Txhua tus tub ntxhais kawm paub tias cov ntaub ntawv tshawb fawb tsis yog yuav tsum tau sau kom raug nkaus xwb, tab sis kuj yuav tsum tau muab formatted kom raug. Nov yog qhov kuv xav tham hauv kab lus no.
GOST
Ua ntej tshaj plaws, Kuv xav hais tias muaj qee qhov yuav tsum tau ua rau kev tsim cov ntawv sau, suav nrog ntau yam GOSTs. Yog li dab tsi yog qhov yuav tsum tau xav txog?
- qauv. Txawm hais tias yuav tsum muaj cov ntaub ntawv sab hauv, txhua tus ntawm lawv yuav tsum muaj cov qauv qauv thiab muaj cov nplooj ntawv npe, cov ntsiab lus, kev taw qhia, qhov tseem ceeb, cov lus xaus (thiab cov lus pom zoo), phau ntawv teev npe, ntawv thov.
- Cov haujlwm no yuav tsum tau luam tawm ntawm A4 nplooj ntawv.
- Indents - uas yog lwm yam suav nrog kev tsim cov ntaub ntawv (piv txwv: sab saum toj thiab hauv qab - 2 cm txhua; sab laug - 2.5-3 cm; sab xis - 1.5 cm).
- Qhov sib nrug ntawm kab ib txwm yog ib thiab ib nrab, qhov nkag ntawm kab liab yog 1.3 cm, Times New Roman font, loj 14.
- Raws li ntawm nplooj ntawv npog, nws tau muab tus lej1, tab sis nws tsis luam.
- New section pib ntawm nplooj ntawv tshiab.
- Tag nrho cov nyiaj ua haujlwm - los ntawm 20 mus rau 60 daim ntawv (nyob ntawm cov ncauj lus thiab cov kev xav tau).
Cov kev cai no raug suav tias yog tus qauv, lawv tsis hloov pauv thiab ua raws li nruj me ntsis. Lwm yam yuav txawv nyob ntawm seb tus kws qhia ntawv lossis chav haujlwm yuav tsum tau ua.
Nyob zoo ib tsoom niam txiv kwv tij neej tsas sawv daws.
Ib qho kev tshawb fawb (cov ntawv sau lossis daim ntawv kawm tiav) pib nrog nplooj ntawv npe. Nws yuav tsum saib li cas? Ua ntej tshaj plaws, nws tsim nyog hais tias nws yog ib qho tseem ceeb los tham txog kev tsim cov ntawv sau nrog cov neeg ua haujlwm ntawm lub tuam tsev (piv txwv li: cov nuances xws li "Ua tiav" thiab "Xaiv" tuaj yeem pom txawv ntawm nplooj ntawv npe). Txawm li cas los xij, tseem muaj qee qhov kev cai dav dav.
- Nyob rau sab saum toj ntawm nplooj ntawv, ua raws cov ntawv mus rau qhov chaw, koj yuav tsum sau tag nrho lub npe ntawm lub tsev kawm ntawv, nyob rau kab tom ntej - cov kws qhia ntawv, qhia lub tuam tsev hauv qab no.
- Nyob rau hauv nruab nrab ntawm nplooj ntawv, dua, aligning cov ntawv mus rau qhov chaw, koj yuav tsum tau qhia lub ntsiab lus ntawm lub sij hawm daim ntawv, ib tug me ntsis qis - cov ntsiab lus uas nws tau ua.
- Tom ntej no, koj yuav tsum qhia tias leej twg sau txoj haujlwm thiab leej twg yuav lees txais. Feem ntau cov khoom "Ua tiav" yog sau rau ntawm sab xis - lub npe ntawm cov tub ntxhais kawm, chav kawm, pab pawg tau qhia rau ntawd. Hauv qab no tej zaum yuav muaj ib yam khoom "Tshawb xyuas", qhov twg lub npe tag nrho thiab kev kawm qib siab ntawm tus kws qhia ntawv yuav raug qhia (cov khoom no tuaj yeem muab tso rau sab laug ntawm nplooj ntawv), cov khoom "Kev Ntsuas" yuav ua raws li hauv qab no, qhov twg tus kws qhia ntawv yuav teeb tus naj npawb ntawm cov ntsiab lus rau kev ua haujlwm, hnub xa khoom tuaj yeem raug txheeb xyuas,yuav tsum tau kos npe rau tus neeg txheeb xyuas.
- Ntawm kawg ntawm nplooj ntawv, hauv nws qhov chaw, lub nroog uas lub tsev kawm ntawv nyob thiab qhia xyoo tam sim no.
Cov ntsiab lus
Cia mus ntxiv, kawm txog kev tsim cov ntawv sau thiab cov ntawv no. Cov khoom uas yuav tsum tau ua tom ntej yog "Cov ntsiab lus", qhov twg tag nrho cov ntsiab lus ntawm kev ua haujlwm raug sau, ntawm qhov tsis sib xws, cov nplooj ntawv yuav tsum muaj. Daim ntawv pib nrog lub npe, uas yog sau rau hauv cov ntawv loj nyob rau hauv qhov chaw. Hauv qab no yog cov ntaub ntawv tseem ceeb. Nws yog ntshaw kom muab cov ntawv tso rau ntawm ib nplooj ntawv. Tsis tas li ntawd, daim ntawv no tsis suav nrog, txawm hais tias nws tus lej yog 2.
Introduction
Lub luag haujlwm tom ntej thiab tseem ceeb heev ntawm txhua daim ntawv tshawb fawb yog "Introduction". Ntawm no nws yog ib qho tseem ceeb sib npaug kom paub seb qhov tsim ntawm cov ntaub ntawv yuav tsum zoo li cas (ib qho piv txwv ntawm kev sau qhov no feem ntau tuaj yeem pom hauv chav ua haujlwm ntawm chav haujlwm). Cov ntsiab lus hauv qab no yuav yog qhov tseem ceeb:
- Kev cuam tshuam (ntawm no koj yuav tsum tau piav qhia vim li cas qhov haujlwm no yuav tsum tau sau, qhov teeb meem cuam tshuam li cas hauv kev kawm niaj hnub no).
- Lub hom phiaj thiab lub hom phiaj (lub hom phiaj uas koj xav ua kom tiav thaum kawm yuav tsum tau qhia, cov dej num kuj tau teev tseg, uas yuav muaj ob peb).
- Object (chaw kawm ntawv).
- Subject (kev qhia meej, qhov tshwj xeeb ntawm cov khoom - dab tsi, qhov tseeb, kev kawm yog qhia rau).
- Txoj kev xav thiab txheej txheem (ntawm no koj yuav tsum tau luv luv txiav txim siab txog cov haujlwm ntawm cov kws tshawb fawb uas tau ua haujlwm rau qhov teeb meem no).
- Txoj Kev (xws li covcov txheej txheem uas ua rau qhov kev tshawb fawb no ua tau. Piv txwv li: kev tsom xam, kev sib txuas, kev txheeb cais, thiab lwm yam).
- Ntuj tshiab (hais tias tus tub kawm npaj yuav coj tej yam tshiab los txhim kho lub ntsiab lus no).
- Kev Pom Zoo (tsim pov thawj ntawm cov txiaj ntsig ntawm kev kawm).
Cov no yog cov nuances uas yuav tsum tau qhia hauv txhua daim ntawv, yog tias tsis muaj lwm yam kev xav tau sab hauv. Hais txog qhov loj me, kev taw qhia yuav siv li ntawm peb mus rau 5-6 nplooj ntawv.
Main text
Cia mus ntxiv, xav txog kev tsim cov ntawv sau. Qhov piv txwv qhia tias qhov tseem ceeb ntawm txoj haujlwm, uas yuav muaj peb tshooj, yuav tsum ua raws li tam sim no. Hauv thawj qhov, nws yog qhov yuav tsum tau xav txog lub hauv paus theoretical ntawm txoj kev tshawb no, kuj tseem yuav tsum muaj cov ntsiab lus luv luv ntawm keeb kwm ntawm qhov teeb meem no, thiab kev tswj hwm kev cai lij choj cuam tshuam nrog rau txoj kev tshawb no kuj tseem suav nrog ntawm no. Tshooj thib ob yog qhov nthuav tawm lub ntsiab lus ntawm qhov teeb meem. Ntawm no tus tub ntxhais kawm qhia tag nrho nws qhov kev ua tiav hauv cov ntsiab lus theoretical. Tshooj thib peb yog xav tau txhawm rau txhawm rau muab cov txiaj ntsig ntawm kev sim ua haujlwm ntawm qhov teeb meem no. Rau txhua tshooj, koj yuav tsum kos cov lus xaus me me.
Cov Lus Qhia
Peb txuas ntxiv mus kawm txog kev tsim cov ntawv lo lus. Tus qauv hais tias qhov txuas ntxiv yog hu ua "Cov Lus Qhia" (tejzaum nws yog "Cov Lus Qhia thiab Cov Lus Pom Zoo"). Ntawm no tus tub ntxhais kawm sau txog nws txoj haujlwm, qhia seb lub hom phiaj puas tau ua tiav, cov haujlwm twg tau ua tiav, seb qhov kev xav tau lees paub lossis tsis lees paub (yog tias muaj).hais nyob rau hauv cov lus qhia). Tsis tas li, tus menyuam kawm ntawv tuaj yeem muab cov lus qhia tshwj xeeb rau kev daws qhov teebmeem no.
References
Cov khoom xav tau kuj yog ib daim ntawv teev npe ntawm cov ntawv sau. Nws tsim tsis muaj qhov tseem ceeb. Nws yog tsim nyog hais tias, piv txwv li, kev cai lij choj, monographs thiab cov khoom raug kos rau hauv ntau txoj kev, muaj qee qhov nuances ntawm no, lawv yuav tsum tau kawm. Yeej, koj yuav tsum tau qhia lub npe ntawm tus sau, lub npe ntawm lub hauv paus, tus tshaj tawm, lub nroog thiab xyoo ntawm kev tshaj tawm, tus naj npawb ntawm nplooj ntawv. Thaum pib ntawm daim ntawv teev cov neeg siv yog cov kev cai lij choj lossis cov kev cai, ces cov ntaub ntawv Askiv, ces cov lus Lavxias. Cov peev txheej tau muab tso rau hauv cov ntawv sau.
Applications
Cov kev xav tau sab hauv ntawm lub tuam tsev lossis cov ncauj lus nws tus kheej hauv cov ntawv sau tuaj yeem muab rau ntau yam kev siv. Cov no yog cov rooj, daim duab qhia chaw, cov duab uas yuav xav tau los ua cov khoom siv los piav qhia txog qhov teeb meem tshwj xeeb.
