kev xav ntawm phlogistons, dhau los ua tus tsim ntawm cov kev xav niaj hnub ntawm kev sib txuas. Nws kuj tau qhia txog lub tswvyim ntawm "cov khoom siv tshuaj lom neeg".
Kev txhim kho
Lub sijhawm tom ntej pib nrog kev ua haujlwm ntawm John D alton thiab sim piav qhia txog kev cai lij choj tshuaj los ntawm kev sib cuam tshuam ntawm cov tshuaj ntawm qib atomic (microscopic). Thawj lub rooj sib tham tshuaj lom neeg hauv Karlsruhe xyoo 1860 txhais cov ntsiab lus ntawm atom, valency, sib npaug, thiab molecule. Ua tsaug rau qhov kev tshawb pom ntawm txoj cai raws sij hawm thiab tsim cov txheej txheem niaj hnub, Dmitry Mendeleev tau ua pov thawj tias atomic-molecular txoj kev xav tau txuas tsis tau tsuas yog nrog cov cai lij choj, tab sis kuj nrog lub cev lub cev ntawm cov khoom.
theem tom ntej hauv kev txhim kho cov tshuaj tsis muaj zog yog cuam tshuam nrog kev tshawb pom ntawm cov hluav taws xob tawg hauv xyoo 1876 thiab qhov kev nthuav dav ntawm kev tsim cov atom hauv xyoo 1913. Ib txoj kev tshawb fawb los ntawm Albrecht Kessel thiab Gilbert Lewis hauv xyoo 1916 daws qhov teeb meem ntawm qhov xwm txheej ntawm cov tshuaj lom neeg. Raws li txoj kev xav ntawm heterogeneous equilibrium los ntawm Willard Gibbs thiab Henrik Roszeb, nyob rau hauv 1913 Nikolai Kurnakov tsim ib tug ntawm cov tseem ceeb txoj kev ntawm niaj hnub inorganic chemistry -Kev tshuaj xyuas lub cev thiab tshuaj lom neeg.
Fundamentals of inorganic chemistry
Inorganic compounds tshwm sim nyob rau hauv daim ntawv ntawm cov zaub mov. Cov av yuav muaj hlau sulfide xws li pyrite los yog calcium sulfate nyob rau hauv daim ntawv ntawm gypsum. Inorganic compounds kuj tshwm sim ua biomolecules. Lawv yog synthesized rau siv raws li catalysts los yog reagents. Thawj qhov tseem ceeb ntawm cov khoom siv dag zog yog ammonium nitrate, siv los fertilize cov av.
Sats
Ntau cov tshuaj inorganic yog cov ionic compounds uas muaj cations thiab anions. Cov no yog cov ntsev, uas yog cov khoom ntawm kev tshawb fawb hauv inorganic chemistry. Piv txwv ntawm ionic compounds yog:
- Magnesium chloride (MgCl2), uas muaj Mg2+ cations thiab Cl- anions .
- Sodium oxide (Na2O), uas muaj cations Na+ thiab anions O2- .
Nyob rau hauv txhua lub ntsev, qhov feem ntawm ions yog xws li cov nqi hluav taws xob nyob rau hauv equilibrium, uas yog, lub compound tag nrho yog hluav taws xob nruab nrab. Ions tau piav qhia los ntawm lawv lub xeev oxidation thiab qhov yooj yim ntawm kev tsim uas ua raws los ntawm ionization peev xwm (cations) lossis electron affinity (anions) ntawm cov ntsiab lus uas lawv tsim.
Inorganic ntsev suav nrog oxides, carbonates, sulfates thiab halides. Ntau lub tebchaw yog tus cwj pwm los ntawm cov ntsiab lus melting siab. Inorganic ntsev feem ntau yog cov khoom crystalline tsim. Lwm feature tseem ceeb yog lawvsolubility hauv dej thiab yooj yim ntawm crystallization. Qee cov ntsev (xws li NaCl) yog soluble hauv dej, thaum lwm tus (xws li SiO2) yuav luag insoluble.
Hlau thiab alloys
Hlau xws li hlau, tooj liab, tooj liab, tooj dag, txhuas yog ib pawg ntawm cov tshuaj nyob rau hauv qab sab laug ntawm lub sij hawm. Cov pab pawg no suav nrog 96 lub ntsiab lus uas muaj cov thermal thiab hluav taws xob conductivity siab. Lawv tau siv dav hauv metallurgy. Cov hlau tuaj yeem muab faib ua ferrous thiab non-ferrous, hnyav thiab lub teeb. Los ntawm txoj kev, cov khoom siv feem ntau yog hlau, nws nyob 95% ntawm lub ntiaj teb kev tsim khoom ntawm txhua hom hlau.
Alloys yog cov tshuaj complex uas tau los ntawm melting thiab sib tov ob los yog ntau tshaj hlau nyob rau hauv ib tug kua lub xeev. Lawv muaj lub hauv paus (cov ntsiab lus tseem ceeb hauv feem pua: hlau, tooj liab, txhuas, thiab lwm yam) nrog me me ntxiv ntawm alloying thiab hloov cov khoom.
Txiv neej siv txog 5000 hom alloys. Lawv yog cov khoom siv tseem ceeb hauv kev tsim kho thiab kev lag luam. Los ntawm txoj kev, kuj muaj cov alloys ntawm cov hlau thiab tsis yog hlau.
Kev faib tawm
Nyob rau hauv lub rooj ntawm inorganic chemistry, hlau tau muab faib ua ob peb pawg:
- 6 cov ntsiab lus yog nyob rau hauv pawg alkaline (lithium, potassium, rubidium, sodium, francium, cesium);
- 4 - hauv alkaline ntiaj teb (radium, barium, strontium, calcium);
- 40 - hauv kev hloov pauv (titanium, kub, tungsten, tooj liab, manganese,scandium, hlau, thiab lwm yam);
- 15 - lanthanides (lanthanum, cerium, erbium, thiab lwm yam);
- 15 - actinides (uranium, actinium, thorium, fermium, thiab lwm yam);
- 7 - semimetals (arsenic, boron, antimony, germanium, thiab lwm yam);
- 7 - lub teeb hlau (aluminium, tin, bismuth, lead, thiab lwm yam).
Nonmetals
Tsis yog-hlau tuaj yeem yog cov tshuaj lom neeg thiab tshuaj lom neeg sib xyaw. Hauv lub xeev dawb, lawv tsim cov khoom yooj yim nrog cov khoom tsis yog xim hlau. Hauv inorganic chemistry, 22 lub ntsiab lus txawv. Cov no yog hydrogen, boron, carbon, nitrogen, oxygen, fluorine, silicon, phosphorus, sulfur, chlorine, arsenic, selenium, thiab lwm yam.
Cov khoom tsis yog hlau feem ntau yog halogens. Hauv cov tshuaj tiv thaiv nrog cov hlau, lawv tsim cov tebchaw uas nws daim ntawv cog lus feem ntau yog ionic, xws li KCl lossis CaO. Thaum sib cuam tshuam nrog ib leeg, cov hlau tsis muaj hlau tuaj yeem tsim cov sib txuas sib txuas (Cl3N, ClF, CS2, thiab lwm yam).
Bases thiab acids
Bases yog cov tshuaj complex, qhov tseem ceeb tshaj plaws ntawm cov dej-soluble hydroxides. Thaum yaj, lawv dissociate nrog hlau cations thiab hydroxide anions, thiab lawv cov pH yog ntau tshaj 7. Bases yuav suav hais tias chemically opposite rau acids vim dej-dissociating acids ua rau kom cov concentration ntawm hydrogen ions (H3O +) kom txog thaum lub hauv paus txo.
Acids yog cov tshuaj uas koom nrog cov tshuaj tiv thaiv nrog cov hauv paus, noj electrons los ntawm lawv. Feem ntau cov acids ntawm cov tswv yim tseem ceeb yog dej-soluble. Thaum yaj, lawv dissociate los ntawm hydrogen cations(Н+) thiab acidic anions, thiab lawv cov pH tsawg dua 7.
