Ib tug qhua tsawg ntawm lub nroog ntawm Neva yuav tsis tuaj xyuas Tsev khaws puav pheej ntawm Keeb Kwm ntawm St. Petersburg hauv Peter thiab Paul Fortress. Nyob ntawd, nyob rau hauv lub granite ntawm lub bastions, keeb kwm ntawm yug ntawm lub Northern capital ntawm Russia yog khov, qhov chaw ntawm uas, raws li zoo raws li txoj kev npaj ntawm Peter lub Great, yog lub citadel, symbolizing lub hwj chim thiab impregnability ntawm lub hwj chim nws. tsim.
Lub Citadel yog lub hlwb ntawm Peter I
Keeb kwm ntawm kev tsim ntawm Peter thiab Paul Fortress yog inextricably txuas nrog rau sab qaum teb ua tsov ua rog, uas Russia thiab Sweden ua nyob rau hauv lub sij hawm 1700-1721. Raws li qhov tshwm sim ntawm ntau qhov kev ua tub rog ua tau zoo, los ntawm 1703 Neva thaj av tau rov qab los, thiab lub fortress txhim khu kev qha ua tau raws li tag nrho cov kev cai ntawm kev tshawb fawb fortification ntawm cov xyoo ntawd los tiv thaiv lawv. Nws txoj kev tsim kho yog txhua yam tsim nyog vim tias lub qub Nienschanz fortress, nyob ntawm qhov sib txuam ntawm Okhta River nrog Neva, tau suav tias tsis txaus ntseeg.
Los ntawm cov ntaub ntawv uas tau nqis los rau peb, paub tias Peter kuv tus kheej xaiv qhov chaw rau lub fortress tshiab. Fabkis engineer Joseph Gaspard Lambert de Guerin. Qhov kev xaiv ntawm tus huab tais poob rau Hare Island, nyob rau hauv qhov dav tshaj plaws ntawm lub qhov ncauj ntawm Neva, thiab muaj qhov tsim nyog - 750 m ntev thiab yuav luag 360 m wide.
Keeb kwm ntawm Peter thiab Paul Fortress pib lub Tsib Hlis 16 (27), 1703, txij li hnub nws tau muab tso rau. Txawm tias muaj tseeb hais tias lub fortress tau tsim tsis tau tsuas yog nyob rau hauv lub teg num ntawm Peter I, tab sis kuj raws li nws tej yaam num, nqa tawm ua ke nrog Lambert de Guerin, lub sovereign nws tus kheej twb tsis nyob rau hauv lub keeb kwm kev tshwm sim. Raws li keeb kwm ntawm cov xyoo ntawd, nws nyob hauv Olonets shipyard, nyob rau sab hnub tuaj ntawm Lake Ladoga, thiab AD Menshikov tau saib xyuas kev pib ua haujlwm ntawm Hare Island.
Hnub no, thaum Peter thiab Paul Fortress tau tsim, suav tias yog hnub yug ntawm St. Petersburg, tab sis ob peb tus neeg paub tias thaum pib nws txoj kev tsim kho tau ua raws li kev ua tub rog, thiab lub hauv paus ntawm lub peev tshiab ntawm lub xeev. nyob ib ncig ntawm nws tsis xav. Tsuas yog tom qab ob qhov xwm txheej no tau txuas nrog ib leeg, yog li ntawd Pushkin lub "lub nroog yuav raug tsim tsa ntawm no" tuaj rau tus huab tais lub siab me ntsis tom qab kev tsim cov fortress muaj zog bastions pib.
Tsim lub ntiaj teb fortress
Raws li tau pom los ntawm keeb kwm ntawm kev tsim kho Peter thiab Paul Fortress, nws yog thawj zaug ua los ntawm ntoo thiab lub ntiaj teb, txawm li cas los xij, txawm li cas los xij, nws yog ib qho kev txhim kho siab heev thaum lub sijhawm ntawd, muaj 6 lub bastions., txhua tus uas yog ib tug muaj zog tsib-tog fortification erected raws cov ces kaum ntawm lub fortress laj kab.
Nyob rau hauv pem hauv ntej ntawm cov phab ntsa (cov ntaub) txuas lawv, 2 ravelins tau tsim - tej vaj tse. Lawv lub hom phiaj yog los npog cov phab ntsa los ntawm cov yeeb ncuab phom tua hluav taws thiab tiv thaiv kev tawm tsam. Lub crownwork kuj tau tsim - ib lub fortification sab nraud, npaj ob qho tib si rau kev tiv thaiv ntxiv ntawm lub fortress thiab tsim ib tug choj taub hau nyob rau hauv rooj plaub ntawm counterattacks.
Peter thiab Paul Fortress tau tsim los ntawm cov tub rog Lavxias txhais tes thiab ntes Swedes. Tsis tas li ntawd, los ntawm kev txiav txim ntawm huab tais, muaj qee tus naj npawb ntawm cov neeg ua haujlwm raug xa los ntawm txhua lub xeev. Cov kev ua haujlwm nyuaj nyob rau hauv qhov txias thiab ntub dej B altic huab cua ua rau ntau pua tus neeg ua haujlwm tsis paub yuav pw mus ib txhis hauv qhov ntxa uas npog cov ntug dej hiav txwv ntawm Neva. Lawv tau hloov los ntawm cov neeg ua haujlwm tshiab, cov pob txha ntawm cov phab ntsa ntawm lub fortress loj hlob, thiab lub peev ntawm lub teb chaws Ottoman tau sawv los ntawm qhov tsaus ntuj ntawm hav zoov.
High-ranking construction supervisors
Cov ntaub ntawv keeb kwm ntsig txog keeb kwm ntawm Peter thiab Paul Fortress hauv St. Petersburg qhia tias kev tsim kho ntawm nws cov bastions yog tus kheej saib xyuas los ntawm tus thawj tswj hwm thiab tsib ntawm nws cov koom tes ze tshaj plaws, uas lawv cov npe tom qab tau muab npe. Yog li, cov npe tau muaj sia nyob rau hnub no: Trubetskoy Bastion, Gosudarev, Menshikov, Naryshkin, Zotov thiab Golovkin.
Nws yuav tsum tau muab sau tseg tam sim ntawd hais tias Peter kuv tsuas yog koom nrog kev tso tus Vaj Ntsuj Plig Dawb Huv lub bastion, thiab tag nrho cov haujlwm tom ntej hauv nws tau saib xyuas los ntawm nws tus tub, Tsarevich Alexei thiab AD Menshikov. Qhov tseem ceeb yog qhov tseeb tias tus socov curators, tsis zoo rau Lavxias teb sab kev lig kev cai, tsis tsuas yog tsis twv kom tau nyiaj nyob rau hauv cov hauj lwm entrusted rau lawv, tab sis nyob rau hauv ntau rooj plaub them rau cov nqi tam sim no lawv tus kheej.
Chronicle of further events
Keeb kwm ntawm Peter thiab Paul Fortress ua tim khawv rau ntau qhov kev suav tsis raug ua thaum nws tsim. Ib tug ntawm lawv tuaj rau lub teeb txawm ua ntej lub kaum hli ntuj 1, 1703, kev ua hauj lwm ntawm kev tsim kho ntawm earthen defensive lug tau ua tiav. Raws li qhov tshwm sim ntawm dej nyab loj heev uas tau tshwm sim rau lub Yim Hli 30, cov dej tau nce los ntawm 2.5 meters, dej nyab Hare Island thiab ntxuav ntau lub tsev ua tiav lawm. Qhov xwm txheej no ib zaug ua pov thawj tias yuav tsum tsim lub pob zeb citadel.
Nyob rau lub caij ntuj sov xyoo 1703, lwm qhov tseem ceeb tau tshwm sim, uas txhua tus neeg tuaj saib lub Tsev khaws puav pheej ntawm Keeb Kwm ntawm St. Petersburg hauv Peter thiab Paul Fortress yuav paub tseeb txog: Lub Rau Hli 29 (Lub Xya Hli 12), lub solemn nteg ntawm Peter thiab Paul Cathedral coj qhov chaw nyob rau hauv nws cov cheeb tsam - ces tseem yog ib tug me me lub tsev teev ntuj. Nws muab lub npe ntawm lub citadel tau tsim, thiab tom qab ntawd lub nroog, muaj npe nyob rau hauv Dutch style - "St. Petersburg". Yog li, hnub tim 29 Lub Rau Hli tuaj yeem suav tias yog hnub lub npe ntawm lub nroog ntawm Neva.
Nyob rau tib lub xyoo, Ioannovsky Choj tau tshwm sim, txuas Zayachy Island nrog Petrograd sab, txawm li cas los xij, nyob rau hauv cov hnub ntawd nws yog ib qho qauv ntawm ntau lub rafts txuas ua ke. Thaum lub caij nplooj zeeg, rab phom tau nruab rau ntawm qhov nyuam qhuav ua tiav earthen ramparts. Cov no yog cam khwb cia hlau thiab tooj liab cannons, ob leeg ntes los ntawm Swedes, thiab domestic castings ua. Novgorod gunsmiths. Nyob rau tib lub sijhawm, tus huab tais tau xaiv thawj tus thawj coj ntawm Peter thiab Paul Fortress. Qhov kev hwm no tau tso siab rau ib tus ntawm nws cov neeg koom siab tshaj plaws - tus thawj coj Estonian, Colonel Karl-Ewald von Renne.
Pib ntsib lub fortress nrog granite
In 1705 ib theem tshiab hauv keeb kwm ntawm Peter thiab Paul Fortress pib. Tom qab tag nrho lub ntiaj teb fortifications tau tsim, thiab yog li nws tau los ua kom muaj kev tawm tsam los ntawm Swedes, Peter kuv txiav txim siab los tsim nws hauv pob zeb. Kev tsim qauv ntawm lub nroog tshiab thiab kev tswj hwm kev ua haujlwm tau tso siab rau ib tus neeg Italian ntawm Swiss keeb kwm, tus kws tsim vaj tsev zoo tshaj plaws thiab tus kws tshaj lij ntawm nws lub sijhawm, Domenico Andrea Trezzini.
Yuav kom ua raws li txoj kev npaj nws tau xeeb tub, ib qho kev nthuav dav ntxiv tau ua nyob rau thaj tsam ntawm Hare Island, vim tias nws qhov dav tau nce 30 m. tej zaum yuav yog qhov muaj kev phom sij tshaj plaws. Thaum lub sij hawm tsim kho, cov qub ramparts raug torn, thiab lawv cov av tau siv los sau cov kob.
Lub Ntiaj Teb, raws li txoj haujlwm tshiab, tsuas yog kronverk - lub kaw lus ntawm kev tiv thaiv cov qauv, hais txog kev sawv cev ntawm lub kaus mom ("kron" - crowns, "work" - lub fortress), nyob rau sab qaum teb ntawm cov kob thiab tsim los tiv thaiv kev tawm tsam los ntawm sushi. Los ntawm nws tuaj lub npe ntawm Kronver channel, uas cais Zayachy Island los ntawm Petrograd Side.
Fortress uas Russia tseem tsis tau paub
Y Los ntawm 1708 Menshikov thiab Golovkin bastions tau hnav hauv granite, thiabkuj tseem nyob nrog cov ntaub thaiv (phab ntsa) thiab cov ntawv xov xwm hmoov. Nyob rau tib lub sij hawm, kev tsim kho ntawm barracks thiab lub rooj vag Petrovsky pib, tsim, raws li lub sovereign txoj cai, ntawm tus qauv ntawm Narva.
Cov ntaub ntawv nthuav tawm ntawm Tsev khaws puav pheej ntawm Keeb Kwm ntawm Peter thiab Paul Fortress ua tim khawv txog qhov muaj zog npaum li cas lub nroog tau tsim nyob rau ntawm Hare Island. Luv luv piav txog lawv cov ntsiab lus, peb tsuas yog nco ntsoov tias rau Russia hom kev tiv thaiv no yog qhov tshiab.
Txhais tau hais tias lub thickness ntawm lub fortress phab ntsa mus txog 20 m, thiab qhov siab yog 12 m. Yuav kom ntxiv dag zog rau lawv lub hauv paus, 40 txhiab pawg tau tsav mus rau hauv av. Txhua lub bastion muaj hluav taws xob, uas tau muab los ntawm kwv yees li 60 phom. Hauv cov ntaub thaiv phab ntsa - cov phab ntsa nruab nrab ntawm cov bastions, garrison barracks tau muab tso, thiab muab cov hmoov phom khaws cia rau hauv cov phooj ywg.
Txoj kev zais cia ntawm kev sib txuas lus nrog lub ntiaj teb sab nraud tsis tau hnov qab. Tshwj xeeb, cov kab hauv av tau khawb hauv qab cov qauv sab nrauv rau cov tub rog tsaws sab nraum lub fortress, thiab hu ua patterns tau tsim nyob rau hauv nws cov phab ntsa - qhov chaw npaj rau qhov tshwm sim ntawm cov tub rog tom qab yeeb ncuab kab. Qhov kev tawm ntawm lawv, pw nrog ib txheej ntawm cib, tsuas yog paub rau cov tub ceev xwm tshwj xeeb uas ntseeg siab.
Lub fortress uas dhau los ua lub hauv paus ntawm lub nroog
Cov yeej tau kov yeej Swedes hauv 1709-1710 coj keeb kwm ntawm Peter thiab Paul Fortress mus rau lwm qib. Txij thaum ntawd los, nws tau ploj mus tas li nws qhov tseem ceeb ntawm kev ua tub rog, thiab cov cannons mounted ntawm nws bastions rattled tsuas yog thaum lub sij hawm ua koob tsheej. Nyob ib ncig ntawm lub fortress nrog extraordinary ceevlub nroog pib loj hlob, uas tau txais cov xwm txheej ntawm lub nroog tshiab ntawm Lavxias teb sab faj tim teb chaws, thiab muab lub npe St. Petersburg nyob rau hauv Honor ntawm nws saum ntuj ceeb tsheej patron neeg dawb huv tus tubtxib Peter.
Txawm tias ua ntej kawg ntawm Kev Tsov Rog Northern, Senate tau pib ua haujlwm ntawm Hare Island, thiab tsis ntev los no lub tsev loj cuj tseem ceeb ntawm Russia tau tsim. Qhov no zoo ib yam li keeb kwm ntawm kev txhim kho ntawm Ntauwd thiab Peter thiab Paul Fortress. Lub citadel, ua rau ntawm ntug dej ntawm Thames, kuj tau tswj los ua lub fortification, thiab ib qho chaw tswj hwm, thiab lub tsev loj cuj, thiab, thaum kawg, ib lub tsev cia puav pheej.
Nws xav paub tias thawj tus neeg raug kaw ntawm "Lavxias teb sab Bastille" - lub npe no nws tau txais dhau sijhawm, yog tus tub ntawm nws tus tsim - Tsarevich Alexei, uas tuag (lossis raug tua tsis pub leej twg paub) hauv kev saib xyuas thaum Lub Rau Hli 25, 1718. Tus kws kes duab vajtse Trezzini tau tsim ib lub tsev tshwj xeeb ntawm thaj chaw ntawm lub tsev loj cuj tshiab, uas nyob hauv Lub Chaw Ua Haujlwm zais cia. Nws kuj tau tsim thawj Mint ntawm Naryshkin thiab Trubetskoy Bastion, uas nyob hauv ib qho chaw tseem ceeb hauv Lavxias keeb kwm ntawm cov nyiaj. Tsis tas li ntawd, Peter thiab Paul Fortress tau dhau los ua qhov chaw uas tsis yog tsuas yog cov nyiaj npib minted, tab sis kuj yog lub xeev khoom plig.
Nyob rau xyoo 1731, Naryshkin Bastion tau crowned nrog Chij Ntauwd, uas tus chij Lavxias tau tsa txhua hnub, thiab ob xyoos tom qab ntawd, kev tsim lub pob zeb Peter thiab Paul Cathedral, uas thaum kawg tau los ua qhov chaw faus neeg Lavxias. monarchs, twb tiav. Zoo li lwm lub tsev ntawm lub fortress, nws tau tsa raws li qhov project thiab nyob rau hauv kev saib xyuas ncaj qha ntawm Domenico Trezzini. Nyob rau xyoo 1930 nws tau los ua kev lig kev caifoob pob hluav taws thaum tav su los ntawm Naryshkinsky bastion, uas txuas ntxiv rau peb lub sijhawm.
Peter thiab Paul Fortress tau txais nws lub tsev khaws puav pheej tseem ceeb hauv xyoo 1766, thaum lub tsev tau tsim nyob rau hauv nws thaj chaw kom haum rau lub nkoj ntawm Peter I, uas tau los ua ib qho ntawm cov relics ntawm Lavxias teb sab keeb kwm tom qab kev tuag ntawm lub sovereign. Thaum kawg, lub fortress tau coj nws cov tsos mob tshwm sim los ntawm qhov kawg ntawm 80s, thaum nws cov granite hauv ob sab phlu tiav, thiab Commandant's Quay thiab Narva Gate tau tsim.
Cov neeg raug txim ntawm "Lavxias teb sab Bastille"
Peter thiab Paul Fortress nyob rau hauv St. Petersburg nkag mus rau Lavxias teb sab keeb kwm feem ntau yog ib tug nom tswv tsev lojcuj. Nws tau hais saum toj no tias Tsarevich Alexei Petrovich tau los ua nws thawj tus neeg raug kaw. Tom qab ntawd, nws txoj hmoo tau sib koom los ntawm ntau tus neeg uas tau tawm tsam nrog tsoomfwv uas twb muaj lawm.
Lub bastions ntawm lub fortress nco ntsoov tus naas ej ntxhais huabtais Tarakanova, uas ua txuj ua tus txais los ntawm lub zwm txwv, tus sau Radishchev thiab Decembrists, uas tau khaws cia nyob rau hauv lub Alekseevsky ravelin. Petrashevists, Narodnaya Volya thiab Nechaevites, coj los ntawm lawv cov thawj coj tsis muaj zog, tuaj xyuas lawv cov phab ntsa. Cov kauj ruam ntawm N. G. Chernyshevsky, F. M. Dostoevsky, M. A. Bakunin thiab ntau lwm tus neeg tseem ceeb ntawm lub sijhawm ntawd tau hnov nyob rau hauv txoj kev echoing ntawm lub fortress.
Thaum lub Kaum Hli Ntuj xyoo 1917, lub garrison txhawb nqa Bolsheviks, uas nyob rau hauv lub Soviet xyoo tsis tau hnov qab hais txawm nyob rau hauv ib tug luv luv keeb kwm ntawm lub Peter thiab Paul Fortress. Nws tau hais meej meej tias thaum lub sij hawm ua phem rau lub caij ntuj no Palace, kev txhaj tshuaj dawb paug tau raug rho tawm ntawm nws cov phab ntsa, thiab tom qab ua tiav, cov neeg raug kaw ntawm cov neeg raug kaw tau los ua. Ministers of the Provisional Government.
Soviet keeb kwm tsis txaus siab rov qab lub luag haujlwm uas lub fortress ua si hauv tsev loj cuj ntawm Cheka, qhov twg nws nkag mus tam sim tom qab Bolsheviks los ua lub hwj chim. Nws paub tias nyob rau hauv 1919, 4 Grand Dukes los ntawm Romanov tsev neeg raug tua nyob rau hauv nws thaj chaw: Dmitry Konstantinovich, Georgy Mikhailovich, Nikolai Mikhailovich thiab Pavel Aleksandrovich.
Ib nplooj siab tshwj xeeb hauv keeb kwm ntawm Peter thiab Paul Fortress yog lub sijhawm ntawm Red Terror, uas tau nce siab hauv xyoo 1917-1921. Kev tua loj tom qab ntawd tau ua nyob ze ntawm phab ntsa fortress los ntawm sab ntawm Kronverk Strait. Xyoo 2009, qhov seem ntawm ntau pua tus neeg tau pom nyob rau ntawd, cov neeg raug tsim txom los ntawm tsoomfwv uas tau tsim nyob hauv lub tebchaws tau ntau xyoo.
txoj hmoo ntawm lub fortress nyob rau hauv lub sij hawm Soviet
Nyob rau xyoo 1925, keeb kwm ntawm Peter thiab Paul Fortress yuav luag tas tom qab Leningrad Council tau tshaj tawm tsab cai ntawm nws qhov kev rhuav tshem (kev puas tsuaj) thiab tsim lub chaw ntau pob ntawm Hare Island. Tab sis, hmoov zoo, qhov kev lim hiam no tsis tau muaj tseeb, thiab lub tsev khaws puav pheej tau tsim nyob rau thaj tsam ntawm lub fortress. Qhov tseem ceeb yog qhov tseeb tias nyob rau lub sijhawm 1925-1933. ib qho ntawm nws cov tsev nyob hauv Russia thawj lub chaw kuaj roj-dynamic, uas nws cov neeg ua haujlwm tau tsim lub hauv paus rau kev tshawb fawb hauv tsev. Hauv nws qhov chaw, Tsev khaws puav pheej ntawm Rocketry thiab Cosmonautics tau qhib rau xyoo 1973, uas tseem muaj nyob rau niaj hnub no.
Lub sijhawm Tsov Rog Loj Loj, lub fortress muaj lub roj teeb tiv thaiv dav hlau uas tiv thaiv lub ntuj ntawm Leningradlos ntawm cov yeeb ncuab dav hlau, thiab lub spire ntawm Peter thiab Paul Cathedral tau them nrog ib tug camouflage net. Txawm hais tias muaj kev sib tsoo tas li thiab kev foob pob uas lub nroog tau raug, tsis muaj kev cuam tshuam ntawm lub tsev teev ntuj, tab sis cov phab ntsa fortress tau raug puas tsuaj loj.
Xyoo 1975, ua kev nco txog 150 xyoo ntawm kev tawm tsam ntawm Senate Square hauv St. Petersburg, ze Kronverk, ntawm qhov chaw uas tsib Decembrists raug tua nyob rau hmo ntuj ntawm Lub Xya Hli 25, 1826, ua kev nco txog obelisk ntawm liab. marble tau txhim tsa. Cov npe ntawm A. Pestel, P. Kakhovsky, K. Ryleev, S. Muravyov-Apostol thiab M. Bestuzhev-Ryumin tau sau rau ntawm nws.
Zaj dab neeg uas tsis muaj hnub xaus
Hnub no, nyob rau thaj chaw ntawm ib lub nroog loj heev, Lub Xeev Tsev khaws puav pheej ntawm keeb kwm ntawm St. Petersburg "Peter thiab Paul Fortress" tau raug tsim. Raws li nyob rau hauv ancient sij hawm, txhua txhua hnub thaum tav su, lub teeb liab tua ntawm ib rab phom yog hnov los ntawm lub Naryshkinsky bastion, uas yog feem ntau muab rau cov qhua ntawm lub nroog. Nyob rau hauv 1991, ib tug duab puab ntawm Peter I, ua los ntawm Lavxias teb sab-Asmeskas sculptor M. M. Shemyakin, tau tshwm sim nyob rau hauv lub sights ntawm lub fortress, thiab nyob rau hauv lub post-perestroika lub sij hawm, txhua yam kev lom zem txheej xwm pib teem rau ntawm ntug hiav txwv dej nyob ib sab ntawm nws.. Nyob rau hauv lub xyoo pua 21st, lub Peter thiab Paul Fortress ntawm St. Petersburg coj lub neej tshiab. Zaj dab neeg uas tau sau tseg hauv tsab xov xwm no tab tom txuas ntxiv mus.
