Cov txheej txheem Statistical - nws yog dab tsi? Kev siv cov txheej txheem txheeb cais

Cov txheej txheem:

Cov txheej txheem Statistical - nws yog dab tsi? Kev siv cov txheej txheem txheeb cais
Cov txheej txheem Statistical - nws yog dab tsi? Kev siv cov txheej txheem txheeb cais
Anonim

Cov txheej txheem ntawm kev txheeb xyuas cov ntaub ntawv tau piav qhia hauv cov ntaub ntawv hauv tsev. Nyob rau hauv kev xyaum ntawm Lavxias teb sab tuam txhab, lub caij no, tsuas yog ib co ntawm lawv yog siv. Cia peb xav txog qee txoj hauv kev ntawm kev ua lej.

cov txheej txheem txheeb cais yog
cov txheej txheem txheeb cais yog

cov ntaub ntawv dav dav

Nyob rau hauv kev coj ua ntawm kev lag luam hauv tsev, feem ntau cov txheej txheem ntawm kev tswj hwm muaj ntau. Yog tias peb tham txog kev tswj hwm ntawm cov txheej txheem thev naus laus zis, ces nws tau sau tseg tsis tshua muaj. Daim ntawv thov ntawm cov txheej txheem kev txheeb cais muab cov kev lag luam tsim ib pab pawg kws tshaj lij uas muaj peev xwm tsim nyog.

Meaning

Raws li ISO ser. 9000, tus neeg muag khoom yuav tsum tau txiav txim siab txog qhov xav tau ntawm cov txheej txheem kev txheeb cais uas siv rau hauv cov txheej txheem ntawm kev tsim, tswj thiab txheeb xyuas cov peev txheej ntawm cov txheej txheem tsim khoom thiab cov yam ntxwv ntawm cov khoom. Cov kev siv yog ua raws li kev xav ntawm qhov yuav tshwm sim thiab kev suav lej. Cov ntaub ntawv txheeb xyuas cov txheej txheem tuaj yeem ua tiav ntawm txhua theem ntawm cov khoom lag luam lub neej voj voog. Lawv muab kev ntsuam xyuas thiab tus account ntawm cov degreekhoom heterogeneity los yog variability ntawm nws cov khoom txheeb ze rau lub tsim nominal qhov tseem ceeb los yog yuav tsum tau muaj nuj nqis, raws li zoo raws li variability ntawm tus txheej txheem ntawm nws creation. Cov txheej txheem txheeb cais yog cov txheej txheem uas nws muaj peev xwm txiav txim siab txog lub xeev ntawm cov xwm txheej uas tau kawm nrog qhov tseeb thiab kev ntseeg tau. Lawv tso cai rau koj los kwv yees qee yam teeb meem, txhim kho cov kev daws teeb meem zoo raws li kev tshawb fawb cov ntaub ntawv tseeb, cov qauv thiab cov qauv.

Siv cov lus qhia

Cov cheeb tsam tseem ceeb uas cov txheej txheem txheeb cais tau siv dav yog:

  1. Txoj kev tswj hwm.
  2. Txais khoom. Nws siv txoj hauv kev zoo tshaj plaws.
  3. Kawm txog kev ruaj ntseg thiab qhov tseeb ntawm kev ua haujlwm thev naus laus zis.
  4. Kev ntseeg tau suav thiab sim.
  5. statistical txoj kev ntawm cov ntaub ntawv tsom xam
    statistical txoj kev ntawm cov ntaub ntawv tsom xam

Tshuaj teb chaws xyaum

Cov txheej txheem txheeb cais yog lub hauv paus tsim cov khoom lag luam nrog cov neeg siv khoom zoo. Cov txheej txheem no tau siv dav hauv cov teb chaws industrialized. Cov txheej txheem txheeb cais yog, qhov tseeb, lav tias cov neeg siv khoom tau txais cov khoom lag luam uas ua tau raws li qhov tsim nyog. Cov nyhuv ntawm lawv siv tau raug pov thawj los ntawm kev coj ua ntawm kev lag luam hauv Nyij Pooj. Nws yog lawv uas tau pab txhawb kev ua tiav ntawm qib siab tshaj plaws hauv lub tebchaws no. Kev paub ntev ntev ntawm cov teb chaws txawv teb chaws qhia tau hais tias cov tswv yim zoo li cas. Tshwj xeeb, nws paub tias Hewlelt Packard, siv cov ntaub ntawv txheeb caistxoj hauv kev, tuaj yeem txo tus naj npawb ntawm kev sib yuav hauv ib hlis los ntawm 9,000 mus rau 45 units hauv ib kis

Kev nyuaj ntawm kev siv

Hauv kev xyaum hauv tsev, muaj ntau yam teeb meem uas tsis tso cai siv cov txheej txheem txheeb cais los kawm cov ntsuas. Teeb meem tshwm sim vim:

  1. Feem ntau ntawm cov kws tshaj lij thiab cov thawj coj ua lag luam tsis muaj kev nkag siab txaus ntawm cov ntsiab lus thiab qhov tseem ceeb ntawm cov txheej txheem, qhov tseem ceeb ntawm kev nkag siab, hloov pauv thiab siv cov ntaub ntawv.
  2. Tsis paub ntawm ob txoj hauv kev txheeb cais lawv tus kheej thiab qhov kev txiav txim ntawm lawv daim ntawv thov.
  3. Feem ntau ntawm cov kws tshaj lij tsis muaj kev paub dhau los hauv kev ua cov ntaub ntawv pov thawj.
  4. Kev tsis ntseeg nyob rau hauv kev ntseeg tau ntawm cov txiaj ntsig.
  5. Tsis muaj cov ntawv qhia meej, yooj yim-rau-nyeem ntawv yam tsis muaj cov cuab yeej siv lej ntawm cov txiaj ntsig.
  6. statistical method of economic analysis suav nrog
    statistical method of economic analysis suav nrog

Kev txhim kho

Nws yuav tsum tau hais tias kev txiav txim siab xav tau qee yam kev txheeb cais hauv kev ua haujlwm zoo, xaiv, paub cov tswv yim tshwj xeeb yog txoj haujlwm nyuaj thiab ntev rau txhua lub lag luam hauv tsev. Rau nws txoj kev siv tau zoo, nws raug nquahu kom tsim ib txoj haujlwm tshwj xeeb mus sij hawm ntev. Nws yuav tsum muab rau kev tsim cov kev pabcuam uas nws cov dej num yuav suav nrog lub koom haum thiab cov txheej txheem kev taw qhia ntawm kev siv cov txheej txheem txheeb cais. Nyob rau hauv lub moj khaum ntawm qhov kev pab cuam, nws yog tsim nyog los muab rau equipping nrog tsim nyog technical txhais tau tias, kev cob qhia cov kws tshwj xeeb, txiav txim seb lub composition ntawm zus tau tej cov hauj lwm uas.yuav tsum tau daws los ntawm txoj kev xaiv. Mastering yog pom zoo kom pib nrog kev siv cov txheej txheem yooj yim tshaj plaws. Piv txwv li, koj tuaj yeem siv cov kev paub zoo tshaj plaws ntawm cov txheej txheem kev tswj hwm kev tsim khoom. Tom qab ntawd, nws raug nquahu kom txav mus rau lwm txoj hauv kev. Piv txwv li, nws tuaj yeem yog kev tshuaj xyuas ntawm qhov sib txawv, xaiv kev ua cov ntaub ntawv, kev tswj cov txheej txheem, kev npaj cov kev tshawb fawb factorial thiab kev sim, thiab lwm yam.

Kev faib tawm

Cov txheej txheem txheeb cais ntawm kev txheeb xyuas nyiaj txiag suav nrog cov txheej txheem sib txawv. Needless hais, muaj heev ob peb ntawm lawv. Txawm li cas los xij, tus kws tshaj lij hauv kev tswj hwm kev ua haujlwm zoo hauv Nyij Pooj, K. Ishikawa, pom zoo siv xya txoj hauv kev:

  1. Pareto kab kos.
  2. pab pawg cov ntaub ntawv los ntawm cov yam ntxwv sib xws.
  3. Control cards.
  4. Cause and effect diagrams.
  5. Histograms.
  6. Control sheets.

Raws li nws tus kheej kev paub dhau los hauv kev tswj hwm, Ishikawa thov tias 95% ntawm tag nrho cov lus nug thiab teeb meem hauv kev lag luam tuaj yeem daws tau siv xya txoj hauv kev no.

cov txheej txheem tswj kev txheeb cais
cov txheej txheem tswj kev txheeb cais

Pareto chart

Cov ntaub ntawv txheeb cais no yog ua raws li qee qhov piv txwv. Nws tau raug hu ua "Pareto Principle". Raws li nws, tawm ntawm 20% ntawm qhov ua rau, 80% ntawm qhov tshwm sim tshwm sim. Daim duab Pareto nyob rau hauv daim ntawv pom thiab nkag siab qhia tau hais tias tus txheeb ze cuam tshuam ntawm txhua qhov xwm txheej ntawm qhov teeb meem tag nrho hauv nqe nqes mus. Cov nyhuv no tuaj yeem kawm txog ntawmlosses, defects tshwm sim los ntawm txhua qhov ua rau. Cov txheeb ze cuam tshuam yog piav qhia nrog cov tuav, qhov cuam tshuam ntawm cov xwm txheej nrog cov kab ncaj nraim.

Cause and effect diagram

Ntawm nws, qhov teeb meem nyob rau hauv kev kawm yog conditionally depicted nyob rau hauv daim ntawv ntawm ib tug kab rov tav xub xub, thiab tej yam kev mob thiab tej yam uas indirect los yog ncaj qha cuam tshuam nws yog nyob rau hauv daim ntawv ntawm oblique xub. Thaum tsim tsev, txawm tias zoo li qhov xwm txheej tsis tseem ceeb yuav tsum raug coj mus rau hauv tus account. Qhov no yog vim lub fact tias nyob rau hauv kev xyaum muaj ntau zaus nyob rau hauv uas cov kev daws teeb meem ntawm cov teeb meem yog guaranteed los ntawm kev cais tawm ntawm ob peb seemingly insignificant yam. Cov laj thawj uas cuam tshuam rau qhov xwm txheej tseem ceeb (ntawm thawj qhov kev txiav txim tom ntej) yog piav qhia ntawm daim duab los ntawm kab rov tav luv xub. Daim duab qhia ntxaws yuav nyob rau hauv daim ntawv ntawm ib tug ntses skeleton.

statistical zoo txoj kev
statistical zoo txoj kev

Group information

Txoj kev lag luam-kev txheeb cais no yog siv los kho cov txheej txheem ntsuas uas tau txais los ntawm kev ntsuas thiab ntsuas ib lossis ntau qhov ntawm ib qho khoom. Raws li txoj cai, cov ntaub ntawv no yog nthuav tawm nyob rau hauv daim ntawv ntawm ib tug unordered ib theem zuj zus ntawm tus nqi. Cov no tuaj yeem yog linear qhov ntev ntawm lub workpiece, lub melting point, hardness ntawm cov khoom, tus naj npawb ntawm qhov tsis xws luag, thiab lwm yam. Raws li xws li ib tug system, nws yog ib qhov nyuaj rau kos cov lus xaus txog cov khoom ntawm cov khoom los yog cov txheej txheem ntawm nws creation. Ordering yog ua los ntawm cov kab graphs. Lawv pom kev pom kev hloov pauv hauv cov kev txwv tsis pub dhau ib lub sijhawm.

Control sheet

Raws li txoj cai, nws tau nthuav tawm nyob rau hauv daim ntawv ntawm cov lus faib zaus rau qhov tshwm sim ntawm qhov ntsuas qhov tseem ceeb ntawm cov khoom tsis muaj nyob rau hauv qhov sib thooj. Cov ntawv txheeb tau muab tso ua ke nyob ntawm lub hom phiaj ntawm txoj kev kawm. Qhov ntau ntawm qhov ntsuas qhov tseem ceeb tau muab faib ua qhov sib npaug sib npaug. Lawv tus lej feem ntau yog xaiv sib npaug rau lub hauv paus square ntawm tus naj npawb ntawm kev ntsuas. Daim ntawv yuav tsum yooj yim kom tshem tawm cov teeb meem thaum sau, nyeem, kos.

Histogram

Nws yog nthuav tawm hauv daim ntawv ntawm ib lub kauj ruam polygon. Nws qhia meej txog kev faib cov ntsuas ntsuas. Qhov ntau ntawm cov nqi tau muab faib ua qhov sib npaug sib npaug, uas yog npaj raws li x-axis. Ib daim duab plaub yog tsim rau txhua lub sijhawm. Nws qhov siab yog sib npaug rau qhov zaus ntawm qhov tshwm sim ntawm tus nqi hauv lub sijhawm muab.

statistical data method
statistical data method

Scatterplots

Lawv siv thaum kuaj qhov kev xav txog kev sib raug zoo ntawm ob qhov sib txawv. Tus qauv tsim raws li hauv qab no. Tus nqi ntawm ib qho parameter yog plotted rau ntawm abscissa axis, thiab tus nqi ntawm lwm qhov taw qhia yog plotted rau ntawm ordinate. Raws li qhov tshwm sim, ib qho chaw tshwm rau ntawm daim duab. Cov kev ua no rov ua dua rau txhua qhov txiaj ntsig ntawm qhov hloov pauv. Yog tias muaj kev sib raug zoo, qhov kev sib raug zoo yog txuas ntxiv, thiab kev taw qhia yuav tsis sib haum nrog cov kev taw qhia ntawm y-axis. Yog tsis muaj kev txwv, nws yuav ua tib yam rau ib qho ntawm cov axes lossis yuav ncig.

Control cards

Lawv tau siv rau hauv cov txheej txheem kev ntsuas rau lub sijhawm tshwj xeeb. Kev tsim cov kab kos tswj yog nyob ntawmntawm cov haujlwm hauv qab no:

  1. Txhua cov txheej txheem sib txawv ntawm cov txheej txheem dhau sijhawm.
  2. Txoj kev tsis ruaj khov ntawm qhov tshwm sim tsis hloov pauv los ntawm lub sijhawm. Cov kev sib txawv uas mus dhau qhov kev txwv tsis pub dhau yog qhov tsis sib xws.
  3. Qee qhov kev hloov pauv tuaj yeem kwv yees.
  4. Cov txheej txheem ruaj khov tuaj yeem sib txawv ntawm qhov xav tau txwv.

Siv hauv kev coj ua ntawm Lavxias teb sab tuam txhab

Nws yuav tsum tau hais tias kev paub hauv tsev thiab txawv teb chaws qhia tau hais tias txoj hauv kev zoo tshaj plaws rau kev ntsuas kev ruaj ntseg thiab qhov tseeb ntawm cov cuab yeej siv thiab cov txheej txheem thev naus laus zis yog muab tso ua ke ntawm cov kab kos tswj. Txoj kev no kuj tseem siv rau hauv kev tswj hwm kev ua haujlwm ntawm kev tsim khoom, kev kawm txog cov peev txheej ntawm kev tsim khoom. Thaum tsim daim duab qhia chaw, nws yog ib qho tsim nyog los xaiv qhov parameter raws li kev kawm kom raug. Nws raug nquahu kom muab qhov nyiam rau cov ntsuas uas cuam tshuam ncaj qha rau kev npaj siv cov khoom, uas tuaj yeem ntsuas tau yooj yim thiab tuaj yeem cuam tshuam los ntawm kev tswj cov txheej txheem. Yog tias qhov kev xaiv zoo li no nyuaj lossis tsis ncaj ncees, nws tuaj yeem ntsuas cov txiaj ntsig sib cuam tshuam (kev cuam tshuam) nrog rau qhov ntsuas ntsuas.

Nuances

Yog tias nws tsis yog kev lag luam lossis technically ua tau los ntsuas cov ntsuas nrog qhov tseeb uas yuav tsum tau ua rau kev kos npe raws li qhov muaj nuj nqis, siv lwm qhov kos npe. Cov ntsiab lus xws li "kev sib yuav" thiab "tsis xws luag" yog txuam nrog nws. Cov tom kawg yog to taub raws li txhua qhov sib cais tsis sib haum ntawm cov khoomtsim kom muaj kev cai. Kev sib yuav yog hu ua cov khoom lag luam, cov kev cai uas tsis tso cai rau cov neeg siv khoom, vim muaj qhov tsis xws luag hauv nws.

statistical method of economic analysis tsis suav nrog
statistical method of economic analysis tsis suav nrog

Ntse

Txhua hom daim npav muaj nws tus kheej tshwj xeeb. Nws yuav tsum raug coj mus rau hauv tus account thaum xaiv lawv rau ib rooj plaub tshwj xeeb. Daim npav los ntawm qhov ntsuas qhov ntau yog suav tias yog qhov kev hloov pauv ntawm cov txheej txheem ntau dua li cov uas siv lwm qhov tshwj xeeb. Txawm li cas los xij, yav dhau los yog kev siv zog ntau dua. Lawv siv rau:

  1. Debug txheej txheem.
  2. Kev ntsuas qhov ua tau ntawm kev siv thev naus laus zis.
  3. Tshuaj xyuas qhov tseeb ntawm cov khoom siv.
  4. Kev zam txim.
  5. Matching ntau txoj hauv kev siv tau los tsim ib yam khoom.

Extra

Yog tias qhov kev tsis sib haum xeeb ntawm cov txheej txheem yog tus yam ntxwv los ntawm kev hloov pauv ntawm tus nqi nruab nrab ntawm qhov ntsuas qhov ntsuas, nws yuav tsum siv X-daim ntawv qhia. Yog tias muaj qhov nce ntawm qhov sib txawv ntawm qhov tseem ceeb, R lossis S qauv yuav tsum tau xaiv. Nws yog ib qho tsim nyog, txawm li cas los xij, coj mus rau hauv tus lej ntawm cov yam ntxwv. Tshwj xeeb, kev siv S-charts yuav ua rau nws muaj peev xwm ua tau kom raug thiab tsim kom muaj kev cuam tshuam ntawm cov txheej txheem ntau dua li R-qauv nrog cov qauv piv txwv. Nyob rau tib lub sijhawm, kev tsim kho tom qab tsis tas yuav muaj kev suav nrog.

Zoo kawg

Quantitative method of analysis in economics tso cai rau peb tshawb fawb txog yam uas muaj nyob rau hauv cov chav kawm ntawm kev ntsuam xyuas zoo, nyob rau hauv qhov chaw thiab dynamics. Lawv tuaj yeem raug siv los ua cov kev kwv yees kwv yees. Cov txheej txheem ntawm kev txheeb xyuas nyiaj txiag tsis yogsuav nrog cov txheej txheem los ntsuas qhov ua rau-thiab-tshuaj kev sib raug zoo ntawm cov txheej txheem kev lag luam thiab cov xwm txheej, txheeb xyuas cov nyiaj tau los thiab tsis tau siv rau kev txhim kho kev ua haujlwm. Hauv lwm lo lus, cov txheej txheem factorial tsis suav nrog hauv cov kev xav tau.

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