Phau ntawv muaj feem cuam tshuam nrog lwm yam kev tsim khoom zoo ntawm kev qub qub - sau ntawv, ntawv, number case. Thawj phau ntawv tshwm sim li cas thiab lawv yog dab tsi - ntxiv rau qhov no tom qab.
txhais thiab keeb kwm ntawm lo lus
Ib phau ntawv nyob rau hauv cov lus niaj hnub no yog ib hom khoom tshwj xeeb uas muaj cov nplooj ntawv cais lossis cov nplooj ntawv uas qee cov ntaub ntawv luam tawm lossis sau tes.
Hauv lus Proto-Slavic, nws hu ua "kniga". Piv txwv li, lo lus no tau qiv los ntawm cov lus qub Turkic. Nws txhais tau tias "scroll".
Thaum twg thawj phau ntawv tshwm sim? Cov lus teb rau lo lus nug no yuav tsum xav txog cov xwm txheej yam tsis muaj qhov tshwm sim tsis tuaj yeem tshwm sim. Ua ntej tshaj plaws, nws yog cov khoom siv rau kev tsim cov ntaub ntawv (daim ntawv) thiab txhais tau tias khaws cov ntaub ntawv (sau). Tsuas yog tom qab lawv tshwm sim zaj dab neeg ntawm phau ntawv pib.
Kev sau ntawv
Phau ntawv muaj qee cov ntaub ntawv. Txhawm rau sau nws, koj xav tau cov xwm txheej hauv qab no: kev txawj sau ntawv thiab cov khoom siv rau kev sau ntawv. Thaum ub, tib neeg siv qhov ncaujhloov kev paub. Thaum muaj ob peb ntawm lawv, txoj kev no tsim nyog. Tab sis raws li cov ntaub ntawv khaws tseg, nws yog ib qho tsim nyog yuav tsum tau nrhiav txoj hauv kev tshiab rau nws txoj kev sib kis thiab khaws cia. Yog li ntawd txiv neej invented sau ntawv. Tam sim no txhua yam uas tib neeg paub txog lub ntiaj teb nyob ib puag ncig lawv tuaj yeem sau cia, yog li khaws kev paub tsis muaj nuj nqis rau cov tiam tom ntej.
phau ntawv tuaj txog li cas? Qhov no yog ib qho ntawm cov lus nug nthuav dav hauv keeb kwm ntawm tib neeg txoj kev loj hlob. Nws yog ib qho nyuaj los teb nws, txij li lub ntsiab mob rau cov tsos ntawm cov phau ntawv - sau ntawv, originated yuav luag tib lub sij hawm nyob rau hauv ancient Mesopotamia thiab Egypt. Txawm li cas los xij, cov kws tshawb fawb muab xibtes hauv qhov teeb meem no rau cov Sumerians, ntseeg tias nws yog Mesopotamia (Mesopotamia) uas tau los ua thawj lub tebchaws uas sau tau tshwm sim.
Yuav sau li cas rau thaum ub?
phau ntawv tuaj txog li cas? Cov ntaub ntawv sau tau ua lub luag haujlwm loj hauv qhov no. Txhua qhov kev vam meej, tau tshawb pom nws tus kheej txoj kev sau cov ntaub ntawv, pib siv ntau yam los khaws kev paub: cog stems, nplooj, av nplaum ntsiav tshuaj, ntoo tawv ntoo, hlau.
Cov ntsiav tshuaj yog cov khoom qub tshaj plaws rau kev sau ntawv. Lawv muaj ob hom: siv quav ciab thiab av nplaum. Cov yav tas feem ntau raug rho tawm haujlwm rau lub zog, thiab nws tsis tuaj yeem hloov pauv cov ntawv tom qab ntawd. Cov ntsiav tshuaj siv quav ciab tau ua kom tshem tawm cov ntawv sau thiab siv ib qho tshiab. Lawv tau siv hauv Ancient Mesopotamia thiab Rome.
Scrolls ua los ntawm papyrus stems yog thawj zaug siv los ntawm cov neeg Iyiv thaum ub. Ces cov Phoenicians pib siv hom ntawv no rau kev sau ntawv thiab tom qab ntawd qhia cov Greeks rau nws. Ntev ntev scrollssiv los ua cov ntaub ntawv kaw lus yooj yim. Vim nws tsis yooj yim sua, papyrus tsis tuaj yeem khoov, tab sis nws tuaj yeem muab dov rau hauv cov strips ntev uas yooj yim rau khaws cia ntawm rhawv. Tsis tas li ntawd, papyrus tau yooj yim ntxuav tawm thiab rov siv dua.
Thaum thawj phau ntawv tshwm sim - science hais li cas?
Ib daim ntawv sau ua keeb kwm ntawm pob zeb, pob zeb, pob txha tsiaj tsis tuaj yeem hu ua phau ntawv. Cov no yog cov lus hais ntawm tus kheej, tsis yog ntawv. Tab sis raws li cov ntaub ntawv tau txais thaum lub sij hawm archaeological tshawb fawb, cov tsos ntawm thawj phau ntawv hnub rov qab mus rau lub ancient sij hawm. Outwardly, lawv txawv heev ntawm lawv cov niaj hnub counterparts.
Thawj phau ntawv tau tshwm sim hauv III txhiab xyoo BC. e. nyob rau hauv ancient Mesopotamia. Cov ntsiav tshuaj av nplaum hlawv tau muab tso rau hauv cov thawv ntoo, txhua tus uas sawv cev rau "phau ntawv". Nyob rau hauv Loos thaum ub, 2-4 ntsiav tshuaj tau muab khi ua ke, thiab ib qho codex (phau ntawv) tau los ntawm ob peb "cov ntawv".
thawj phau ntawv tshwm sim li cas hauv Hnub Nyoog Kawg?
Rau lub sijhawm ntev, papyrus scrolls tau siv dav. Tab sis lawv tau luv luv, thiab papyrus nws tus kheej hauv Egypt tau dhau los ua cov nroj tsuag tsawg zuj zus. Nrog rau qhov kev tshwm sim ntawm kev ntseeg Vajtswv, cov ntawv dawb ceev xav tau cov khoom siv ruaj khov thiab yooj yim rau tuav. Lawv tau los ua parchment, ua los ntawm daim tawv nqaij ntawm cov tsiaj. Feem ntau, cov tawv nqaij ntawm tshis, yaj thiab nyuj yog siv rau nws cov khoom. Parchment tuaj yeem khoov yam tsis muaj kev ntshai ntawm kev puas tsuaj. Sij hawm dhau mus, phau ntawv pib tsim los ntawm nws.
Thawj phau ntawv ntawm Hnub Nyoog Nrab Hnub nyoog yuav luag tsis txawv ntawm cov niaj hnub hauv daim ntawv. Lawv muaj ntau nplooj ntawv thiab muaj lub hau npog. Cov phau ntawv no tau kim heev. Nws tau siv txog li 500 daim tawv nqaij thiab 2-3 xyoos ntawm kev ua haujlwm ntawm cov kws sau ntawv thiab cov kws kos duab los ua ib qho. Feem ntau lawv tau dai kom zoo nkauj nrog cov nyiaj hli kim ntawm kub thiab pob zeb zoo nkauj.
Phau ntawv tshwm sim hauv Russia li cas? Raws li peb lub teb chaws, nws muaj nws tus kheej keeb kwm ntawm qhov tshwm sim ntawm thawj cov ntawv sau thiab cov ntawv. Cov khoom siv ib txwm siv rau kev sau ntawv hauv 11th-15th centuries ntawm no yog birch bark. Lawv tau pom thawj zaug hauv cov neeg coob hauv Veliky Novgorod thaum pib ntawm lub xyoo pua 20th.
Birch bark yog cov khoom pheej yig uas tsis yooj yim thiab tau siv feem ntau rau kev sau ntawv ntiag tug. Cov ntaub ntawv tseem ceeb ntxiv tau sau rau ntawm parchment.
Printing yog nplooj ntawv tshiab hauv keeb kwm ntawm qhov tshwm sim ntawm phau ntawv
Cov ntawv sau tau kim, thiab tsuas yog cov neeg nplua nuj heev tuaj yeem them cov khoom kim heev ntawm lawv nyob hauv tsev. Hauv Nruab Nrab Hnub nyoog, cov neeg txawj nyeem ntawv tau ua tsis zoo. Lawv feem ntau yog cov ntseeg, cov kws tshawb fawb thiab cov thawj coj ntawm tsoomfwv (cov kws sau ntawv).
Nyob rau xyoo pua 8, thawj lub tsev kawm ntawv tau tshwm sim hauv Tebchaws Europe. Cov xeev xav tau coob tus neeg kawm ntawv. Tab sis cov tub ntxhais kawm tsis tuaj yeem them taus mus yuav tomes kim. Feem ntau, tsuas yog tus xibfwb qhia ntawv xwb thiaj li muaj phau ntawv, thiab cov neeg tuaj saib yuav tsum nco nws.
Thaum lub sijhawm ntawd, kev luam ntawv ntoo twb tau siv nyob rau hauv Tuam Tshoj thiab Sab Hnub Tuaj - ib qho kev luam ntawm cov ntaub. Tab sis txoj kev no tsis pheej yig, vim cov ntaub nws tus kheej kim.
Nyob teb chaws Europe nrog rau qhov tshwm sim ntawm daim ntawvThaum pib ntawm lub xyoo pua 15th, typography tau tsim siv kev sau ntawv. Nws yog ib txwm ntseeg tias Johannes Gutenberg yog thawj zaug uas nrhiav tau cov qauv no los tsim cov phau ntawv. Qhov tseeb, cov ntawv nyeem twb tau siv ua ntej nws hauv ntau lub tebchaws nyob sab Europe. Gutenberg's genius invention yog lub tshuab luam ntawv.
Thaum cov ntawv luam tawm tau tshwm sim, nws tuaj yeem nthuav tawm kev paub tsis yog ntawm cov chav kawm muaj cai xwb: cov nom tswv, cov txiv plig thiab cov neeg sawv cev ntawm kev tshawb fawb. Maj mam, cov phau ntawv tsim siv lub cuab yeej siv tau los ua kom muaj rau cov pej xeem.
Thaum twg thawj phau ntawv luam tawm tshwm nyob rau hauv Russia? Qhov xwm txheej tseem ceeb no tau tshwm sim xyoo 1564. Ua ntej ntawd, tomes ntawm hom no, tsim tsis yog los ntawm cov kws sau ntawv, tab sis los ntawm lub tshuab, twb tsis ntseeg tau nkag mus rau lub tebchaws. Cov phau ntawv no tsis yog tshiab nyob rau hauv Russia los ntawm lub sijhawm nws thawj lub tsev luam ntawv tau tsim.
thawj phau ntawv luam tawm hauv tebchaws Russia yog "Tus Thwj Tim" - tus kws tshaj lij tsim los ntawm Ivan Fedorov thiab Pyotr Mstislavets.
Qab lus
Cov lus nug ntawm yuav ua li cas phau ntawv tshwm sim yuav muaj feem cuam tshuam, thiab ntau dua ib tus menyuam yuav nug nws tom tsev kawm lossis tom tsev. Cov ntaub ntawv kev paub hloov pauv raws sijhawm. Tam sim no lawv tuaj yeem mloog lossis nyeem hauv daim ntawv hluav taws xob, tab sis lawv tseem nyob nrog peb.
