A particle accelerator yog ib qho khoom siv uas tsim cov kab hluav taws xob uas muaj hluav taws xob atomic lossis subatomic hais txav ntawm qhov nrawm nrawm. Nws txoj haujlwm yog ua raws li kev nce hauv lawv lub zog los ntawm qhov chaw hluav taws xob thiab kev hloov pauv hauv txoj hauv kev - los ntawm ib qho hlau nplaum.
particle accelerators yog dab tsi?
Cov khoom siv no tau siv dav hauv ntau yam kev tshawb fawb thiab kev lag luam. Niaj hnub no, muaj ntau tshaj 30 txhiab ntawm lawv thoob plaws ntiaj teb. Rau ib tus kws kho mob, cov khoom siv accelerators ua ib qho cuab yeej rau kev tshawb fawb hauv cov qauv ntawm cov atoms, qhov xwm ntawm nuclear rog, thiab cov khoom ntawm nuclei uas tsis tshwm sim hauv qhov xwm txheej. Cov tom kawg suav nrog transuranium thiab lwm yam tsis ruaj khov.
Nrog kev pab ntawm lub raj xa tawm, nws tuaj yeem txiav txim siab tus nqi tshwj xeeb. Particle accelerators kuj tseem siv rau hauv kev tsim cov xov tooj cua isotopes, hauv kev lag luam hluav taws xob, hauv kev kho hluav taws xob, hauv kev ua kom tsis muaj menyuam ntawm cov khoom siv roj ntsha, thiab hauv xov tooj cua.tsom xam. Cov kev teeb tsa loj tshaj plaws yog siv hauv kev kawm txog kev sib cuam tshuam.
Lub neej ntawm cov khoom siv hluav taws xob ntawm qhov chaw so ntawm lub accelerator yog tsawg dua li cov khoom nrawm nrawm rau qhov nrawm ze ntawm qhov ceev ntawm lub teeb. Qhov no lees paub qhov sib txheeb ntawm SRT lub sijhawm sib txawv. Piv txwv li, ntawm CERN, 29-fold nce hauv lub neej ntawm muons ntawm qhov nrawm ntawm 0.9994c tau ua tiav.
Kab lus no tham txog yuav ua li cas lub particle accelerator ua haujlwm, nws txoj kev loj hlob, ntau hom thiab cov yam ntxwv tshwj xeeb.
Txoj cai ntawm acceleration
Txawm hais tias qhov twg cov khoom siv accelerators koj paub, lawv txhua tus muaj cov ntsiab lus sib xws. Ua ntej, lawv txhua tus yuav tsum muaj lub hauv paus ntawm electrons nyob rau hauv rooj plaub ntawm lub TV kinescope, los yog electrons, protons, thiab lawv cov antiparticles nyob rau hauv cov ntaub ntawv ntawm loj installation. Tsis tas li ntawd, lawv txhua tus yuav tsum muaj hluav taws xob ua kom nrawm rau cov khoom thiab cov hlau nplaum kom tswj tau lawv txoj kev taug. Tsis tas li ntawd, lub tshuab nqus tsev nyob rau hauv particle accelerator (10 -11mm Hg), piv txwv li qhov tsawg kawg nkaus ntawm cov pa seem, yog qhov tsim nyog los xyuas kom meej lub neej ntev ntawm cov kab teeb. Thiab, thaum kawg, txhua qhov kev teeb tsa yuav tsum muaj txoj hauv kev rau npe, suav thiab ntsuas cov khoom nrawm.
Electrons thiab protons, uas feem ntau siv hauv accelerators, muaj nyob rau hauv tag nrho cov ntaub ntawv, tab sis ua ntej lawv yuav tsum tau muab cais tawm ntawm lawv. Cov hluav taws xob feem ntau yog tsimib yam li hauv kinescope - hauv ib lub cuab yeej hu ua "phom". Nws yog cathode (tsis zoo electrode) nyob rau hauv lub tshuab nqus tsev, uas yog rhuab mus rau qhov chaw uas electrons pib tawg tawm ntawm atoms. Cov khoom tsis zoo raug them rau cov anode (zoo electrode) thiab dhau los ntawm qhov hluav taws xob. Cov phom nws tus kheej kuj yog qhov yooj yim tshaj plaws accelerator, txij li thaum cov electrons txav los ntawm lub zog ntawm hluav taws xob. Qhov voltage ntawm cathode thiab anode feem ntau yog nyob nruab nrab ntawm 50-150 kV.
Ntxiv rau cov khoom siv hluav taws xob, txhua yam khoom muaj cov protons, tab sis tsuas yog cov nuclei ntawm hydrogen atoms muaj tib cov protons. Yog li ntawd, lub hauv paus ntawm cov khoom rau proton accelerators yog gaseous hydrogen. Hauv qhov no, cov pa roj yog ionized thiab cov protons khiav tawm ntawm lub qhov. Hauv cov accelerators loj, protons feem ntau yog tsim los ua tsis zoo hydrogen ions. Lawv yog atoms nrog ib tug ntxiv electron, uas yog cov khoom ntawm ionization ntawm ib tug diatomic gas. Nws yooj yim dua los ua hauj lwm nrog cov tsis zoo them hydrogen ions nyob rau hauv thawj theem. Tom qab ntawd lawv tau dhau los ntawm ib daim ntawv nyias nyias uas deprives lawv ntawm electrons ua ntej theem kawg ntawm acceleration.
Acceleration
Particle accelerators ua haujlwm li cas? Lub ntsiab feature ntawm ib qho ntawm lawv yog lub teb hluav taws xob. Qhov piv txwv yooj yim tshaj plaws yog qhov chaw zoo li qub ntawm qhov zoo thiab qhov tsis zoo hluav taws xob, zoo ib yam li qhov uas muaj nyob nruab nrab ntawm cov terminals ntawm lub roj teeb hluav taws xob. Nyob rau hauv xws liteb, ib tug electron nqa ib tug tsis zoo nqi yog raug rau ib tug quab yuam uas coj nws mus rau ib tug zoo muaj peev xwm. Nws accelerates nws, thiab yog tias tsis muaj dab tsi los tiv thaiv qhov no, nws ceev thiab lub zog nce. Cov hluav taws xob txav mus rau qhov muaj peev xwm zoo hauv cov xaim lossis txawm nyob hauv huab cua sib tsoo nrog cov atoms thiab poob lub zog, tab sis yog tias lawv nyob hauv lub tshuab nqus tsev, lawv nrawm thaum lawv mus txog qhov anode.
Qhov voltage ntawm qhov pib thiab qhov kawg ntawm qhov hluav taws xob txiav txim siab lub zog tau txais los ntawm nws. Thaum tsiv los ntawm qhov sib txawv ntawm 1 V, nws yog sib npaug rau 1 electron volt (eV). Qhov no yog sib npaug rau 1.6 × 10-19 joules. Lub zog ntawm yoov tshaj cum ya yog ib trillion zaus ntau dua. Nyob rau hauv lub kinescope, electrons yog ceev los ntawm ib tug voltage ntawm tshaj 10 kV. Ntau lub accelerators ua tiav lub zog ntau dua, ntsuas hauv mega-, giga-, thiab teraelectronvolts.
Ntau yam
Qee qhov ntxov tshaj plaws ntawm particle accelerators, xws li voltage multiplier thiab Van de Graaff generator, siv tas li hluav taws xob teb generated los ntawm muaj peev xwm mus txog ib lab volts. Nws tsis yog ib qho yooj yim los ua hauj lwm nrog xws li high voltages. Ib qho kev ua tau zoo dua yog qhov rov ua dua ntawm cov hluav taws xob tsis muaj zog uas tsim los ntawm qhov muaj peev xwm tsawg. Lub hauv paus ntsiab lus no yog siv nyob rau hauv ob hom accelerators niaj hnub - linear thiab cyclic (tsuas yog hauv cyclotrons thiab synchrotrons). Linear particle accelerators, nyob rau hauv luv luv, dhau lawv ib zaug los ntawm ib theem zuj zusaccelerating teb, thaum nyob rau hauv lub cyclic ib zaug lawv pheej txav raws ib ncig txoj kev los ntawm kuj me me hluav taws xob teb. Nyob rau hauv ob qho tib si, lub zog kawg ntawm cov khoom yog nyob ntawm qhov sib xyaw ua ke ntawm cov teb, kom ntau me me "kev poob siab" ntxiv los muab cov txiaj ntsig sib xyaw ntawm ib qho loj.
Cov qauv rov ua dua ntawm cov kab hluav taws xob nrawm los tsim hluav taws xob ib txwm siv AC es tsis yog DC voltage. Cov khoom uas raug them zoo yog nrawm rau qhov tsis zoo thiab tau txais lub zog tshiab yog tias lawv dhau los ntawm qhov zoo. Hauv kev xyaum, qhov voltage yuav tsum hloov sai heev. Piv txwv li, ntawm lub zog ntawm 1 MeV, ib tug proton mus ntawm high speeds ntawm 0.46 qhov ceev ntawm lub teeb, mus 1.4 m nyob rau hauv 0.01 ms. Qhov no txhais tau hais tias nyob rau hauv ib tug rov qab qauv ob peb meters ntev, cov hluav taws xob teb yuav tsum hloov cov kev taw qhia ntawm ib tug zaus ntawm tsawg kawg yog 100 MHz. Linear thiab cyclic accelerators ntawm nqi hais, raws li txoj cai, ceev lawv siv alternating hluav taws xob teb nrog ib tug zaus ntawm 100 mus rau 3000 MHz, piv txwv li, xws li, xws li xov tooj cua tsis mus rau microwaves.
Ib qho hluav taws xob nthwv dej yog kev sib txuas ntawm hluav taws xob thiab sib nqus teb uas oscillate perpendicular rau ib leeg. Lub ntsiab lus tseem ceeb ntawm lub accelerator yog kho cov nthwv dej kom thaum lub particle tuaj txog, lub tshuab hluav taws xob yog qhia raws li lub acceleration vector. Qhov no tuaj yeem ua tiav nrog cov nthwv dej sawv ntsug - kev sib xyaw ua ke ntawm nthwv dej taug kev nyob rau hauv cov lus qhia sib txawv hauv lub voj kaw.qhov chaw, zoo li lub suab nthwv dej hauv lub cev. Lwm txoj hauv kev rau cov hluav taws xob txav ceev heev mus txog qhov nrawm ntawm lub teeb yog kev mus ncig yoj.
Autophasing
Qhov cuam tshuam tseem ceeb thaum nrawm hauv qhov chaw hluav taws xob hloov pauv yog "autophasing". Nyob rau hauv ib lub voj voog ntawm oscillation, qhov alternating teb mus los ntawm xoom mus rau qhov siab tshaj tus nqi dua mus rau xoom, ntog mus rau qhov tsawg kawg nkaus thiab nce mus rau xoom. Yog li nws dhau los ntawm tus nqi xav tau kom nrawm dua ob zaug. Yog hais tias lub accelerating particle tuaj txog sai heev, ces nws yuav tsis cuam tshuam los ntawm ib tug txaus lub zog, thiab lub laub yuav tsis muaj zog. Thaum nws mus txog ntu tom ntej, nws yuav lig thiab yuav muaj kev cuam tshuam loj dua. Yog li ntawd, autophasing yuav tshwm sim, cov hais yuav nyob rau hauv theem nrog rau lub teb nyob rau hauv txhua cheeb tsam accelerating. Lwm qhov txiaj ntsig yuav yog ua kom lawv nyob rau lub sijhawm hauv pawg es tsis yog cov kwj mus tas li.
Beam direction
Cov teb sib nqus kuj ua lub luag haujlwm tseem ceeb hauv kev ua haujlwm ntawm cov khoom siv hluav taws xob ua haujlwm li cas, vim tias lawv tuaj yeem hloov cov kev taw qhia ntawm lawv txoj kev txav mus los. Qhov no txhais tau hais tias lawv tuaj yeem siv los "khoov" cov kab teeb raws li txoj kev ncig kom lawv dhau los ntawm tib ntu nrawm dua ob peb zaug. Nyob rau hauv cov ntaub ntawv yooj yim tshaj, ib tug nqi particle txav ntawm txoj cai kaum rau cov kev taw qhia ntawm ib tug uniform magnetic teb yog raug rau ib tug quab yuam.perpendicular ob qho tib si rau vector ntawm nws qhov kev hloov pauv thiab mus rau thaj chaw. Qhov no ua rau lub nqaj txav mus raws ib lub voj voog trajectory perpendicular mus rau lub tshav pob kom txog thaum nws tawm ntawm nws thaj tsam ntawm kev ua lossis lwm lub zog pib ua rau nws. Cov nyhuv no yog siv rau hauv cyclic accelerators xws li cyclotron thiab synchrotron. Nyob rau hauv ib lub cyclotron, ib qho chaw tas li yog tsim los ntawm cov hlau nplaum loj. Cov khoom, raws li lawv lub zog loj hlob, muab kauv sab nraud, nrawm nrog txhua lub kiv puag ncig. Nyob rau hauv ib lub synchrotron, cov bunches txav ib ncig ntawm lub nplhaib nrog ib lub vojvoog tas li, thiab lub tshav pob tsim los ntawm cov electromagnets nyob ib ncig ntawm lub nplhaib nce raws li cov khoom nrawm. Cov hlau nplaum "khoov" yog dipoles nrog rau sab qaum teb thiab sab qab teb ncej khoov rau hauv cov duab horseshoe kom cov nqaj tuaj yeem hla ntawm lawv.
Qhov thib ob tseem ceeb ntawm cov khoom siv hluav taws xob yog ua kom pom cov kab teeb kom lawv nqaim thiab hnyav li sai tau. Daim ntawv yooj yim tshaj plaws ntawm cov hlau nplaum tsom yog nrog plaub tus ncej (ob sab qaum teb thiab ob sab qab teb) sib txawv. Lawv thawb cov khoom mus rau qhov chaw nyob rau hauv ib qho kev taw qhia, tab sis cia lawv propagate nyob rau hauv perpendicular kev taw qhia. Quadrupole hlau nplaum tsom qhov nqaj kab rov tav, tso cai rau nws tawm ntawm kev tsom mus rau vertically. Txhawm rau ua qhov no, lawv yuav tsum tau siv ua khub. Cov hlau nplaum ntau dua nrog ntau tus ncej (6 thiab 8) kuj tseem siv rau kev tsom xam ntau dua.
Raws li lub zog ntawm cov khoom nce, lub zog ntawm cov hlau nplaum coj lawv nce. Qhov no ua rau lub nqaj ntawm tib txoj kev. Lub clot yog nkag mus rau hauv lub nplhaib thiab nrawm rauxav tau lub zog ua ntej nws tuaj yeem thim rov qab thiab siv hauv kev sim. Retraction yog ua tiav los ntawm electromagnets uas tig rau thawb cov khoom tawm ntawm lub nplhaib synchrotron.
Kev sib tsoo
Cov khoom siv accelerators siv hauv tshuaj thiab kev lag luam feem ntau tsim cov nqaj rau lub hom phiaj tshwj xeeb, xws li kev kho hluav taws xob lossis ion implantation. Qhov no txhais tau hais tias cov khoom siv ib zaug. Tau ntau xyoo, tib yam muaj tseeb rau cov accelerators siv hauv kev tshawb fawb hauv paus. Tab sis nyob rau hauv 1970s, lub nplhaib tau tsim nyob rau hauv uas ob kab teeb ncig nyob rau hauv opposite lus qhia thiab sib tsoo nyob rau hauv tag nrho cov circuits. Lub ntsiab kom zoo dua ntawm xws li installation yog hais tias nyob rau hauv ib tug head-on kev sib tsoo, lub zog ntawm cov hais mus ncaj qha mus rau lub zog ntawm kev sib cuam tshuam ntawm lawv. Qhov no sib piv nrog qhov tshwm sim thaum lub nqaj sib tsoo nrog cov khoom siv thaum so: qhov no, feem ntau ntawm lub zog yog siv los teeb tsa cov khoom siv hauv lub hom phiaj, raws li lub hauv paus ntsiab lus ntawm kev txuag ntawm lub zog.
Qee lub tshuab sib tsoo tshuab yog tsim nrog ob lub nplhaib sib tshuam ntawm ob lossis ntau qhov chaw, uas cov khoom ntawm tib hom ncig mus rau qhov sib txawv. Colliders nrog hais thiab antiparticles yog ntau dua. Ib qho antiparticle muaj qhov sib txawv ntawm nws cov khoom sib txuas. Piv txwv li, ib tug positron raug them zoo, thaum lub electron tsis zoo them. Qhov no txhais tau hais tias lub teb uas accelerates lub electron slows down lub positron,tsiv mus nyob rau tib txoj kev. Tab sis yog tias tom kawg txav mus rau qhov sib txawv, nws yuav nrawm. Ib yam li ntawd, ib qho hluav taws xob txav los ntawm qhov chaw sib nqus yuav khoov mus rau sab laug, thiab lub positron yuav khoov rau sab xis. Tab sis yog hais tias lub positron txav mus rau nws, ces nws txoj kev yuav tseem deviate mus rau sab xis, tab sis nyob rau tib lub nkhaus raws li lub electron. Ua ke, qhov no txhais tau hais tias cov khoom no tuaj yeem txav mus raws lub nplhaib synchrotron vim yog cov hlau nplaum tib yam thiab tau nrawm los ntawm tib lub zog hluav taws xob nyob rau hauv cov lus qhia sib txawv. Ntau qhov kev sib tsoo muaj zog tshaj plaws ntawm cov kab sib tsoo tau raug tsim raws li txoj cai no, vim tsuas yog ib lub nplhaib accelerator xwb.
Cov nqaj hauv synchrotron tsis txav mus tas li, tab sis ua ke ua "clumps". Lawv tuaj yeem ntev li ob peb centimeters thiab ib feem kaum ntawm ib millimeter inch, thiab muaj li ntawm 10 12hais. Qhov no yog qhov ntom me me, vim tias cov khoom ntawm qhov loj no muaj txog 10 23 atoms. Yog li ntawd, thaum beams cuam tshuam nrog cov kab teeb uas yuav los, tsuas muaj lub caij nyoog me me uas cov khoom yuav cuam tshuam nrog ib leeg. Hauv kev xyaum, cov bunches txuas ntxiv mus raws lub nplhaib thiab sib ntsib dua. Lub tshuab nqus tsev sib sib zog nqus nyob rau hauv lub particle accelerator (10 -11mmHg) yog qhov tsim nyog kom cov khoom tuaj yeem ncig tau ntau teev yam tsis muaj kev sib tsoo nrog huab cua molecules. Yog li ntawd, cov nplhaib tseem hu ua accumulative, txij li cov pob khoom tau muab khaws cia rau hauv lawv li ob peb teev.
Register
Particle accelerators rau feem ntau tuaj yeem sau npe yuav tshwm sim thaum twgthaum cov khoom ntaus ib lub hom phiaj los yog lwm lub nqaj txav mus rau qhov sib txawv. Nyob rau hauv lub TV kinescope, electrons los ntawm ib rab phom tua ib tug phosphor nyob rau hauv lub puab nto ntawm lub vijtsam thiab emit lub teeb, uas yog li recreates cov duab xa mus. Hauv cov accelerators, xws li cov cuab yeej tshwj xeeb teb rau cov khoom tawg, tab sis lawv feem ntau yog tsim los tsim cov teeb liab hluav taws xob uas tuaj yeem hloov mus rau hauv cov ntaub ntawv hauv computer thiab tshuaj xyuas siv cov khoos phis tawj. Tsuas yog cov khoom siv hluav taws xob tsim hluav taws xob los ntawm kev dhau los ntawm cov khoom siv, piv txwv li los ntawm kev zoo siab lossis ionizing atoms, thiab tuaj yeem kuaj tau ncaj qha. Cov khoom nruab nrab xws li neutrons lossis photons tuaj yeem kuaj pom tsis ncaj los ntawm tus cwj pwm ntawm cov khoom siv uas lawv tau teeb tsa hauv cov lus tsa suab.
Muaj ntau yam khoom tshwj xeeb. Qee tus ntawm lawv, zoo li lub txee Geiger, tsuas yog suav cov khoom, thaum lwm tus siv, piv txwv li, los sau cov lem, ntsuas qhov nrawm, lossis ntsuas lub zog. Cov cuab yeej niaj hnub no muaj qhov loj thiab thev naus laus zis los ntawm cov khoom siv sib txuas me me mus rau cov xaim loj uas muaj roj puv cov chav uas ntes cov ionized txoj hauv kev tsim los ntawm cov khoom them nqi.
History
Particle accelerators yog tsim los kawm txog cov khoom ntawm atomic nuclei thiab elementary hais. Los ntawm kev tshawb pom ntawm cov tshuaj tiv thaiv ntawm nitrogen nucleus thiab alpha particle los ntawm British physicist Ernest Rutherford nyob rau hauv 1919, tag nrho cov kev tshawb fawb nyob rau hauv nuclear physics mus txog. Xyoo 1932 tau siv nrog helium nuclei tso tawm los ntawm kev lwj ntawm cov khoom siv hluav taws xob ntuj. Ntuj alpha hais muaj lub zog kinetic ntawm 8 MeV, tab sis Rutherford ntseeg hais tias txhawm rau saib xyuas qhov lwj ntawm cov nuclei hnyav, lawv yuav tsum tau ua kom nrawm dua kom muaj txiaj ntsig ntau dua. Thaum lub sij hawm nws zoo li nyuaj. Txawm li cas los xij, kev suav ua xyoo 1928 los ntawm Georgy Gamow (ntawm University of Göttingen, Lub teb chaws Yelemees) tau qhia tias ions nrog lub zog qis dua tuaj yeem siv tau, thiab qhov no txhawb kev sim tsim ib qho chaw uas muab lub teeb txaus rau kev tshawb fawb nuclear.
Lwm yam xwm txheej ntawm lub sijhawm no tau qhia txog cov hauv paus ntsiab lus uas cov accelerators tau tsim los rau niaj hnub no. Thawj qhov kev sim ua tiav nrog cov ions ua kom nrawm nrawm tau ua los ntawm Cockcroft thiab W alton hauv xyoo 1932 ntawm University of Cambridge. Siv lub tshuab hluav taws xob sib txuas, lawv tau nrawm protons mus rau 710 keV thiab pom tias tom kawg hnov mob nrog lithium nucleus los ua ob qhov alpha. Thaum xyoo 1931, ntawm Princeton University hauv New Jersey, Robert van de Graaff tau tsim thawj lub zog siv hluav taws xob hluav taws xob hluav taws xob. Cockcroft-W alton voltage multipliers thiab Van de Graaff generators tseem siv los ua lub zog rau cov accelerators.
Lub hauv paus ntsiab lus ntawm cov kab hluav taws xob resonant accelerator tau nthuav tawm los ntawm Rolf Wideröe hauv xyoo 1928. Ntawm Rhine-Westphalian University of Technology hauv Aachen, Lub Tebchaws Yelemees, nws tau siv lub zog hloov pauv siab kom nrawm sodium thiab potassium ions rau lub zog ob zaug.tshaj cov uas qhia los ntawm lawv. Xyoo 1931 hauv Tebchaws Meskas, Ernest Lawrence thiab nws tus pabcuam David Sloan ntawm University of California, Berkeley tau siv ntau zaus ua haujlwm kom nrawm mercury ions rau lub zog ntau dua 1.2 MeV. Qhov haujlwm no tau ntxiv rau Wideröe hnyav particle accelerator, tab sis ion beams tsis muaj txiaj ntsig hauv kev tshawb fawb nuclear.
Lub sib nqus resonant accelerator, lossis cyclotron, tau xeeb los ntawm Lawrence raws li kev hloov kho ntawm Wideröe installation. Lawrence Livingston cov tub ntxhais kawm tau pom lub hauv paus ntsiab lus ntawm cyclotron xyoo 1931 los ntawm kev tsim 80 keV ions. Xyoo 1932 Lawrence thiab Livingston tshaj tawm qhov nrawm ntawm protons mus rau ntau dua 1 MeV. Tom qab xyoo 1930, lub zog ntawm cyclotrons tau txog li 25 MeV, thiab lub tshuab hluav taws xob Van de Graaff tau txog li 4 MeV. Xyoo 1940, Donald Kerst, siv cov txiaj ntsig ntawm kev ceev faj txog kev ntsuas kev ntsuas rau kev tsim cov hlau nplaum, tsim thawj Betatron, lub tshuab nqus hlau induction electron accelerator, ntawm University of Illinois.
Niaj hnub physics: particle accelerators
Tom qab Tsov Rog Ntiaj Teb Zaum II, kev tshawb fawb ntawm kev ua kom cov khoom nrawm nrawm rau lub zog siab tau ua tiav sai. Nws tau pib los ntawm Edwin Macmillan ntawm Berkeley thiab Vladimir Veksler hauv Moscow. Xyoo 1945, ob leeg ntawm lawv tus kheej tau piav qhia txog lub hauv paus ntsiab lus ntawm theem kev ruaj ntseg. Lub tswv yim no muaj ib txoj hauv kev los tswj cov khoom ruaj khov nyob rau hauv lub voj voog accelerator, uas tshem tawm cov kev txwv ntawm lub zog ntawm protons thiab ua rau nws muaj peev xwm tsim magnetic resonance accelerators (syncrotrons) rau electrons. Autophasing, kev siv lub hauv paus ntsiab lus ntawm theem kev ruaj ntseg, tau lees paub tom qab kev tsim khoib tug me me synchrocyclotron ntawm University of California thiab ib tug synchrotron nyob rau hauv England. Tsis ntev tom qab ntawd, thawj proton linear resonant accelerator tau tsim. Lub hauv paus ntsiab lus no tau siv nyob rau hauv tag nrho cov loj proton synchrotrons tsim txij thaum ntawd los.
Nyob rau xyoo 1947, William Hansen, ntawm Stanford University hauv California, tau tsim thawj kab tawm mus ncig yoj hluav taws xob accelerator siv microwave thev naus laus zis uas tau tsim los rau radar thaum Ntiaj Teb Tsov Rog II.
Kev nce qib hauv kev tshawb fawb tau ua tiav los ntawm kev ua kom lub zog ntawm cov protons, uas ua rau kev tsim kho cov accelerators loj dua. Cov qauv no tau raug tso tseg los ntawm tus nqi siab ntawm kev ua cov hlau nplaum loj loj. Qhov loj tshaj plaws hnyav txog 40,000 tons. Txoj hauv kev ua kom lub zog tsis muaj qhov loj ntawm cov tshuab tau nthuav tawm hauv xyoo 1952 los ntawm Livingston, Courant thiab Snyder hauv cov txheej txheem ntawm kev sib hloov tsom (qee zaus hu ua kev tsom ntsoov). Synchrotrons raws li txoj cai no siv cov hlau nplaum 100 npaug me dua ua ntej. Kev tsom xam yog siv nyob rau hauv tag nrho cov niaj hnub synchrotrons.
Xyoo 1956, Kerst pom tau tias yog tias ob pawg ntawm cov khoom tau khaws cia rau hauv kev sib tshuam, lawv tuaj yeem pom kev sib tsoo. Daim ntawv thov ntawm lub tswv yim no yuav tsum muaj kev sib sau ua ke ntawm cov kab hluav taws xob nrawm hauv cov voj voog hu ua cia. Lub tshuab no ua rau nws ua tau kom ua tiav qhov siab tshaj plaws kev sib cuam tshuam lub zog ntawm cov khoom.
