Nag yog dab tsi, ntxias paub zoo. Zoo li ib daim khob noom cookie, nws yooj yim tshem tawm cov av ntawm daim ntawv yam tsis tau tawm hauv cov pellets tsis zoo li cov kua nplaum li niaj zaus. Los ntawm nws koj tuaj yeem pinch tawm thiab yob rau hauv lub khob hliav qab. Txhua lub sij hawm tus nag kov cov duab, cov kab ntawm graphite tseem nyob ntawm nws. Txhawm rau kom tsis txhob nqa lawv rov qab mus ua haujlwm, nws yog ntu ntu ntawm tes, zoo li plasticine.
Ua ntej, nws txoj haujlwm tau ua los ntawm cov qhob cij dawb. O'Henry kuj tau sau txog qhov no hauv zaj dab neeg "Stale Rolls". Ib tug txiv neej nyob rau hauv shabby tab sis huv si khaub ncaws tuaj rau tus tswv ntawm lub bakery thiab yuav stale khob cij. Nws txiav txim siab los pab cov neeg pluag, uas tsis muaj nyiaj txaus rau cov ncuav qab zib tshiab, thiab muab butter rau hauv cov yob. Tus kws tsim vaj tsev npau taws tau khiav mus rau tus tswv tsev, hu nws lub npe, tuav nws lub nrig - nws tau pom tias nws tshem cov xaum kab nrog cov qhob cij tsis zoo thiab lub sijhawm no ua rau tag nrho cov duab puas tsuaj.
Thaum O'Henry sau nws zaj dab neeg, twb muaj ib txoj hlua roj hmab uas tsis nyiam vim nws nyuaj heev dhau sijhawm. Txog thaum nruab nrab xyoo 1960, cov neeg ua haujlwm tau siv cov breadcrumbs.
History of nag
Yuav ua li cas yog lub lwv, lub ntiaj teb kawm nyob rau hauv 1770 los ntawm tus kws tshawb fawb Askiv Joseph Priestley. Nws tau tso ib qho kev nkag rau hauv nws qhov chaw teev tseg txog ib qho cuab yeej zoo tshaj plaws rau kev tshem tawm cov ntawv sau nrog tus cwj mem. Nws tshwm sim rau lub Plaub Hlis 15, thiab kev kho mob yog cov kua txiv hmab txiv ntoo qhuav ntawm tsob ntoo hevea, uas cov neeg Khab hu ua roj hmab. Priestley muab nws lub npe roj hmab (rubber). Hnub no yog Eraser Day.
Hauv xyoo 1839, lub vulcanization ntawm roj hmab tau pom, uas muab lub zog rau cov ntawv sau no. Nyob rau hauv nruab nrab ntawm lub xyoo pua xeem, hluavtaws roj hmab tau tsim, ces cov roj hmab bands tau ua los ntawm PVC, yas thiab yas.
Lub nag tau tsim los ntawm Koh-i-Noor, ua los ntawm polyisobutylene (ib yam khoom zoo li roj hmab) nrog ntxiv ntawm calcium carbonate thiab titanium oxide. Cov tshuaj muaj xws li soot thiab pumice. Khaws cov nag rau hauv lub thawv yas uas nws muag. Yog tias koj tso nws qhib, nws yuav npog nrog ib txheej ntawm hmoov av. Hauv qhov no, ib txheej plua plav nyias yog ua tib zoo txiav tawm. Nws tsis muaj txiaj ntsig los ntxuav nws, Hnub Gum nws yog kev cai yuav ib qho tshiab.
cov pos hniav mos mos uas tsis tas yuav ntub hauv roj av
Tus poj niam ntawm cov yeeb yaj kiab "Qhov ntxim nyiam tshaj plaws thiab ntxim nyiam" tau ua haujlwm hauv chav tsim qauv ntawm lub koom haum tshawb fawb thiab muaj kev khib ntawm nws cov npoj yaig - cov roj hmab muag muag. Nyob rau hauv Soviet lub sij hawm, cov pos hniav zoo nyob rau hauv luv luv, yog li lub tsev kawm ntawv ib txwm eraser yog soaked nyob rau hauv kerosene. Ob peb hnub, cov roj hmab tsis yaj, tab sis swelled thiab ua porous. Nws tau wiped, qhuav thiab boiled, tom qab uas nws yog ib qho yooj yim mus tshem tawm cov kab ntawm graphite nrog xws li ib tug eraser.
Nag eraser uas cov neeg sau ntawv siv tam sim no yog tsim los ntawm lub tuam txhab Czech nto moo Koh-i-Noor, thiab nws ua tau haujlwm zoo. Los ntawm daim ntawv Whatman du, nws yuav tshem tawm cov cim ntawm lub stylus yam tsis muaj kev puas tsuaj rau cov qauv ntawm daim ntawv. Lawv tuaj yeem tshem cov kab xaum thaum daim duab twb tau teev tseg hauv tus cwj mem. Nws yuav tsis dim nws qhov ci zoo li qee qhov tawv tawv tawv.
Tshwj xeeb tsim los ntawm cov tuam txhab lag luam los ua haujlwm nrog cov xaum muag dub, nag tau pom daim ntawv thov hauv cov txheej txheem pastel, charcoal, tsim cov duab kos nrog cov kua ntses thiab cov xaum xim. Qhov ntawd yog qhov nag yog rau tus kws kos duab.
Ib qho cuab yeej tsim chiaroscuro
Lub peev xwm tshwj xeeb ntawm cov pos hniav yas kom tshem tawm graphite nrog cov xovxwm yooj yim tau coj mus rau cov txheej txheem tshwj xeeb los tsim chiaroscuro. Graphite yog siv rau daim ntawv (los ntawm hatching lossis txhuam siv graphite hmoov). Tom qab ntawd, nias lub nag, lawv lighten ib feem ntawm daim duab mus rau qhov uas tus kws kos duab xav tau.
Pinching tawm ib daim me me, koj tuaj yeem ua tib zoo pwm nws rau hauv cov duab uas xav tau los tsim qhov tseem ceeb. Nag tuaj yeem siv los hloov cov halftones hauv pastel tej hauj lwm thiab charcoal graphics.
Yuav ua li cas siv nag, qhia hauv video.
Zoo kawg
Muaj ib zaj yeeb yaj kiab luv luv "Klyachka" hais txog yuav ua li cas ib tug ntxhais nkag mus rau hauv lub koom haum architectural. Los ntawm cov lus qhia ntawm lub ntsej muag ntawm tus kws qhia ntawv, los ntawm leej twg nws thov rau ib tug spare nag, nws ua kom meej tias qhov no yog ib qho tseem ceeb heev cuab yeej rau cov artist. Nyob rau hauv zaj duab xis, lub nag tsis tshwm nyob rau hauv close-up, thiabtus saib yuav tsis nkag siab tias nws yog dab tsi.
Tab sis tam sim no koj paub tias nag yog dab tsi. Qhov no yog ib tug simulated kos duab erasing cuab tam. Lwm zaus koj mus xyuas lub khw muag khoom, xyuam xim rau cov thawv yas nrog ntau xim nags. Tej zaum ib tug ntawm lawv tos koj.
