chav kawm Chemistry hauv cov tsev kawm pib hauv qib 8 nrog kev kawm txog cov hauv paus ntsiab lus ntawm kev tshawb fawb: muaj peev xwm ua tau hom kev sib txuas ntawm cov atoms, hom siv lead ua lattices thiab cov txheej txheem tshuaj tiv thaiv feem ntau tau piav qhia. Qhov no dhau los ua lub hauv paus rau kev kawm ntawm ib qho tseem ceeb, tab sis ntau qhov tshwj xeeb - inorganics.
Inorganic chemistry yog ib qho kev tshawb fawb uas txiav txim siab cov ntsiab lus ntawm cov qauv, cov khoom siv yooj yim thiab kev ua haujlwm ntawm tag nrho cov ntsiab lus ntawm lub sijhawm. Lub luag haujlwm tseem ceeb hauv cov inorganic yog ua los ntawm Txoj Cai Lij Choj, uas ua kom yooj yim rau kev faib tawm ntawm cov khoom los ntawm kev hloov lawv cov huab hwm coj, tus lej thiab hom.
Cov chav kawm kuj tseem suav nrog cov khoom sib txuas tsim los ntawm kev sib cuam tshuam ntawm cov ntsiab lus ntawm lub rooj (tsuas yog qhov tshwj xeeb yog thaj tsam ntawm hydrocarbons, uas suav nrog hauv tshooj ntawm cov organics). Cov hauj lwm hauv inorganic chemistry tso cai rau koj los ua cov kev paub theoretical tau txais hauv kev xyaum.
Science in the historicalnam
Lub npe "inorganic" tuaj raws li lub tswv yim hais tias nws npog ib feem ntawm kev paub txog tshuaj lom neeg uas tsis muaj feem cuam tshuam txog kev ua haujlwm ntawm cov kab mob lom.
Lub sijhawm dhau los, nws tau raug pov thawj tias feem ntau ntawm lub ntiaj teb cov organic tuaj yeem tsim cov "tsis muaj sia", thiab cov hydrocarbons ntawm txhua hom yog synthesized hauv chav kuaj. Yog li, los ntawm ammonium cyanate, uas yog ntsev nyob rau hauv chemistry ntawm lub ntsiab, German kws tshawb fawb Wehler muaj peev xwm los ua ke urea.
Txhawm rau zam kev tsis meej pem nrog cov npe thiab kev faib tawm ntawm hom kev tshawb fawb hauv ob qho kev tshawb fawb, kev kawm hauv tsev kawm ntawv thiab tsev kawm qib siab, tom qab chemistry, suav nrog kev kawm txog inorganics raws li kev qhuab qhia hauv paus. Lub ntiaj teb kev tshawb fawb tswj hwm qhov sib xws.
chav kawm ntawm cov tshuaj tsis muaj sia
Chemistry muab rau qhov kev nthuav qhia ntawm cov khoom siv, uas cov lus qhia tshooj ntawm inorganics xav txog Txoj Cai Lij Choj ntawm Cov Ntsiab Lus. Qhov no yog ib qho kev faib tawm ntawm ib hom tshwj xeeb, uas yog raws li qhov kev xav tias atomic tsub nqi ntawm nuclei cuam tshuam rau cov khoom ntawm cov khoom, thiab cov kev txwv no hloov cyclically. Thaum xub thawj, lub rooj tau tsim los ua ib qho kev xav ntawm qhov nce hauv atomic masses ntawm cov ntsiab lus, tab sis tsis ntev qhov kev sib lawv liag no tau raug tsis lees paub vim nws qhov tsis sib xws hauv qhov uas cov tshuaj inorganic xav tau kev xav txog qhov teeb meem no.
Chemistry, ntxiv rau lub sijhawm lub sijhawm, qhia txog qhov muaj txog li ib puas tus lej, pawg thiab cov duab kos uas qhia txog lub sijhawm ntawm cov khoom.
Tam sim no, kev sib sau ua ke ntawm kev txiav txim siab xws licov ntsiab lus raws li cov chav kawm ntawm inorganic chemistry. Cov kab ntawm lub rooj qhia cov ntsiab lus nyob ntawm lub cev thiab tshuaj lom neeg, nyob rau hauv kab - lub sij hawm zoo sib xws.
Cov tshuaj yooj yim hauv inorganics
Ib kos npe rau hauv lub rooj ntu ntu thiab cov khoom yooj yim hauv lub xeev dawb feem ntau yog qhov sib txawv. Nyob rau hauv thawj rooj plaub, tsuas yog ib hom ntawm atoms yog reflected, nyob rau hauv lub thib ob - hom kev sib txuas ntawm hais thiab lawv cov kev sib nrig sib cuam tshuam nyob rau hauv cov ntaub ntawv ruaj khov.
Cov tshuaj lom neeg hauv cov khoom yooj yim txiav txim siab lawv faib rau hauv tsev neeg. Yog li, ob qho tib si ntawm pawg atoms tuaj yeem paub qhov txawv - hlau thiab tsis yog hlau. Thawj tsev neeg suav nrog 96 yam ntawm 118 tau kawm.
Metals
Hlau hom txhais tau tias muaj tib lub npe sib txuas ntawm cov khoom. Kev sib cuam tshuam yog raws li kev sib raug zoo ntawm cov hluav taws xob ntawm lub lattice, uas yog tus cwj pwm los ntawm kev tsis ncaj ncees thiab kev tsis txaus ntseeg. Yog vim li cas cov hlau ua kom sov thiab tsub kom zoo, muaj cov xim hlau ci, malleability thiab ductility.
Conventionally, hlau yog nyob rau sab laug nyob rau hauv lub sij hawm lub sij hawm thaum ib tug ncaj kab yog kos los ntawm boron mus rau astatine. Cov ntsiab lus nyob ze ntawm qhov chaw rau kab no feem ntau yog ib thaj tsam ntawm thaj tsam thiab nthuav tawm cov khoom muaj zog (piv txwv li, germanium).
Hlau feem ntau tsim cov ntsiab lus yooj yim. Lub xeev oxidation ntawm cov khoom no feem ntau tsis tshaj ob. Nyob rau hauv ib pab pawg, metallicity nce, thaum nyob rau hauv ib lub sij hawm nws txo. Piv txwv li, radioactive francium nthuav tawm cov khoom tseem ceeb tshaj li sodium, thiab hauvHauv tsev neeg halogen, iodine txawm muaj xim hlau.
Txwv tsis pub, qhov xwm txheej yog nyob rau lub sijhawm - cov pa roj inert ua tiav cov sublevels, ua ntej uas muaj cov khoom sib txawv. Nyob rau hauv kab rov tav qhov chaw ntawm lub sij hawm lub sij hawm, lub manifested reactivity ntawm lub ntsiab hloov los ntawm lub hauv paus los ntawm amphoteric mus rau acidic. Cov hlau yog cov zoo txo cov neeg ua haujlwm (tau txais cov khoom siv hluav taws xob thaum tsim cov ntawv cog lus).
Nonmetals
Hom atom no suav nrog hauv cov chav kawm tseem ceeb ntawm inorganic chemistry. Cov hlau tsis yog hlau nyob sab xis ntawm lub rooj sib tham, uas feem ntau yog acidic zog. Feem ntau, cov ntsiab lus no tshwm sim nyob rau hauv daim ntawv ntawm kev sib txuas nrog ib leeg (piv txwv li, borates, sulfates, dej). Nyob rau hauv lub xeev dawb molecular, lub hav zoov ntawm leej faj, oxygen thiab nitrogen yog paub. Kuj tseem muaj ntau cov pa roj carbon diatomic tsis yog hlau - ntxiv rau ob qho saum toj no, cov no suav nrog hydrogen, fluorine, bromine, chlorine thiab iodine.
Cov no yog cov khoom siv ntau tshaj plaws hauv ntiaj teb - silicon, hydrogen, oxygen thiab carbon yog qhov tshwj xeeb. Iodine, selenium thiab arsenic tsis tshua muaj heev (qhov no kuj suav nrog cov xov tooj cua thiab tsis ruaj khov, uas nyob rau lub sijhawm kawg ntawm lub rooj).
Hauv cov tebchaw, cov hlau tsis yog hlau coj feem ntau ua cov kua qaub. Lawv yog cov muaj zog oxidizing cov neeg ua haujlwm vim muaj peev xwm txuas ntxiv tus lej ntawm cov hluav taws xob kom tiav qib.
Cov tshuaj tsis sib haum hauv inorganics
Ntxiv rau cov tshuaj uas sawv cev los ntawm ib pawg ntawm atoms,kev sib txawv yog tsim los ntawm cov tebchaw uas muaj ntau yam sib txawv. Cov khoom zoo li no tuaj yeem ua binary (muaj ob qhov sib txawv), peb-, plaub-ntu thiab lwm yam.
Ob lub ntsiab lus
Chemistry muab qhov tseem ceeb tshwj xeeb rau binarity ntawm bonds hauv molecules. Cov chav kawm ntawm inorganic tebchaw kuj raug txiav txim siab los ntawm qhov pom ntawm qhov kev sib txuas ntawm cov atoms. Nws tuaj yeem yog ionic, metallic, covalent (polar lossis non-polar), lossis sib xyaw. Feem ntau, cov khoom no qhia meej meej (nyob rau hauv lub xub ntiag ntawm hlau), amforteric (dual - tshwj xeeb tshaj yog cov yam ntxwv ntawm txhuas) los yog acidic (yog hais tias muaj ib lub caij nrog oxidation xeev ntawm +4 thiab siab dua) zoo.
Peb-sib koom nrog
Cov ncauj lus ntawm inorganic chemistry muab rau kev txiav txim siab ntawm hom kev sib xyaw ntawm atoms. Cov tshuaj uas muaj ntau tshaj li ob pawg ntawm cov atoms (feem ntau inorganics cuam tshuam nrog peb-element hom) feem ntau yog tsim nrog kev koom tes ntawm cov khoom sib txawv ntawm ib leeg nyob rau hauv physicochemical tsis.
Cov hom nyiaj tau los yog covalent, ionic thiab sib xyaw. Feem ntau, peb lub ntsiab lus zoo sib xws hauv kev coj tus cwj pwm rau binary vim qhov tseeb tias ib qho ntawm lub zog ntawm interatomic kev sib cuam tshuam muaj zog ntau dua li lwm tus: qhov tsis muaj zog yog tsim thib ob thiab muaj peev xwm sib cais sai dua hauv kev daws teeb meem.
chav kawm ntawm inorganic chemistry
Feem ntau ntawm cov khoom kawm hauv cov chav kawm inorganic tuaj yeem txiav txim siab los ntawm kev faib tawm yooj yim nyob ntawm lawv cov muaj pes tsawg leeg thiabkhoom. Yog li, hydroxides, acids, oxides thiab ntsev yog qhov txawv. Kev txiav txim siab ntawm lawv txoj kev sib raug zoo yog qhov zoo dua los pib nrog kev paub nrog lub tswv yim ntawm cov ntaub ntawv oxidized, uas yuav luag txhua yam khoom siv tsis zoo tuaj yeem tshwm sim. Cov chemistry ntawm cov neeg koom tes no tau tham hauv tshooj ntawm oxides.
Oxides
Oxide yog ib qho chaw ntawm cov khoom siv tshuaj nrog oxygen hauv lub xeev oxidation sib npaug rau -2 (hauv peroxides -1, feem). Bond tsim tshwm sim vim qhov recoil thiab txuas ntawm electrons nrog txo O2 (thaum oxygen yog cov khoom electronegative tshaj plaws).
tuaj yeem nthuav tawm ob qho acidic, thiab amphoteric, thiab cov khoom siv yooj yim, nyob ntawm pawg thib ob ntawm atoms. Yog hais tias nws yog hlau, nyob rau hauv lub oxide nws tsis tshaj lub oxidation lub xeev ntawm +2, yog hais tias nws yog ib tug tsis-hlau - los ntawm +4 thiab saum toj no. Hauv cov qauv nrog ob qhov xwm txheej ntawm qhov ntsuas, tus nqi +3.
Acids hauv inorganics
Cov tshuaj acidic muaj qhov nruab nrab cov tshuaj tiv thaiv tsawg dua 7 vim yog cov ntsiab lus ntawm hydrogen cations, uas tuaj yeem nkag mus rau hauv cov tshuaj thiab tom qab ntawd hloov los ntawm cov hlau ion. Los ntawm kev faib tawm, lawv yog cov tshuaj complex. Feem ntau cov kua qaub tuaj yeem tau los ntawm diluting cov oxides sib xws nrog dej, piv txwv li, hauv kev tsim cov sulfuric acid tom qab dej ntawm SO3.
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Basic Inorganic Chemistry
Cov khoom ntawm cov tshuaj no yog vim muaj cov hydroxyl radical OH, uas muab cov tshuaj tiv thaiv ntawm qhov nruab nrab saum toj no 7. Soluble bases hu uaalkalis, lawv yog cov muaj zog tshaj plaws nyob rau hauv cov chav kawm ntawm cov tshuaj no vim tag dissociation (lwj mus rau hauv ions nyob rau hauv ib tug kua). Pab pawg OH hauv kev tsim cov ntsev tuaj yeem hloov tau los ntawm acidic residues.
Inorganic chemistry yog ob txoj kev tshawb fawb uas tuaj yeem piav qhia txog cov tshuaj los ntawm ntau qhov kev xav. Hauv txoj kev tshawb xav protolytic, cov hauv paus raug suav tias yog hydrogen cation txais. Txoj hauv kev no nthuav dav lub tswv yim ntawm chav kawm ntawm cov khoom no, hu ua alkali txhua yam khoom uas tuaj yeem txais tau ib qho proton.
Sats
hom tshuaj sib xyaw no yog nruab nrab ntawm cov hauv paus thiab cov kua qaub, vim nws yog cov khoom ntawm lawv cov kev sib cuam tshuam. Yog li, cov hlau ion (qee zaum ammonium, phosphonium, lossis hydroxonium) feem ntau ua raws li cation, thiab cov kua qaub residue ua cov tshuaj anionic. Thaum cov ntsev tsim, hydrogen hloov los ntawm lwm yam khoom.
Nyob ntawm qhov sib piv ntawm tus naj npawb ntawm cov reagents thiab lawv lub zog sib raug zoo rau ib leeg, nws yog qhov tsim nyog los txiav txim siab ntau hom khoom sib cuam tshuam:
- cov ntsev yog tau txais yog tias cov pab pawg hydroxyl tsis hloov tag nrho (cov tshuaj no muaj cov tshuaj tiv thaiv alkaline);
- acids ntsev yog tsim nyob rau hauv cov ntaub ntawv opposite - nrog ib tug tsis muaj ib tug reacting puag, hydrogen ib feem nyob rau hauv lub compound;
- Qhov nto moo tshaj plaws thiab nkag siab yooj yim tshaj plaws yog qhov nruab nrab (lossis ib txwm) cov qauv - lawv yog cov khoom lag luam ntawm kev ua kom tiav ntawm cov tshuaj reagents nrog kev tsim cov dej thiab cov khoom siv nrog tsuas yog cov hlau cation lossis nws cov analogue thiab cov kua qaub seem..
Inorganic chemistry yog ib qho kev tshawb fawb uas koom nrogkev faib ntawm txhua chav kawm rau hauv cov khoom tawg uas tau txiav txim siab ntawm lub sijhawm sib txawv: qee qhov - ua ntej, lwm tus - tom qab. Nrog rau kev tshawb fawb tob ntxiv, 4 ntau hom ntsev yog qhov txawv:
- Ob chav muaj ib qho anion nyob rau hauv lub xub ntiag ntawm ob cations. Feem ntau cov tshuaj no tau txais los ntawm kev sib koom ua ke ob cov ntsev nrog tib cov kua qaub seem, tab sis cov hlau sib txawv.
- hom sib xyaw yog qhov sib txawv ntawm qhov dhau los: nws lub hauv paus yog ib qho cation nrog ob qhov sib txawv.
- Crystal hydrates - ntsev, hauv cov mis uas muaj dej hauv lub xeev crystallized.
- Complexes yog cov khoom uas muaj cation, anion los yog ob qho tib si ntawm lawv tau nthuav tawm nyob rau hauv daim ntawv ntawm pawg nrog ib tug tsim. Cov ntsev no tuaj yeem tau txais los ntawm cov ntsiab lus ntawm pawg B.
Lwm yam khoom muaj nyob rau hauv lub rooj cob qhia inorganic chemistry uas tuaj yeem muab cais ua cov ntsev lossis cais cov tshooj ntawm kev paub suav nrog hydrides, nitrides, carbides thiab intermetallides (cov khoom ntawm ntau cov hlau uas tsis yog alloy).
Results
Inorganic chemistry yog ib qho kev tshawb fawb uas txaus siab rau txhua tus kws tshaj lij hauv daim teb no, tsis hais nws nyiam. Nws suav nrog thawj tshooj kawm hauv tsev kawm hauv cov ncauj lus no. Cov chav kawm ntawm inorganic chemistry muab rau lub systematization ntawm ntau cov ntaub ntawv raws li ib tug nkag siab thiab yooj yim faib.
