Lead ci (galena) yog hom tseem ceeb ntawm cov ore uas tau txais cov hmoov lead ntshiab. Lub extraction ntawm hlau yog nqa tawm los ntawm kev flotation. Lub hauv paus chiv keeb ntawm cov ntxhia yog txuam nrog hydrothermal hauv av. Kev tso nyiaj ntawm cov hlau lead luster tau faib thoob plaws ntiaj teb, tab sis cov laus tshaj plaws ntawm lawv twb tau tsim yuav luag tag. Ntuj ores uas muaj galena kuj muaj lwm yam impurities. Lub luag haujlwm tseem ceeb ntawm cov pob zeb no yog cov hlau tsis muaj hlau (cov hlau lead smelting).
Kev piav qhia
Lead glitter yog ib lub npe qub rau cov pob zeb hauv av. Lo lus no los ntawm Latin galena, uas txhais tau tias "lead ore". Cov ntxhia yog nyob rau hauv chav kawm ntawm sulfides - sulfur compounds ntawm hlau thiab non-metals thiab yog ib tug ntawm cov feem ntau sawv cev ntawm pab pawg neeg no. Cov tshuaj formula rau txhuas glitter yog PbS (lead sulfide).
Feem ntau, opaque galena crystals yog nyob rau hauv daim ntawv ntawm cubes, cuboctahedrons, octahedrons nrog obtuse fab. Cov kauj ruam thiab kev sib cais tuaj yeem tsim rau ntawm lawv lub ntsej muag. Lead gloss nrog zinc blende muab sinteredkev teeb tsa. Qhov tawg yog stepped thiab nkig. Muaj ntau ntau yam ntawm cov pob zeb no: selenium galena (nws muaj selenite), txhuas (nrog cov qauv ntom ntom ntom ntom). Daim ntawv ntau tshaj plaws nyob rau hauv cov xwm txheej yog cov khoom granular.
Cov xim ntawm cov pob zeb hauv av yog hlau, nrog cov xim xiav, qee zaum muaj ntau xim tint. Nws muaj xim hlau nplaum.
Composition
Cov tshuaj muaj pes tsawg leeg ntawm cov tshuaj lead luster suav nrog 86.6% txhuas, tus so yog leej faj. Ntawm cov impurities, cov hauv qab no feem ntau sau tseg:
- nyiaj;
- tooj;
- cadmium;
- zinc;
- bismuth;
- iron;
- arsenic;
- tin;
- molybdenum.
Yselenium;
Nyob tsis tshua muaj, manganese, uranium thiab lwm yam tshuaj muaj nyob rau hauv cov ntxhia hauv cov ntxhia. Lub xub ntiag ntawm impurities yog txuam nrog microscopic inclusions ntawm lwm cov pob zeb.
tshuaj muaj zog
Cov hmoov lead luster muaj cov tshuaj lom neeg hauv qab no:
- xav nrog dej qab zib ua rau kab kab;
- thaum yaj nyob rau hauv nitric acid, sulfur thiab lead sulfate raug tso tawm, uas precipitates raws li ib tug dawb precipitate;
- Kev Tiv Thaiv ntawm galena flotation yog ua los ntawm chromates thiab bichromates, thaum hydrophilic compounds ntawm txhuas chromate yog tsim nyob rau saum npoo ntawm cov ntxhia;
- thaum nyob rau hauv kev sib cuag nrog atmospheric oxygen, nws sai oxidizes, darkens, poob nws metallic luster;
- thaum oxidized, muaj nuj nqis lead ores cerussite, anglesite, pyromorphite yog tsim.
Lub cev yam ntxwv
Cov yam ntxwv tseem ceeb ntawm cov hmoov txhuas muaj xws li:
- Mohs hardness - 2-3 (nkig);
- kev coj ua tsis muaj zog;
- siab ntom - 7400-7600 kg/m3;
- cleavage - zoo tagnrho hauv cubic cwj pwm.
Keeb Kwm
Kev tso nyiaj qhov twg cov hlau lead yog pom muaj ob hom pob zeb tsim:
- Hydrothermal. Minerals yog tsim los ntawm nag lossis daus los ntawm hydrothermal kev daws teeb meem nyob rau hauv lub plab hnyuv ntawm lub ntiaj teb. Hom kev tso nyiaj no, uas galena deposits raug kaw, yog qhov ntau tshaj. Nws pom muaj raws li cov hlab ntsha los yog tso rau hauv cov pob zeb limestone.
- Metasomatic. Cov tsos ntawm ores tshwm sim nyob rau hauv cov dej kub ntxhia dej, nrog rau lub simultaneous dissolution ntawm pob zeb thiab cov deposition ntawm lawv cov tshiab hom.
Nrog ntuj erosive weathering thiab cuam tshuam ntawm av av, ib tug anglesite crust yog tsim los ntawm galena, dhau mus tob rau hauv cerusite. Cov no yog cov ntxhia hauv cov dej ntxhia uas tsim cov txheej ntom ntom ntawm cov hlau lead, tiv thaiv nws cov oxidation ntxiv. Tsawg dua, pyromorphite, wulfenite, thiab crocoite raug txheeb xyuas raws li cov khoom hloov pauv.
Ntawm cov khoom noj uas muaj nrog, feem ntausphalerite (zinc sulfide) thiab lwm yam:
- pyrite;
- chalcopyrite;
- fahlore (sulfides ntawm tooj liab, arsenic, antimony nrog impurities ntawm lwm yam khoom);
- sulfos alts Ag, Pb, Cu;
- arsenic pyrite;
- quartz;
- calcite;
- carbonates;
- barite;
- fluorite.
Qee lub sij hawm cov hmoov lead ci pom nyob rau hauv daim ntawv ntawm kev tua ntawm sulfuric thiab radiant pyrite (coal thiab phosphorite deposits).
Kev faib tawm
Cov deposits loj tshaj plaws ntawm galena yog mined nyob rau hauv lub teb chaws nram qab no:
- USA (Leadville, Colorado);
- Russia (Sadon, Caucasus; Leninogorsk, Altai; Dalnegorsk, Primorye; Nerchinsk, Chita cheeb tsam);
- Australia (Broken Hill, New South Wales);
- Canada;
- Mexico.
Cov nyiaj txhuas ci ntsa iab pom nyob txhua qhov chaw, tab sis cov laus tshaj plaws, nyob hauv Europe, yuav luag tag nrho. Hauv lub tebchaws CIS, Altyn-Topkan (Tajikistan), Karatau, Akchagyl (Kazakhstan), Filizchayskoye (Azerbaijan) tso nyiaj tuaj yeem sau tseg.
khoom tsim khoom
Tsev ci tuaj yeem tau yooj yim tau los ntawm ntau txoj hauv kev:
- thaum raug cov tshuaj hydrogen sulfide ntawm txhuas nyob rau hauv lub xub ntiag ntawm nitric acid;
- thaum PbSO4 decomposes hauv hydrogen lossis carbon monoxide;
- thaum dhau lub dav hlau qhuav ntawm hydrogen sulfide roj los ntawm cov tshuaj lead chloride;
- thaum maj mam txias cov calcined crushed PbSO sib tov 4 thiabchalk.
Daim ntawv thov
Kev siv lub ntsiab ntawm galena yog qhov chaw rau smelting txhuas. Cov hlau no tsuas yog siv rau kev tsim cov khoom hauv qab no:
- batteries;
- daim ntawv txhuas thiab alloys;
- phom;
- sheaths rau hluav taws xob cables;
- technological additives rau roj av.
Ntxiv rau cov hmoov lead smelting, galena yog siv rau hauv kev tsim cov tshuaj ntxuav dawb, xim (liab lead, yas) thiab glazes. Nyiaj, bismuth, zinc thiab selenium yog muab rho tawm los ntawm cov nplua nuj ores.
Lead ci yog ib qho khoom siv hluav taws xob. Nws yog qee zaum siv hauv kev tsim cov khoom siv hluav taws xob tiv tauj.
Cov ntsiab lus ntawm cov hlau lead hauv ore yog li 5-6%. Lawv enrichment yog nqa tawm siv technologies yooj yim, cov kev xaiv ntawm uas nyob ntawm seb qhov luaj li cas ntawm cov mineral inclusions nyob rau hauv lub pob zeb thiab lub uniformity ntawm nws tis. Yog hais tias cov nplej ntawm cov hlau lead sheen loj, ces cov ore yog ua raws li lub ntiajteb txawj nqus-flotation schemes. Ua ntej, ib qho concentrate yog tau, uas yog ces crushed thiab ntab nyob rau hauv ib tug alkaline nruab nrab. Nyob rau hauv lub xub ntiag ntawm sulfur pyrite nyob rau hauv lub ore, nws tawm los yog suppressed nrog kev pab los ntawm cyanide. Cov ores uas muaj ntau oxides thiab sulfides (sulfide-oxidized) yog enriched nyob rau hauv ob txoj kev:
- cais flotation ntawm sulfide thiab tsis-sulfide Cheebtsam;
- sulfidization ntawm oxides ua raws li flotation ntawm galena. Cov txheej txheem muaj nyob rau hauv kev ntxiv ntau yam reagents (piv txwv li, sodium sulfide), uas ua rau muaj kev nce hauv hydrophobicity ntawm qhov chaw.noob.
Cov zaub mov muaj nyob hauv cov ore tau muab faib ua 3 pawg raws li lawv lub peev xwm rau sulfidization:
- yooj yim sulfidizing (dawb thiab daj lead ore, lead vitriol);
- poorly sulfidizing (lead chlorophosphate);
- tsis amenable rau sulfidization (plumboyarozite).
