Nyob rau hauv thawj ib nrab ntawm lub xyoo pua 19th, German cov kws tshawb fawb E. Haeckel thiab F. Müller tau ua cov kev tshawb fawb txog embryological thiab kev sib piv anatomical uas coj mus rau kev tsim txoj cai biogenetic thiab kev loj hlob ntawm cov tswv yim hais txog analogies, homologies, atavisms thiab rudiments. Kab lus no yuav mob siab rau txoj kev kawm ntawm xws li ib pab pawg neeg muaj sia nyob uas muaj homologous kab mob. Cov no yog cov khoom cog thiab tsiaj thoob plaws ntiaj teb, nyob rau hauv uas lub cev nqaij daim tawv muaj ib tug ntau yam keeb kwm thiab ib tug qauv txheej txheem, txawm hais tias lawv muaj peev xwm txawv heev nyob rau hauv tsos. Dab tsi ua rau lawv tshwm sim?
Kev tshwm sim
Cov txheej txheem Evolutionary tshwm sim nyob rau hauv cov pej xeem ntawm cov tsiaj nyob thiab underlie microevolution. Kev tshwm sim ntawm hom tshiab yog ua tau vim qhov sib txuam ntawm qhov sib txawv ntawm cov kab mob, cuam tshuam rau lawv cov qauv thiab kev ua haujlwm. Cov txheej txheem ua rau muaj kev sib txawv ntawm morphological thiab anatomical nta, uas tshwm sim raws li lub cev teb rau kev hloov ib puag ncig, hu ua divergence. Homologues yog ib feem ntawm lub cev nyob rau hauv cov tib neeg uas tau undergone natural xaiv thiab tsim raws li ib tug tshwm sim ntawm adaptation rau tej yam kev mob ntawm lawv cov chaw nyob. Lawv tau kawm paub meej hauv chav kawm zoology. Cia wb mus saib lawv.
Ntawm cov qauv ntawm vertebrates
Lub forelimbs ntawm tag nrho cov tsiaj txhu muaj tib cov pob txha: humerus, ulna, vojvoog, carpal pob txha, metacarpus thiab phalanges ntawm cov ntiv tes. Tab sis ntau yam ib puag ncig nrog rau chav kawm ntawm evolution tshuav lawv cov imprints ob qho tib si ntawm cov pob txha ntawm lub forelimb thiab ntawm nws cov haujlwm. Nws yog txaus los sib piv cov tsos, cov duab thiab qhov loj ntawm qhov no ntawm lub cev, piv txwv li, nyob rau hauv ib tug giraffe, liab los yog mole. Nws yog divergence uas underlies cov tsos ntawm cov kabmob xws li homologues. Qhov no tau lees paub los ntawm kev sib piv anatomical kev tshawb fawb tsis tau tsuas yog ntawm ntau pawg ntawm cov tsiaj, tab sis kuj nyob rau hauv lub ntiaj teb cov nroj tsuag. Cia wb mus saib lawv hauv kab lus tom ntej.
Kev hloov pauv ntawm cov kab mob vegetative
Thaum lub sijhawm ontogenesis, cov neeg sawv cev ntawm lub ntiaj teb ntawm cov nroj tsuag tsis tsuas yog tau txais cov yam ntxwv tshiab, tab sis kuj hloov kho qhov chaw ntawm lawv lub cev. Hauv botany, qhov tshwm sim no yog hu ua kev hloov kho ntawm cov nroj tsuag thiab suav tias yog kev hloov pauv uas tshwm sim nyob rau hauv chav kawm ntawm phylogenesis. Koj tuaj yeem saib nws nrog cov neeg sawv cev ntawm lub tuam tsev ntawm cov paj ntoo. Nyob rau hauv lawv, qhov no coj mus rau qhov tshwm sim ntawm cov qauv xws li homologues. Qhov no yog manifested nyob rau hauv daim ntawv ntawm ib tug adaptive cov tshuaj tiv thaiv ntawm lub cev rau ib puag ncig yam. Nws yog lub npe hu hais tias lub hauv paus system ntawm tag nrho cov noob nroj tsuag tsim los ntawm cov kab mob hauv paus raws li ib tug tib txoj kev npaj thiab ua hauj lwm zoo rau tag nrho cov hom:kho nyob rau hauv cov av, kev txhawb nqa, nqus thiab conduction ntawm dej thiab kev daws teeb meem ntawm ntxhia tshuaj. Txawm li cas los xij, cov tsos ntawm cov hauv paus hniav tuaj yeem hloov pauv tau zoo heev yog tias lawv pib ua haujlwm tshwj xeeb. Yog li ntawd, cov hauv paus hniav stilted ntawm pandanus loj hlob nyob rau hauv tropical swamps yog homologous.
Lawv khaws cov qia hauv qab kom nkag mus rau hauv dej, tiv thaiv kom tsis txhob lwj. Hauv orchids, cov hauv paus hniav hauv av yog homologous rau cov kab mob hauv av - lawv koom nrog hauv kev rho tawm cov huab cua ntxiv rau cov nroj tsuag ua pa. Lawv ua hauj lwm raws li ib tug reservoir uas accumulates starch thiab lwm yam organic tebchaw, beet thiab carrot keeb kwm, Jerusalem artichoke thiab dahlia paus tubers. Tag nrho cov kev hloov kho no yog homologues. Biology thov qhov no nrog qhov laj thawj zoo, txij li lawv sib raug rau ib leeg thiab rau lub hauv paus ntsiab lus ntawm cov qauv hauv av - lub hauv paus.
Homologies hauv tib neeg lub cev
Cov neeg sawv cev ntawm cov chav kawm ntawm cov vertebrates, uas suav nrog Homo sapiens, muaj ib txoj kev npaj rau lub cev musculoskeletal, tshwj xeeb, nws qhov axial - qaum.
Tab sis ib tug neeg muaj cov yam ntxwv uas tau tshwm sim raws li kev hloov kho rau lub cev ncaj ncees, piv txwv li, cov duab ntawm tus txha nraub qaum zoo ib yam li tsab ntawv Latin S. Tsis tas li ntawd, nyob rau hauv lub cev pob txha ntawm lub ceg ceg, muaj tib cov pob txha. raws li nyob rau hauv cov tsiaj, lub phalanx ntawm tus ntiv tes xoo yog tawm tsam qhov seem plaub ntiv tes, uas yog qhov tshwm sim ntawm lub peev xwm ua hauj lwm. Homologs yog tag nrho cov npe piv txwv uas tau tshwm sim nyob rau hauv tus txheej txheem ntawm anthropogenesis.
