Lus yog cov cuab yeej qub tshaj plaws thiab tseem ceeb ntawm tus txiv neej ua ib hom tsiaj, uas txawv nws ntawm lwm yam tsiaj. Hauv kev hais lus, kev tshawb fawb ntawm cov lus, cov ntsiab lus hauv qab no yog siv: hom lus yog lub cim kos npe, tsim ib txwm muaj lossis tsim, nrog kev pab los ntawm cov neeg sib txuas lus thiab ua kom lawv lub hlwb ua haujlwm.
Keeb kwm ntawm lus
Kev kawm thiab kev loj hlob ntawm cov lus, nrog rau kev ua haujlwm, ua lub luag haujlwm tseem ceeb hauv kev loj hlob ntawm tus txiv neej raws li kev xav. Ib qho teeb meem tseem ceeb tshaj plaws hauv cov lus nug ntawm keeb kwm ntawm cov lus yog nws lub peev xwm los xav txog qhov tseeb. Cov lus, raws li cov cim ntawm ib hom lus, dais tsis zoo ib yam li cov ntsiab lus uas lawv xaiv. Txawm li cas los xij, ib qho duab sib txawv ntawm ib qho khoom tshwm sim hauv lub siab ntawm tus neeg thaum nws hnov los yog pom cov lus qhia nws.
Yuav kom nkag siab tias hom lus tshwm sim li cas, lub suab nyuaj uas nws tus kheej tsis cuam tshuam dab tsi, cov kws tshawb fawb tab tom tsim ntau qhov kev xav ntawm lub hauv paus ntawm cov lus. Txoj kev tshawb xav onomatopoeic suav tias yog lub hauv paus ntawm thawj lo lusreproduction ntawm lub suab thiab suab nrov ntawm xwm. Txawm li cas los xij, nws tsis tuaj yeem piav qhia txog qhov muaj lub suab sib txawv rau tib qhov tshwm sim hauv ntau hom lus. Raws li txoj kev xav cuam tshuam, lub hauv paus ntawm lo lus qub yog kev xav exclamation los yog quaj denoting ib tug neeg lub xeev. Qhov kev xav no, nyob rau hauv lem, tsis piav txog ntau haiv neeg ntawm cov lus, uas yuav tsis tau los ntawm interjections ib leeg.
Qee cov kws tshawb fawb qhia tias thawj lo lus yog lub npe, ib tus neeg pib nrhiav los cuam tshuam cov khoom thiab qhov tshwm sim ntawm kev muaj tiag. Lwm tus ntseeg tias cov ntawv qhia lus yog qhov tseem ceeb, ib tus neeg ua ntej ntawm txhua qhov ua haujlwm thiab twb tau tsim ib daim duab ntawm lub ntiaj teb los ntawm nws lub hauv paus.
Yog li, txhua txoj kev xav ntawm keeb kwm ntawm cov lus nyob ntawm qhov ua haujlwm tau muab rau nws.
Language functions
Lub ntsiab lus ntawm ib hom lus, nws cov yam ntxwv tseem ceeb tau tshwm sim hauv nws txoj haujlwm. Ntawm cov lus ua haujlwm ntau, qhov tseem ceeb tshaj plaws yog qhov txawv.
- Kev sib txuas lus muaj nuj nqi. Los ntawm txhais, hom lus yog qhov tseem ceeb ntawm kev sib txuas lus ntawm tib neeg.
- Kev xav lossis kev paub ua haujlwm. Cov lus ua lub ntsiab lus tseem ceeb ntawm kev tsim thiab qhia txog kev puas siab puas ntsws.
- Kev txawj ntse muaj nuj nqi. Cov lus tso cai rau koj los tsim cov lus tshiab thiab cov ntsiab lus, thiab tseem ua raws li kev khaws cia thiab xa cov ntaub ntawv.
- Lwm txoj haujlwm (phatic, emotive, appellative, aesthetic, thiab lwm yam).
lus thiab hais lus
Lub ntsiab lus tsis tuaj yeem txheeb xyuas nrog lub tswv yimlus. Ua ntej ntawm tag nrho cov, lus yog ib tug txhais tau tias ntawm kev sib txuas lus, thiab kev hais lus yog nws embodiment. Lub ntsiab yam ntxwv ntawm lus yog nws abstractness thiab formality, thaum hais lus yog characterized los ntawm materiality, vim hais tias Nws muaj cov suab hais lus uas tau hnov los ntawm pob ntseg.
Tsis zoo li cov lus ruaj khov thiab zoo li qub, kev hais lus yog qhov tshwm sim nquag thiab muaj zog. Nws yog ib nqi sau cia hais tias cov lus yog ib tug pej xeem cov cuab yeej thiab qhia txog lub ntiaj teb no cov duab ntawm cov neeg uas hais lus, thiab kev hais lus, nyob rau hauv lem, yog ib tug tib neeg thiab qhia txog cov kev paub ntawm ib tug neeg. Lus, raws li ib tug complex kos npe system, muaj ib theem lub koom haum, thaum hais lus yog characterized los ntawm ib tug linear lub koom haum. Thiab thaum kawg, cov lus tsis yog nyob ntawm qhov xwm txheej tshwj xeeb thiab ib puag ncig, thaum hais lus yog conditioned contextually thiab situationally. Yog li, peb tuaj yeem hais tias hom lus muaj feem xyuam nrog kev hais lus, raws li qhov dav dav yog rau qhov tshwj xeeb.
Units thiab qib lus
Cov chav hauv paus ntawm cov lus yog phoneme, morpheme, lo lus thiab kab lus. Raws li txhua chav tsev, ib hom lus txawv yog tsim. Yog li qib qis tshaj plaws yog phonetic, uas muaj cov lus yooj yim tshaj plaws - phonemes. Lub phoneme nws tus kheej tsis muaj lub ntsiab lus thiab tau txais lub ntsiab lus ua haujlwm tsuas yog ib feem ntawm morpheme. Ib qho morpheme (morpheme level), nyob rau hauv lem, yog lub ntsiab lus luv tshaj ntawm ib hom lus. Muaj derivational (form lus) thiab grammatical (forms lo lus forms) morphemes.
Ib lo lus (lexico-semantic theem) yog lub ntsiab lus tseem ceeb ntawm cov lus uas tuaj yeemmuaj syntactic ywj pheej. Nws ua hauj lwm los xaiv cov khoom, phenomena, txheej txheem thiab cov khoom. Cov lus tau muab faib ua tej pawg: ib qhov system ntawm kev hais lus (raws li grammatical nta), ib tug system ntawm synonyms thiab antonyms (raws li semantic kev sib raug zoo), pawg ntawm archaisms, historicisms thiab neologisms (nyob rau hauv ib tug keeb kwm foundations), thiab lwm yam.
Ib kab lus (theem syntactic) yog kev sib txuas ntawm cov lus uas qhia txog lub tswv yim. Cov kab lus yog tus cwj pwm los ntawm semantic thiab intonational tiav thiab qauv. Paub qhov txawv ntawm cov kab lus yooj yooj yim thiab nyuaj. Nws yuav tsum tau muab sau tseg tias chav tsev ntawm txhua theem ntawm cov lus yog ib qho tseem ceeb nyob rau hauv kev tsim kho ntawm chav tsev ntawm qib tom ntej.
Nkauj hmoob
Raws li ntau yam kev kwv yees, muaj txog 7,000 yam lus hauv ntiaj teb. Tag nrho cov no tau muab faib ua pawg hauv qab no:
- sau thiab tsis sau;
- "nyob" thiab "tuag";
- khoom cuav thiab ntuj.
Rau lub hauv paus ntawm kev sib raug zoo ntawm kev hais lus, ib qho kev faib caj ces ntawm cov lus tau tsim, raws li nws, muaj ib qho ntxiv txhais ntawm ib hom lus. Qhov no yog, ua ntej ntawm tag nrho cov, tus cwj pwm rau ib yam lus-pawg txiv neej. Raws li txoj cai, Indo-European, Sino-Tibetan thiab Ural-Altaic tsev neeg ntawm hom lus yog txawv. Txhua yam lus ntawm ib tsev neeg yog raws li niam txiv lus.
lus Russian
Lavxias teb sab yog ib hom lus Slavic East, yog ib feem ntawm Indo-European hom lus tsev neeg thiab yog ib hom lus tseem ceeb hauv ntiaj teb. Lavxias teb sab yog hom lus ntawm cov neeg Lavxias. ATCov lus Lavxias siv kev sau ntawv, uas yog raws li cov tsiaj ntawv Lavxias, uas rov qab mus rau cov tsiaj ntawv Cyrillic. Nyob rau tib lub sij hawm, nyob rau hauv Lavxias teb sab, tsis yog txhua txhua, tab sis tsuas yog lub ntsiab lub suab ntawm kev hais lus yog qhia los ntawm cov ntawv. Yog li tus lej ntawm cov tsiaj ntawv yog 33, thiab lub suab muaj 43 lub suab, ntawm 6 yog cov suab thiab 37 yog cov lus. Kev faib tawm ntawm lub suab ntawm Lavxias teb sab lus yog raws li articulatory zog ntawm kev hais lus suab. Nyob rau hauv cov ntaub ntawv no, lub suab yog txawv los ntawm txoj kev uas lawv tau hais thiab los ntawm qhov chaw ntawm cov hais lus apparatus koom nyob rau hauv lawv cov lus.
Tseem muaj kev faib tawm ntawm lub suab ntawm Lavxias teb sab lus raws li acoustic nta. Qhov no yuav siv sij hawm mus rau hauv tus account qhov kev koom tes ntawm lub suab thiab suab nrov nyob rau hauv tsim ntawm lub suab. Lavxias yog ib hom lus nyuaj tshaj plaws hauv lub ntiaj teb los kawm.
Yog li, peb tuaj yeem muab cov ntsiab lus hauv qab no: "Language is a complex multi-valued concept, in which it is considered as a multi-level sign system, which is in organic unity with human thought."
