Keeb kwm ntawm qhov tshwm sim ntawm thawj lub xeev nyob rau thaj tsam ntawm Tsarist Russia hnub rov qab mus rau 1708. Hom chav tsev no tau siv sijhawm txog xyoo 1929. Ua li no, kev faib thaj chaw ntawm lub xeev mus rau cov thawj coj me me tau ua tiav, zoo ib yam li kev faib hauv cheeb tsam.
Keeb kwm ntawm qhov tshwm sim ntawm lub xeev Smolensk
Thaum lub sijhawm tsim yim lub xeev los ntawm Peter I hauv xyoo 1708, Smolensk xeev tau tsim nrog lwm tus. Cov av ntawm thaj av no yav dhau los yog ib feem ntawm ib thaj chaw ib puag ncig thiab tau nyob hauv European ib feem ntawm lub tebchaws. Lub xeev Smolensk muaj nyob rau xyoo 1929, tom qab ntawd dhau los ua ib cheeb tsam thaum hloov kho thaj chaw ntawm Soviet Union. Smolensk tau suav hais tias yog lub nroog loj hauv nroog.
Qhov chaw tshwj xeeb ntawm thaj av ntawm thaj chaw thaj chaw ntawm Tsarist Russia tau ua kom muaj kev sib ze thiab kev lag luam nrog ntau lwm lub xeev.
Lub xeev ciam teb rau thaj av hauv qab no:
• Tver xeev (sab qaum teb thiab sab hnub tuaj);
• Moscow thiab Kaluga (los ntawm sab hnub tuaj);
• Oryol (los ntawm sab qab teb -Sab hnub tuaj);
• Chernihiv (los ntawm sab qab teb);
• Mogilev (los ntawm sab hnub poob);
• Vitebsk thiab Pskov (los ntawm sab qaum teb hnub poob).
Kev hloov pauv ntawm thaj av
Lub xeev tshiab Smolensk muaj txog kaum xya lub nroog. Qhov loj tshaj ntawm lawv: Roslavl, Smolensk, Bely, Vyazma, Dorogobuzh. Txawm li cas los xij, xyoo 1713 lub xeev tau raug tshem tawm, nws qhov loj tshaj plaws mus rau lub xeev ntawm Riga xeev.
Tom qab ntawd, kaum peb xyoos tom qab, nws tau rov qab ib nrab. Nws suav nrog tsib lub nroog: Dorogobuzh, Belsky, Smolensky, Vyazemsky thiab Roslavl. Vim muaj kev hloov pauv ntawm thaj chaw, xya lub nroog tshiab tau suav nrog: Kasplyansky, Elninsky, Krasninsky, Gzhatsky, Sychevsky, Porechsky, Ruposovsky. Ob peb xyoos tom qab, Ruposovsky thiab Kasplinsky nroog tau hloov mus rau Yukhnovsky thiab Dukhovshchinsky. Thiab tsuas yog nyob rau hauv 1796 lub tswv xeev tau hloov kho dua rau hauv lub xeev.
Lub sijhawm xyoo 1802 txog 1918, kaum ob lub nroog tau suav nrog hauv cov npe ntawm Smolensk xeev. Cov cheeb tsam me tshaj plaws tau nyob los ntawm Sychevsky - 2825 square mais.
Cov cheeb tsam thaj chaw tswj hwm ntawm Smolensk xeev:
• Yukhnovsky;
• Vyazemsky;
• Belsky;
• Gzhatsky;
• Dukhovshchinsky;
• Elninsky; • Sychevsky;
• Dorogobuzh;
• Roslavl;
• Smolensk;
• Porechsky;
• Krasninsky.
Bcounties, 241 volosts, 4130 cov neeg nyob deb nroog thiab txog 14 txhiab ntau qhov chaw tau sau npe. Tsis tas li ntawd, muaj yim qhov chaw nyob thiab muaj txog 600 lub zos nyob rau thaj tsam ntawm lub xeev. Lwm qhov chaw nyob yog ua liaj ua teb, cov zos me, ua liaj ua teb. Qhov ntev ntawm lub xeev Smolensk yog 340 versts (ib tug verst sib haum mus rau niaj hnub 1067 meters). Nws thaj chaw tag nrho me ntsis dhau 49,212 square mais.
Pabneeg
Raws li kev suav pej xeem xyoo 1897, cov pej xeem ntawm lub xeev Smolensk muaj ntau tshaj li ib thiab ib nrab lab tus neeg nyob. Tsawg tshaj li kaum feem pua ntawm cov pej xeem nyob hauv nroog, kwv yees li 121 txhiab tus pej xeem. Ua ntej qhov kev tshem tawm ntawm serfdom nyob rau hauv 1761, tus naj npawb ntawm serfs mus txog 70% ntawm tag nrho cov pejxeem.
Smolensk xeev muaj tus nqi siab tshaj plaws ntawm cov neeg tsis pub dawb ntawm txhua lub xeev ntawm Tsarist Russia. Nyob rau hauv nruab nrab, muaj txog 60 serfs ib nobleman. Thaum kawg ntawm lub xyoo pua puv 19, muaj 13 lub tsev teev ntuj, 763 lub tsev teev ntuj thiab ib lub zej zog nyob rau hauv lub xeev Smolensk. Qhov feem pua ntawm cov txiv plig yog 0.6% ntawm tag nrho cov pej xeem nyob. Smolensk Governorate raws li ib cheeb tsam cais tsis tau muaj nyob rau hauv 1929, thiab nws cov av tau annexed mus rau Western Region.
Kev lag luam thiab kev ua liaj ua teb los ntawm cheeb tsam
Lub zos ntawm lub xeev Smolensk tau nto moo rau lawv cov neeg txawj tanners thiab weavers. Cov neeg nyob hauv zos tau koom nrog kev ua liaj ua teb, cultivated cereals: rye, oats, buckwheat, nplej. Hauv cheeb tsam Rostislav, nws tau loj hlobmillet nyob rau hauv ib qho me me. Hemp thiab flax tau cog rau hauv lub nroog Vyazemsky thiab Sychevsky. Nyob rau hauv lub zos ntawm Tesovo, Sychevsky koog tsev kawm ntawv, muaj ib tug flax-dej chaw nres tsheb. Weaving thiab spinning mills nyob rau hauv lub zos ntawm Yartsevo, Dukhovshchina koog tsev kawm ntawv. Kev sib tw thiab tawv ntau lawm ua haujlwm hauv cheeb tsam Rostislav. Kev tsim cov khoom siv lead ua casting thiab kev ua cov ntoo kuj tau dav. Hauv Belsky - tar thiab cib lag luam.
Smolensk xeev tau nto moo rau nws lub vaj. Lawv feem ntau koom nrog kev yug me nyuam ntau yam ntawm txiv apples, plums thiab pears. Apples tau muag rau Moscow. Tab sis lub xeev Smolensk tau nto moo tsis yog rau nws txoj kev ua liaj ua teb xwb.
cheeb tsam Smolensk
cheeb tsam no yog thaj chaw muaj neeg coob tshaj plaws piv rau lwm thaj av. Cov neeg nyob hauv zos ua lag luam ua lag luam feem ntau nrog cov Lithuanians. Lub nroog Roslavl feem ntau koom nrog kev ua liaj ua teb.
Tsuas yog ntawm no loj hlob buckwheat, barley thiab millet. Thawj zaug, Smolensk Agrarian Society tau tsim los rau kev loj hlob ntawm kev ua liaj ua teb. Muaj warehouses ntawm cov tshuab ua liaj ua teb thiab cov khoom siv. Kev taw qhia txog lub pliav los hloov lub ploj yog qhov ua tau zoo heev. Cov cuab yeej, ua los ntawm cov neeg ua haujlwm hauv zos, tsis qis dua rau lub Hoobkas qauv.
Los ntawm 1880, muaj 954 cov chaw tsim khoom thiab cov chaw tsim khoom hauv Smolensk xeev. Hauv kaum yim xyoo tom ntej, tus naj npawb ntawm cov chaw tsim khoom thiab cov chaw tsim khoom tau nce los ntawm yim puas units. Tshwj xeeb, cheese khoom noj khoom haus tau tsim thiab txhim kho, feem ntau yog nyob rau hauv cov cheeb tsam sab hnub tuaj ntawm lub xeev.
Zoo kawg
Aboutkwv yees li 1000 xyoo dhau los nws tau pom tseeb tias rau kev ua haujlwm zoo ntawm lub xeev, kev faib rau cov thawj coj-ib thaj tsam yog qhov tsim nyog. Thawj qhov hais txog hnub rov qab mus rau xyoo pua 10 AD. Ntxhais fuabtais Olga faib cov av Novgorod rau hauv qhov ntxa. Tom qab ntawd, nyob rau hauv lub xyoo pua 15th, Ivan lub txaus ntshai muab faib lub Novgorod thaj chaw rau pyatins. Thaum pib ntawm lub xyoo pua 18th, lub tswv yim ntawm cov xeev thiab cov nroog tau qhia. Nws yog lawv uas tau los ua tus qauv ntawm cov cheeb tsam niaj hnub no thiab cov cheeb tsam.
