Yuav kom nkag siab lub ntsiab lus ntawm ib qho kev tshawb fawb, koj yuav tsum xub tau txais kev txaus siab los ntawm kev paub, nrhiav pom ib yam tshiab. Hauv qhov no, nws yog chemistry. Ntseeg kuv, nws muaj peev xwm muab cov tub ntxhais kawm ntawm nws qhov kev txaus siab tiag tiag. Thiab qhov no tsis yog tsuas yog kev sib sau ntawm kev paub nrog qhov sib npaug qhuav ntawm qhov tseeb. Kev hloov tshuaj lom neeg yog qhov txaus nyiam heev los saib, thiab cov qauv piv txwv hauv chav kuaj tuaj yeem ua rau muaj kev txaus siab rau tus menyuam kawm ntawv! Vim hais tias chemistry yog lub hauv paus ntawm lub hauv paus ntawm tag nrho cov khoom, cov uas los ntawm lub ntiaj teb no nyob ib ncig ntawm peb yog tsim. Zoo siab txais tos rau lub ntiaj teb nthuav dav no!
Yam kawm chemistry dab tsi
Cia peb paub seb qhov kev kawm yog dab tsi. Cias muab, chemistry yog kev tshawb fawb ntawm cov teeb meem (uas, raws li peb paub, siv ntim thiab muaj qee qhov loj). Yog li, qhov kev tshawb fawb no tshawb xyuas cov qauv thiab cov khoom ntawm cov khoom thiab tag nrho cov kev hloov pauv uas tshwm sim nrog lawv. Ib qho ntawm lawv yog cov ntshiab, los yog tej zaum yuav muaj kev sib xyaw ntawm cov ntsiab lus. TABSISkev hloov ntawm ib qho mus rau lwm qhov yog hu ua tshuaj tiv thaiv. Ib yam khoom tshiab tau tsim - thiab nws zoo li khawv koob! Tsis yog vim tsis muaj ib yam dab tsi uas thaum ub alchemists raug kho raws li wizards, ntseeg hais tias lawv yuav tau txais kub los ntawm lwm yam hlau.
Kev faib tawm dav dav
Chemistry yog tsob ntoo muaj zog nrog cov ceg ntoo uas muaj zog - ntu ntawm qhov kev tshawb fawb no. Lawv sib txawv heev hauv lawv txoj haujlwm thiab txoj hauv kev, tab sis lawv muaj kev sib txuas ruaj khov. Chemistry seem:
- Analytical. Qhia txog ntau npaum li cas thiab cov tshuaj twg muaj nyob rau hauv ib qho kev sib tov. Ua kev soj ntsuam (quantitative and qualitative) siv ntau yam cuab yeej.
- Inorganic. Nws yog txuam nrog kev tshawb fawb hauv thaj tsam ntawm inorganics (piv txwv li, ntsev). Cov qauv thiab cov khoom ntawm cov tebchaw no thiab lawv tus kheej cov khoom raug tshuaj xyuas. Tag nrho cov ntsiab lus ntawm lub rooj sib tham kuj tau kawm ntawm no (tsis suav nrog carbon, uas "tau txais" organic chemistry).
- Organic. Qhov no yog chemistry uas kawm txog cov ntsiab lus ntawm carbon. Cov kws tshawb fawb paub ntau (million!) ntawm cov tebchaw zoo li no, tab sis txhua xyoo lawv pom thiab tsim ntau thiab ntau dua tshiab. Lawv yog siv nyob rau hauv petrochemistry, polymer ntau lawm, tshuaj.
- Lub cev. Ntawm no cov ntsiab lus ntawm kev kawm yog cov qauv ntawm cov tshuaj tiv thaiv nyob rau hauv relation tolub cev tshwm sim. Cov ceg no cuam tshuam nrog lub cev thiab tus cwj pwm ntawm cov khoom, tsim qauv thiab kev xav ntawm kev ua.
YBiochemistry. Nws txoj kev kawm yog cov tshuaj tiv thaiv uas tshwm sim hauv cov kab mob. Metabolism thiab digestion, ua pa thiab kev yug me nyuam - tag nrho cov no yog prerogative ntawm no science. Kev tshawb fawb yog ua los ntawm cov kws tshawb fawb ntawm qib microscopic lossis molecular.
Y
Biotechnology
Koom tshiab ntawm chemistry thiab biology. Cov ntsiab lus ntawm kev kawm yog kev hloov kho lossis tsim cov khoom siv caj ces (los yog kab mob) rau qee yam kev tshawb fawb. Cov thev naus laus zis tshiab thiab kev tshawb fawb hauv cheeb tsam no yog siv los ua cloning, kom tau txais cov qoob loo tshiab, txhim kho kab mob thiab kev tsis zoo ntawm cov kab mob nyob.
Ancient keeb kwm
Lub ntsiab lus ntawm lo lus "chemistry" rau tib neeg kev vam meej tuaj yeem sib xyaw los ntawm kev taug qab cov theem ntawm kev loj hlob ntawm qhov kev tshawb fawb no. Txij li thaum lub sij hawm immemorial, tib neeg, qee zaum tsis paub txog nws, tau siv cov txheej txheem tshuaj kom tau txais cov hlau los ntawm cov hlau, rau cov ntaub npuag thiab hnav khaub ncaws tawv. Yog li ntawd, thaum kaj ntug ntawm kev coj noj coj ua ntawm lub neej thiab kev loj hlob ntawm lub ntiaj teb kev vam meej, cov lus qhuab qhia tshuaj tau yug los.
Medieval thiab Renaissance
Alchemy tshwm nyob rau lub sijhawm tshiab. Nws lub luag haujlwm tseem ceeb yog qhov tau txais lub npe hu ua "philosopher's pob zeb", thiab dhau mus - kev hloov pauv ntawm cov hlau rau hauv kub. Los ntawm txoj kev, ntau tus neeg keeb kwm ntseeg tias nws yog alchemy uas tau muab lub zog loj rau kev tsim kho tshuaj science.
Nyob rau hauv lub Renaissance, cov kev tshawb fawb no tau pib siv rau cov dej num (hauv metallurgy, zus tau tej cov ceramics thiab xim, glassmaking); muaj kev qhia tshwj xeeb ntawm alchemy - kho mob.
17-19th century
Nyob rau hauv ib nrab ntawm lub xyoo pua 17th, R. Boyle tau muab thawj lub ntsiab lus tshawb fawb ntawm lub tswv yim ntawm "khoom siv tshuaj".
Nyob rau ib nrab ntawm lub 18th, kev hloov ntawm chemistry mus rau ib tug science twb los txog rau qhov kawg. Los ntawm lub sijhawm no, cov kev cai ntawm kev txuag cov huab hwm coj hauv tshuaj lom neeg tau raug tsim tawm.
Nyob rau xyoo 19th, John D alton tau tsim lub hauv paus rau tshuaj atomism, thiab Amedeo Avogadro tau sau lo lus "molecule". Atomic-molecular chemistry yog tsim nyob rau hauv 60s ntawm lub xyoo pua 19th. A. M. Butlerov tsim txoj kev xav ntawm kev tsim kho cov tshuaj sib txuas. D. I. Mendeleev nrhiav pom txoj cai raws sij hawm thiab lub rooj.
Terminology
Ntau yam ntawm lawv tau tsim los ntawm kev txhim kho chemistry. Cov hauv qab no tsuas yog cov tseem ceeb xwb.
Ib yam khoom yog ib yam teeb meem uas muaj qee yam tshuaj thiab lub cev. Qhov no yog ib qho kev sau ntawm atoms thiab molecules, uas yog nyob rau hauv lub xeev ntawm aggregation. Txhua lub cev lub cev yog tsim los ntawm cov khoom.
Atom - chemically indivisible, qhov tsawg tshaj plaws ntawm cov tshuaj. Nws suav nrog lub nucleus thiab lub plhaub hluav taws xob.
Yuav ua li cas txog cov tshuaj lom neeg? Txhua tus ntawm lawv muaj nws tus kheej lub npe, nws tus kheej serial tooj, qhov chaw nyob rau hauv lub periodic rooj. Txog rau hnub tim, 118 lub ntsiab lus tau paub nyob rau hauv ib puag ncig ntuj (qhov huab Uuo yog ununoctium). Cov ntsiab lus tau sau nrog cov cim uas sawv cev rau 1 lossis 2 tsab ntawv ntawm lub npe Latin (piv txwv li, hydrogen yog H, lub npe Latin yog Hydrogenium).
