Kev sib cav txog leej twg nrhiav pom lub tshuab hluav taws xob tsis tau ploj mus txog tam sim no. Nyob rau hauv lub luag hauj lwm ntawm tus founder ntawm lub elementary particle, dua li Joseph Thomson, ib co historians ntawm science pom Hendrik Lorentz thiab Peter Zeeman, lwm tus - Emil Wiechert, tseem lwm tus - Philip Lenard. Yog li leej twg yog tus kws tshawb fawb uas tshawb pom lub electron?
Atom txhais tias tsis sib cais
Lub tswvyim ntawm "atom" tau qhia rau kev siv los ntawm cov kws tshawb fawb. Cov neeg Greek thaum ub Leucippus nyob rau xyoo pua 5 BC. e. qhia tias txhua yam hauv ntiaj teb no yog tsim los ntawm cov khoom me me. Nws cov tub ntxhais kawm - Democritus, hu ua lawv atoms. Raws li tus kws tshawb fawb, atoms yog "cib" ntawm lub qab ntuj khwb, indivisible thiab nyob mus ib txhis. Cov khoom ntawm cov khoom nyob ntawm lawv cov duab thiab cov qauv sab nraud: cov atoms ntawm cov dej ntws yog du, cov hlau muaj cov hniav uas muab cov tawv tawv rau lub cev.
Tus kws tshawb fawb Lavxias zoo tshaj M. V. Lomonosov, tus tsim ntawm atomic-molecular txoj kev xav, ntseeg tias nyob rau hauv cov khoom ntawm cov khoom yooj yim, corpuscles (molecules) yog tsim los ntawm ib hom atoms, complex - los ntawm ntau hom.
Tus kws qhia tus kheej John D alton (Manchester) hauv xyoo 1803, vam khom raukev sim cov ntaub ntawv thiab, noj qhov loj ntawm hydrogen atoms raws li ib tug pa unit, tsim cov txheeb ze atomic masses ntawm ib co ntsiab. Lub atomistic txoj kev xav ntawm tus neeg Askiv yog qhov tseem ceeb rau kev txhim kho ntxiv ntawm chemistry thiab physics.
Leej twg nrhiav tau lub electron?
Thaum pib ntawm lub xyoo pua 20th, ntau cov ntaub ntawv sim tau sau tseg, ua pov thawj qhov nyuaj ntawm cov qauv ntawm lub atom. Cov no suav nrog qhov tshwm sim ntawm cov nyhuv photoelectric (G. Hertz, A. Stoletov 1887), nrhiav pom cathode (Yu. Plyukker, V. Kruks, 1870) thiab X-ray (V. Roentgen, 1895) rays, radioactivity (A.. Becquerel, 1896).
Cov kws tshawb fawb uas tau ua haujlwm nrog cov kab hluav taws xob cathode faib ua ob lub chaw pw hav zoov: qee qhov xav tias qhov nthwv dej ntawm qhov tshwm sim, lwm tus - corpuscular. Cov txiaj ntsig pom tau tau ua tiav los ntawm tus xibfwb ntawm Tsev Kawm Qib Siab Qib Siab (Lille, Fabkis) Jean Baptiste Peren. Xyoo 1895, nws tau pom los ntawm kev sim ua kom pom cov kab hluav taws xob cathode yog cov kwj ntawm cov khoom tsis zoo. Tej zaum Peren yog physicist uas nrhiav tau lub electron?
Physicist thiab mathematician George Stoney (Royal Irish University, Dublin) hauv 1874 tau hais tawm qhov kev xav txog qhov tsis sib xws ntawm hluav taws xob. Nyob rau xyoo twg thiab leej twg tau pom electron? Hauv chav kawm ntawm kev sim ua haujlwm ntawm electrolysis, nws yog D. Stoney uas txiav txim siab tus nqi ntawm qhov tsawg kawg nkaus tus nqi hluav taws xob (txawm li cas los xij, qhov tshwm sim tau txais (10 -20C) yog 16 zaug tsawg dua. qhov tseeb). Xyoo 1891, tus kws tshawb fawb Irish hu ua chav tsev ntawm cov nqi hluav taws xob "electron" (los ntawm Greek thaum ub."amber").
Ib xyoos tom qab, Hendrik Lawrence (Leiden University, Netherlands) tsim cov kev cai tseem ceeb ntawm nws txoj kev xav hauv hluav taws xob, raws li cov qauv ntawm cov khoom siv raws li cov nqi hluav taws xob sib cais. Cov kws tshawb fawb no tsis suav tias yog tus neeg nrhiav pom ntawm cov particle, tab sis lawv cov kev tshawb xav thiab kev tshawb fawb tau los ua lub hauv paus txhim khu kev qha rau Thomson qhov kev tshawb pom yav tom ntej.
Txoj Kev Txaus Siab
Ntawm lo lus nug ntawm leej twg thiab thaum twg nrhiav tau lub tshuab hluav taws xob, cov ntawv sau ntawv muab cov lus teb meej thiab tsis meej - Joseph John Thomson xyoo 1897. Yog li dab tsi yog qhov txiaj ntsig ntawm tus kws kho mob Askiv?
Txiv leej txiv ntawm tus thawj tswj hwm yav tom ntej ntawm Royal Society of London yog ib tus neeg muag ntawv thiab txij li thaum yau tau txhawb nqa nws tus tub txoj kev hlub rau cov ntawv luam tawm thiab xav tau kev paub tshiab. Tom qab kawm tiav Owens College (txij li xyoo 1903 - University of Manchester) thiab University of Cambridge xyoo 1880, tus tub ntxhais kawm lej Joseph Thomson tau koom nrog Cavendish Laboratory. Cov kev tshawb fawb sim ua kom txaus siab rau tus kws tshawb fawb hluas. Cov npoj yaig tau sau tseg nws qhov kev tsis txaus siab, kev txiav txim siab thiab kev txaus siab tshwj xeeb rau kev ua haujlwm.
Nyob rau xyoo 1884, thaum muaj hnub nyoog 28 xyoo, Thomson tau raug tsa los ua Tus Thawj Coj ntawm Lub Chaw Haujlwm, ua tiav Tswv C. Rayleigh. Raws li kev coj noj coj ua ntawm Thomson, chav kuaj hauv 35 xyoo tom ntej no tau dhau los ua ib lub chaw loj tshaj plaws ntawm lub ntiaj teb physics. E. Rutherford, N. Bohr, P. Langevin pib taug kev ntawm no.
Tau nthuav dav
Thomson pib nws txoj haujlwm ntawm kev kawm txog cov kab hluav taws xob cathode los ntawm kev tshuaj xyuas cov kev simnws predecessors. Rau ntau qhov kev sim, cov cuab yeej tshwj xeeb tau ua raws li tus kheej kos duab ntawm tus thawj coj ntawm chav kuaj. Tom qab tau txais kev lees paub zoo ntawm qhov kev sim, Thomson tsis xav tias yuav tsum nres. Nws pom nws lub luag haujlwm tseem ceeb hauv kev txiav txim siab ntau npaum li cas ntawm cov duab hluav taws xob thiab lawv cov khoom siv.
Lub raj tshiab, tsim los rau cov kev sim hauv qab no, suav nrog tsis yog cov cathode li ib txwm thiab nrawm electrodes (hauv daim phiaj thiab cov nplhaib) nrog rau qhov tsis sib xws. Qhov ntws ntawm corpuscles raug coj mus rau ib qho screen uas npog nrog ib txheej nyias ntawm cov teeb meem uas ci ntsa iab thaum cov khoom tsoo. Cov dej ntws yuav tsum tau tswj los ntawm kev sib xyaw ua ke ntawm hluav taws xob thiab sib nqus teb.
Parts ntawm ib atom
Yuav nyuaj ua ib tug tho kev. Nws yog qhov nyuaj dua los tiv thaiv ib qho kev txiav txim siab, uas khiav tawm tsam cov ntsiab lus uas tau tsim los rau ntau txhiab xyoo. Kev ntseeg ntawm koj tus kheej, hauv koj pab neeg, ua Thomson yog tus neeg nrhiav pom lub tshuab hluav taws xob.
Kev paub tau muab cov txiaj ntsig zoo kawg. Qhov loj ntawm cov khoom tau hloov mus rau 2 txhiab zaus tsawg dua li ntawm hydrogen ions. Qhov piv ntawm tus nqi ntawm lub cev mus rau nws qhov loj tsis yog nyob ntawm tus nqi ntws, cov khoom ntawm cov khoom siv cathode, lossis qhov xwm txheej ntawm qhov nruab nrab gaseous uas qhov paug tshwm sim. Ib qho kev txiav txim siab tau pom tias qhov tsis sib haum xeeb ntawm txhua lub hauv paus: corpuscles yog universal hais txog ntawm cov teeb meem nyob rau hauv muaj pes tsawg leeg ntawm ib tug atom. Sij hawm dhau mus, Thomson mob siab rau thiab ua tib zoo xyuas cov txiaj ntsig ntawm kev sim thiab suav. Thaum tsis muaj qhov tsis ntseeg, ib tsab ntawv ceeb toom tau hais txog qhov xwm txheej ntawm cathode rays rau Royal Society of London. Thaum lub caij nplooj ntoos hlav xyoo 1897, lub atomceased yuav indivisible. Xyoo 1906, Joseph Thomson tau txais qhov khoom plig Nobel hauv Physics.
Tsis paub Johann Wiechert
Lub npe ntawm Johann Emil Wiechert, tus xibfwb ntawm geophysics ntawm Köningsbör thiab tom qab ntawd Göttingen University, tus kws tshawb fawb ntawm peb lub ntiaj teb seismography, paub zoo dua hauv kev ua haujlwm ntawm geologists thiab geography. Tab sis nws kuj paub txog physicists. Qhov no yog tib tus neeg uas raug kev tshawb fawb, nrog rau Thomson, lees paub tias yog tus nrhiav pom ntawm electron. Thiab kom meej meej, txoj haujlwm piav qhia txog Wiechert qhov kev sim thiab kev suav tau luam tawm thaum Lub Ib Hlis 1897 - plaub lub hlis ua ntej tshaj li tus neeg Askiv tsab ntawv ceeb toom. Leej twg pom lub electron twb tau txiav txim siab keeb kwm, tab sis qhov tseeb tseem nyob.
Rau siv: Thomson tsis tau siv lo lus "electron" hauv ib qho ntawm nws tej hauj lwm. Nws siv lub npe "corpuscles".
Leej twg nrhiav tau cov proton, neutron thiab electron?
Tom qab kev tshawb pom thawj zaug ntawm qhov pib, cov kev xav tau pib ua rau cov qauv ua tau ntawm lub atom. Ib qho ntawm thawj tus qauv tau thov los ntawm Thomson nws tus kheej. Ib qho atom, nws hais tias, zoo li ib daim ntawm raisin paj npleg: cov khoom tsis zoo yog embedded rau hauv lub cev zoo.
Xyoo 1911, Ernest Rutherford (New Zealand, Great Britain) tau hais tias tus qauv ntawm lub atom muaj cov qauv ntawm lub ntiaj teb. Ob xyoos tom qab ntawd, nws tau tshaj tawm qhov kev xav txog qhov muaj txiaj ntsig zoo hauv lub nucleus ntawm lub atom thiab, tau txais nws sim, hu ua proton. Nws kuj tau kwv yees tias muaj nyob rau hauv lub nucleus ntawm ib tug nruab nrab particle nrog loj ntawm ib tug proton (lub neutron twb nrhiav tau nyob rau hauv 1932 los ntawm tus kws tshawb fawb Askiv J. Chadwick). Xyoo 1918, Yauxej Thomson tau muab kev tswj hwm ntawm chav kuaj rau Ernest Rutherford.
Puas yog qhov yuav tsum tau hais tias qhov kev tshawb pom ntawm lub tshuab hluav taws xob tau tso cai rau peb saib tshiab ntawm hluav taws xob, sib nqus thiab kho qhov muag ntawm cov teeb meem. Nws yog ib qho nyuaj rau overestimate lub luag hauj lwm ntawm Thomson thiab nws cov thwjtim nyob rau hauv kev loj hlob ntawm atomic thiab nuclear physics.
