Amines tau los rau hauv peb lub neej tsis tau xav txog. Txog thaum tsis ntev los no, cov no yog cov tshuaj lom, kev sib tsoo uas tuaj yeem ua rau tuag taus. Thiab tam sim no, tom qab ib puas xyoo thiab ib nrab xyoo, peb nquag siv hluavtaws fibers, fabrics, tsev ntaub ntawv, dyes, uas yog raws li amines. Tsis yog, lawv tsis tau muaj kev nyab xeeb dua, tib neeg tsuas yog tuaj yeem "tam" lawv thiab ua kom lawv, muab qee yam txiaj ntsig rau lawv tus kheej. Hais txog qhov twg, peb mam tham ntxiv.
Definition
Amines yog cov organic tebchaw uas yog derivatives ntawm ammonia, nyob rau hauv cov molecules uas hydrogen hloov los ntawm hydrocarbon radicals. Muaj peev xwm muaj txog li plaub zaug tib lub sijhawm. Kev teeb tsa ntawm cov molecules thiab tus naj npawb ntawm cov radicals txiav txim siab lub cev thiab tshuaj lom neeg ntawm amines. Ntxiv nrog rau cov hydrocarbons, cov tebchaw no yuav muaj cov tshuaj tsw qab lossis aliphatic radicals, los yog kev sib xyaw ua ke. Ib qho tshwj xeeb ntawm cov chav kawm no yog qhov muaj qhov R-N tawg, uas R yog ib pawg organic.
Kev faib tawm
Tag nrho cov amines tuaj yeem muab faib ua peb pawg loj:
- Los ntawm qhov xwm ntawm hydrocarbon radical.
- Raws li tus naj npawb ntawm cov radicals cuam tshuam nrognitrogen atom.
- Los ntawm cov amino pawg (mono-, di-, peb-, thiab lwm yam).
Thawj pab pawg suav nrog aliphatic lossis txwv amines, uas sawv cev los ntawm methylamine thiab methylethylamine. Thiab kuj muaj ntxhiab - piv txwv li, aniline lossis phenylamine. Cov npe ntawm cov neeg sawv cev ntawm pawg thib ob yog ncaj qha ntsig txog tus nqi ntawm hydrocarbon radicals. Yog li, thawj amines (muaj ib pab pawg nitrogen), theem nrab (muaj ob pawg nitrogen ua ke nrog ntau pawg organic) thiab tertiary (feem ntau, muaj peb pawg nitrogen) raug cais. Cov npe ntawm pawg tertiary hais rau lawv tus kheej.
Nomenclature (npe formation)
txhawm rau tsim lub npe ntawm cov khoom sib xyaw, lub npe ntawm pawg organic uas khi rau nitrogen ntxiv nrog cov npe "amine", thiab cov pab pawg lawv tus kheej tau hais nyob rau hauv cov ntawv sau, piv txwv li: methylprotylamine lossis methyldiphenylamine (hauv rooj plaub no, "di" qhia tias cov compound muaj ob phenyl radicals). Nws raug tso cai los ua ib lub npe, lub hauv paus ntawm uas yuav yog carbon, thiab cov amino pawg yuav tsum tau sawv cev los ua ib qho kev hloov. Ces nws txoj hauj lwm yog txiav txim los ntawm qhov Performance index nyob rau hauv lub ntsiab tsim, piv txwv li, CH3CH2CH(NH2) CH2CH3. Qee lub sij hawm nyob rau sab xis sab xis tus lej qhia tus lej ntawm carbon.
Qee lub tebchaw tseem khaws cov npe tsis tseem ceeb, paub cov npe yooj yim, xws li aniline, piv txwv. Tsis tas li ntawd, ntawm lawv tej zaum yuav muaj cov uas tau siv cov npe tsis raugnyob rau hauv ib tug par nrog systematic sawv daws yuav, vim hais tias nws yog yooj yim dua thiab yooj yim dua rau cov kws tshawb fawb thiab cov neeg nyob deb ntawm science los sib txuas lus thiab nkag siab ib leeg
Lub cev muaj zog
Secondary amine, zoo li thawj zaug, muaj peev xwm tsim hydrogen bonds ntawm molecules, txawm tias me ntsis qis dua li niaj zaus. Qhov tseeb no piav qhia txog qhov kub siab dua (siab dua ib puas degrees) muaj nyob rau hauv amines piv rau lwm cov tebchaw uas muaj qhov hnyav molecular. Lub tertiary amine, vim tias tsis muaj N-H pab pawg, tsis tuaj yeem tsim cov ntawv cog lus hydrogen, yog li nws pib boil rau yim caum-cuaj degrees Celsius.
Nyob rau hauv chav tsev kub (kaum yim - nees nkaum degrees Celsius), tsuas yog qis aliphatic amines nyob rau hauv daim ntawv ntawm vapor. Cov nruab nrab yog nyob rau hauv lub xeev ua kua, thiab cov siab dua yog nyob rau hauv ib tug ruaj khov. Txhua chav kawm ntawm amines muaj cov ntxhiab tsw tshwj xeeb. Qhov tsawg dua cov organic radicals nyob rau hauv ib lub molecule, qhov txawv nws yog: los ntawm yuav luag odorless siab compounds mus rau nruab nrab uas hnov tsw zoo li ntses thiab qis dua tsw zoo li ammonia.
Amines tuaj yeem tsim muaj zog hydrogen bonds nrog dej, uas yog, lawv soluble heev hauv nws. Qhov ntau hydrocarbon radicals tam sim no nyob rau hauv ib lub molecule, qhov tsawg soluble nws yog.
tshuaj muaj zog
Raws li nws yog qhov xav tau los xav, amines yog cov khoom siv ntawm ammonia, uas txhais tau tias lawv cov khoom zoo sib xws. Nws muaj peev xwm ua tau kom paub qhov txawv ntawm peb hom tshuaj lom neeg sib cuam tshuam uas ua tau rau cov khoom sib xyaw no.
- Ua ntej xav txog cov khoomamines ua bases. Cov qis qis (aliphatic) thaum ua ke nrog cov dej molecules, muab cov tshuaj tiv thaiv alkaline. Daim ntawv cog lus yog tsim los ntawm tus neeg txais nyiaj pub dawb, vim qhov tseeb tias nitrogen atom muaj cov hluav taws xob tsis sib xws. Thaum reacting nrog acids, tag nrho cov amines tsim ntsev. Cov no yog cov khoom muaj zog uas yog soluble hauv dej. Aromatic amines pom cov khoom tsis muaj zog thaum lawv ib leeg electron khub hloov mus rau lub nplhaib benzene thiab cuam tshuam nrog nws cov electrons.
- Oxidation. Lub tertiary amine tau yooj yim oxidized los ntawm kev sib txuas nrog oxygen hauv huab cua atmospheric. Tsis tas li ntawd, tag nrho cov amines yog flammable (tsis zoo li ammonia).
- Kev sib cuam tshuam nrog nitrous acid yog siv hauv chemistry kom paub qhov txawv ntawm amines, vim tias cov khoom ntawm cov tshuaj tiv thaiv no nyob ntawm seb muaj pes tsawg pawg organic nyob hauv cov molecule:
- qis thawj amines tsim cawv raws li qhov tshwm sim;
- aromatic primaries muab phenols nyob rau hauv cov xwm txheej zoo sib xws;
- thib ob yog hloov mus rau nitroso compounds (raws li pov thawj los ntawm tus yam ntxwv tsw);
- tertiary forms ntsev uas sai sai tawg, yog li cov tshuaj tiv thaiv no tsis muaj nqi.
khoom tshwj xeeb ntawm aniline
Aniline yog cov khoom sib xyaw uas muaj cov khoom muaj nyob hauv ob pawg amino thiab pawg benzene. Qhov no tau piav qhia los ntawm kev sib koom ua ke ntawm atoms hauv cov molecule. Ntawm qhov tod tes, lub nplhaib benzene ua rau lub hauv paus (piv txwv li, alkaline) tshwm sim hauv cov molecule.aniline ua. Lawv qis dua cov aliphatic amines thiab ammonia. Tab sis ntawm qhov tod tes, thaum cov pab pawg amino cuam tshuam rau lub nplhaib benzene, nws dhau los ua, ntawm qhov tsis sib xws, nquag nquag thiab nkag mus rau hauv kev hloov pauv.
Rau qhov kev txiav txim siab zoo thiab ntau npaum li cas ntawm aniline hauv cov kev daws teeb meem lossis cov khoom sib txuas, cov tshuaj tiv thaiv nrog dej bromine yog siv, thaum kawg ntawm cov dej dawb hauv daim ntawv ntawm 2, 4, 6-tribromaniline poob rau hauv qab ntawm tub.
Amines in nature
Amines muaj nyob rau hauv txhua qhov chaw ntawm cov vitamins, cov tshuaj hormones, metabolic intermediates, lawv nyob rau hauv lub cev ntawm cov tsiaj thiab nroj tsuag. Tsis tas li ntawd, thaum cov kab mob nyob rot, nruab nrab amines kuj tau txais, uas, nyob rau hauv ib tug kua lub xeev, kis ib tug tsis kaj siab tsw ntawm herring brine. Cov "cadaveric lom" tau piav qhia dav dav hauv cov ntaub ntawv tau tshwm sim vim muaj qhov tshwj xeeb ambergris ntawm amines.
Nyob ntev, cov tshuaj uas peb tab tom txiav txim siab tau tsis meej pem nrog ammonia vim muaj ntxhiab tsw zoo sib xws. Tab sis nyob rau hauv nruab nrab-caug xyoo pua, Fabkis chemist Wurtz muaj peev xwm ua ke methylamine thiab ethylamine thiab ua pov thawj tias lawv tso hydrocarbons thaum hlawv. Qhov no yog qhov sib txawv ntawm cov ntsiab lus hais thiab ammonia.
Tau txais amines hauv kev lag luam
Vim tias cov nitrogen atom hauv amines yog nyob rau hauv lub xeev oxidation qis tshaj plaws, qhov txo qis ntawm nitrogen-muaj cov tebchaw yog qhov yooj yim tshaj plaws thiab pheej yig tshaj kom tau txais lawv. Nws yog nws uas tau siv dav hauv kev ua lag luam vim nws pheej yig.
thawj txoj kev yog txo cov tshuaj nitro. Cov tshuaj tiv thaiv uas tsim anilinebears lub npe ntawm tus kws tshawb fawb Zinin thiab tau tuav thawj zaug nyob rau hauv nruab nrab ntawm lub xyoo pua puv 19. Txoj kev thib ob yog txo cov amides nrog lithium aluminium hydride. Thawj amines tseem tuaj yeem raug txo los ntawm nitriles. Qhov kev xaiv thib peb yog alkylation cov tshuaj tiv thaiv, uas yog, kev taw qhia ntawm pawg alkyl rau hauv ammonia molecules.
Siv cov tshuaj amines
Lawv, nyob rau hauv daim ntawv ntawm cov tshuaj ntshiab, amines yog siv me ntsis. Ib qho piv txwv tsis tshua muaj yog polyethylenepolyamine (PEPA), uas ua rau nws yooj yim los kho epoxy hauv tsev. Yeej ib qho tseem ceeb, tertiary lossis theem nrab amine yog ib qho nruab nrab hauv kev tsim cov khoom siv organic ntau. Qhov nrov tshaj plaws yog aniline. Nws yog lub hauv paus ntawm palette loj ntawm aniline dyes. Cov xim uas yuav tig tawm thaum kawg yog nyob ncaj qha rau ntawm cov khoom siv raw. Ntshiab aniline muab xim xiav, thaum sib xyaw ntawm aniline, ortho- thiab para-toluidine yuav liab.
Aliphatic amines xav tau los tsim cov polyamides xws li nylon thiab lwm yam hluavtaws fibers. Lawv yog siv nyob rau hauv mechanical engineering, raws li zoo raws li nyob rau hauv zus tau tej cov ropes, fabrics thiab films. Tsis tas li ntawd, aliphatic diisocyanates yog siv los tsim cov polyurethanes. Vim lawv cov khoom tshwj xeeb (lub teeb, lub zog, elasticity thiab muaj peev xwm txuas mus rau txhua qhov chaw), lawv xav tau hauv kev lag luam kev tsim kho (mounting ua npuas ncauj, kua nplaum) thiab hauv kev lag luam khau (tiv thaiv ib leeg).
Tshuaj yog lwm thaj chaw uas siv cov tshuaj amines. Chemistry pab ua ke los ntawm lawv cov tshuaj tua kab mob ntawm sulfonamide pawg,uas tau ntse siv los ua cov tshuaj thib ob, uas yog, khaws cia. Nyob rau hauv rooj plaub uas cov kab mob no tuaj yeem ua rau cov tshuaj tseem ceeb.
Kev phom sij rau tib neeg lub cev
Nws paub tias amines yog tshuaj lom heev. Ib qho kev cuam tshuam nrog lawv tuaj yeem ua rau muaj kev phom sij rau kev noj qab haus huv: nqus pa, tiv tauj nrog cov tawv nqaij qhib lossis noj cov tshuaj sib xyaw rau hauv lub cev. Kev tuag tshwm sim los ntawm qhov tsis muaj oxygen, txij li amines (tshwj xeeb, aniline) khi rau cov ntshav hemoglobin thiab tiv thaiv nws los ntawm kev ntes cov pa oxygen molecules. Cov tsos mob ceeb toom yog ua tsis taus pa luv, xiav nasolabial daim duab peb sab thiab ntiv tes, tachypnea (ua pa nrawm), tachycardia, tsis nco qab.
Yog tias cov tshuaj no nkag mus rau thaj chaw liab qab ntawm lub cev, koj yuav tsum tshem tawm sai sai nrog cov ntaub pua plag yav tas los moistened nrog cawv. Qhov no yuav tsum tau ua tib zoo ua kom zoo li sai tau kom tsis txhob ua rau thaj tsam ntawm kev sib kis. Yog tias cov tsos mob tshwm sim, koj yuav tsum sab laj nrog kws kho mob.
Aliphatic amines yog tshuaj lom rau lub paj hlwb thiab cov hlab plawv. Lawv tuaj yeem ua rau muaj kev nyuaj siab ntawm daim siab ua haujlwm, nws cov dystrophy, thiab txawm tias cov kab mob oncological ntawm lub zais zis.
