Cov neeg koom nrog hauv cov khoom siv hluav taws xob yuav tsum paub txog cov anode thiab cathode ntawm lub hwj chim mov. Dab tsi thiab nws hu li cas? Vim li cas tiag? Yuav muaj kev xav txog qhov tob ntawm lub ncauj lus los ntawm qhov pom ntawm tsis yog tsuas yog xov tooj cua amateur, tab sis kuj chemistry. Cov lus piav qhia nrov tshaj plaws yog qhov anode yog qhov zoo electrode thiab cathode yog qhov tsis zoo. Alas, qhov no tsis yog ib txwm muaj tseeb thiab tsis tiav. Yuav kom txiav txim siab qhov anode thiab cathode, koj yuav tsum muaj lub hauv paus theoretical thiab paub dab tsi thiab yuav ua li cas. Wb saib qhov no nyob rau hauv lub moj khaum ntawm tsab xov xwm.
Anode
Cia peb tig mus rau GOST 15596-82, uas cuam tshuam nrog cov tshuaj tam sim no. Peb txaus siab rau cov ntaub ntawv tshaj tawm nyob rau nplooj thib peb. Raws li GOST, lub anode yog qhov tsis zoo electrode ntawm cov tshuaj tam sim no. Yog li ntawd! Vim li cas tiag? Qhov tseeb yog tias nws yog los ntawm nws tias cov hluav taws xob tam sim no nkag los ntawm cov hluav taws xob sab nraud mus rau hauv qhov chaw nws tus kheej. Raws li koj tuaj yeem pom, tsis yog txhua yam yooj yim raws li nws zoo li thaum xub thawj siab ib muag. Nws raug nquahu kom ua tib zoo xav txog cov duab uas tau nthuav tawm hauv tsab xov xwm yog tias cov ntsiab lus zoo li nyuaj heev - lawv yuav pab koj nkag siab yam uas tus sau xav qhia rau koj.
Cathode
Peb tig mus rau tib yam GOST 15596-82. zoo electrodeIb qho tshuaj tam sim no yog ib qho los ntawm qhov uas, thaum tawm mus, nws nkag mus rau sab nraud Circuit Court. Raws li koj tuaj yeem pom, cov ntaub ntawv muaj nyob hauv GOST 15596-82 xav txog qhov xwm txheej los ntawm kev xav txawv. Yog li ntawd, ib tug yuav tsum ceev faj heev thaum sab laj nrog lwm tus txog tej yam kev tsim kho.
Kev tshwm sim ntawm nqe lus
Lawv tau qhia los ntawm Faraday thaum Lub Ib Hlis 1834 kom tsis txhob muaj qhov tsis meej pem thiab ua tiav qhov tseeb dua. Nws kuj muab nws tus kheej version ntawm memorization siv tus piv txwv ntawm lub hnub. Yog li, nws anode yog hnub sawv. Lub hnub txav mus (tam sim no nkag). Lub cathode yog qhov nkag. Lub hnub tab tom nqis (tam sim no tawm mus).
Piv txwv lub raj thiab diode
Peb nkag siab qhov twg siv los qhia tias dab tsi. Piv txwv tias peb muaj ib qho ntawm cov neeg siv khoom siv hluav taws xob hauv lub xeev qhib (hauv kev sib txuas ncaj qha). Yog li, los ntawm sab nraud Circuit Court ntawm lub diode, ib qho hluav taws xob tam sim no nkag mus rau lub caij los ntawm lub anode. Tab sis tsis txhob tsis meej pem los ntawm qhov kev piav qhia no nrog rau cov kev taw qhia ntawm cov electrons. Los ntawm cov cathode, ib qho hluav taws xob tam sim no ntws tawm ntawm cov khoom siv mus rau sab nraud Circuit Court. Qhov xwm txheej uas tau tsim tam sim no yog nco txog cov xwm txheej thaum tib neeg saib daim duab inverted. Yog tias cov npe no nyuaj, nco ntsoov tias tsuas yog chemists yuav tsum nkag siab lawv li no. Tam sim no cia peb ua qhov thim rov qab. Nws tuaj yeem pom tias semiconductor diodes yuav xyaum tsis ua tam sim no. Tsuas yog qhov ua tau tshwj xeeb ntawm no yog qhov rov qab tawg ntawm cov ntsiab lus. Thiab electrovacuum diodes (kenotrons,xov tooj cua raj) yuav tsis ua rov qab tam sim no txhua. Yog li ntawd, nws yog suav hais tias yog (txhim kho) tias nws tsis mus dhau lawv. Yog li ntawd, raws li txoj cai, lub anode thiab cathode terminals ntawm lub diode tsis ua lawv cov dej num.
Vim li cas thiaj tsis meej pem?
Tshwj xeeb, txhawm rau pab txhawb kev kawm thiab kev siv tswv yim, nws tau txiav txim siab tias cov ntsiab lus diode ntawm cov npe tus pin yuav tsis hloov nyob ntawm lawv txoj kev hloov pauv, thiab lawv yuav "txuas" rau lub cev pins. Tab sis qhov no tsis siv rau cov roj teeb. Yog li, rau semiconductor diodes, txhua yam nyob ntawm seb hom conductivity ntawm cov siv lead ua. Nyob rau hauv lub tshuab nqus tsev raj, lo lus nug no yog khi rau lub electrode uas emits electrons ntawm qhov chaw ntawm lub filament. Tau kawg, muaj qee qhov nuances ntawm no: piv txwv li, qhov rov qab tam sim no tuaj yeem ntws los ntawm cov khoom siv semiconductor xws li lub tshuab hluav taws xob thiab lub zener diode, tab sis muaj qhov tshwj xeeb ntawm no uas yog kom meej meej dhau ntawm cov kab lus.
Txoj roj teeb hluav taws xob
Nov yog ib qho piv txwv tiag tiag ntawm cov tshuaj siv hluav taws xob uas rov ua dua tshiab. Lub roj teeb yog nyob rau hauv ib qho ntawm ob hom: them / tawm. Hauv ob qho xwm txheej no, yuav muaj qhov sib txawv ntawm cov hluav taws xob tam sim no. Tab sis nco ntsoov tias polarity ntawm cov electrodes yuav tsis hloov. Thiab lawv tuaj yeem ua haujlwm sib txawv:
- Thaum them nyiaj, qhov zoo electrode tau txais hluav taws xob tam sim no thiab yog lub anode, thiab qhov tsis zoo tso tawm thiab hu ua cathode.
- Yog tsis muaj kev txav, tsis muaj ntsiab lus hais txog lawv.
- Lub sijhawmtso tawm, qhov zoo electrode tso tawm hluav taws xob tam sim no thiab yog cathode, thaum lub electrode tsis zoo txais thiab hu ua anode.
Cia hais ib lo lus hais txog electrochemistry
Cov lus txhais txawv me ntsis yog siv ntawm no. Yog li, lub anode yog suav hais tias yog ib qho electrode uas cov txheej txheem oxidative tshwm sim. Thiab nco txog cov chav kawm chemistry hauv tsev kawm, koj puas tuaj yeem teb tau dab tsi tshwm sim hauv lwm qhov? Cov electrode uas cov txheej txheem txo qis yog hu ua cathode. Tab sis tsis muaj kev siv rau cov khoom siv hluav taws xob. Cia peb saib tus nqi redox cov tshuaj tiv thaiv muaj rau peb:
- Oxidation. Nws muaj ib tug txheej txheem ntawm recoil ntawm ib tug electron los ntawm ib tug particle. Qhov nruab nrab hloov mus rau hauv qhov zoo ion, thiab qhov tsis zoo yog nruab nrab.
- Kev kho dua tshiab. Muaj cov txheej txheem kom tau txais ib qho hluav taws xob los ntawm ib qho particle. Qhov zoo hloov mus rau hauv nruab nrab ion, thiab tom qab ntawd mus rau qhov tsis zoo thaum rov ua dua.
- Ob txheej txheem yog sib cuam tshuam (piv txwv li, tus naj npawb ntawm cov hluav taws xob uas tau muab rau yog sib npaug rau lawv tus lej ntxiv).
Faraday kuj tau qhia cov npe rau cov ntsiab lus uas koom nrog tshuaj lom neeg:
- Cations. Qhov no yog lub npe ntawm qhov zoo ions uas txav mus rau hauv cov tshuaj electrolyte ntawm tus ncej tsis zoo (cathode).
- Anions. Qhov no yog lub npe ntawm cov ions tsis zoo uas txav mus rau hauv cov tshuaj electrolyte ntawm tus ncej zoo (anode).
Yam tshuaj tiv thaiv li cas?
Oxidation thiab txo qisib nrab-reactions yog sib cais nyob rau hauv qhov chaw. Kev hloov pauv ntawm electrons ntawm cathode thiab anode tsis yog nqa tawm ncaj qha, tab sis vim yog tus neeg xyuas pib ntawm sab nraud Circuit Court, uas tsim hluav taws xob tam sim no. Ntawm no ib tug tuaj yeem soj ntsuam kev sib nrig sib hloov ntawm hluav taws xob thiab tshuaj lom neeg cov ntaub ntawv ntawm lub zog. Yog li ntawd, txhawm rau tsim ib qho kev sib txuas sab nraud ntawm lub kaw lus los ntawm cov neeg siv hluav taws xob ntau yam (uas yog cov khoom siv hluav taws xob hauv cov electrolyte), nws yog qhov yuav tsum tau siv hlau. Koj pom, qhov voltage ntawm lub anode thiab cathode tshwm sim, nrog rau ib qho nuance. Thiab yog tias tsis muaj cov khoom uas tiv thaiv lawv los ntawm kev ncaj qha mus rau cov txheej txheem tsim nyog, ces tus nqi ntawm cov khoom siv tshuaj tam sim no yuav tsawg heev. Thiab yog li ntawd, vim qhov tseeb tias tus nqi yuav tsum tau mus los ntawm cov txheej txheem, cov khoom siv tau sib sau ua ke thiab ua haujlwm.
Dab tsi yog dab tsi: kauj ruam 1
Tam sim no cia peb txhais tias yog dab tsi. Wb coj Jacobi-Daniel galvanic cell. Ntawm ib sab, nws muaj zinc electrode, uas yog immersed nyob rau hauv ib tug daws ntawm zinc sulfate. Tom qab ntawd los qhov porous muab faib. Thiab nyob rau sab nraud muaj tooj liab electrode, uas yog nyob rau hauv ib qho kev daws ntawm tooj liab sulfate. Lawv muaj kev sib cuag, tab sis cov yam ntxwv ntawm cov tshuaj thiab kev faib tsis pub sib tov.
Kauj Ruam 2: Txheej Txheem
Zinc yog oxidized, thiab electrons txav mus rau sab nraud rau tooj liab. Yog li nws hloov tawm tias galvanic cell muaj qhov tsis zoo them anode thiab zoo cathode. Ntxiv mus, cov txheej txheem no tuaj yeem ua tau tsuas yog nyob rau hauv rooj plaub uas cov electrons muaj qhov chaw "mus". Lub ntsiab lus yog mus ncaj qhalos ntawm electrode mus rau lwm qhov tiv thaiv qhov muaj "kev cais tawm".
Kauj Ruam 3: Electrolysis
Cia peb saib cov txheej txheem ntawm electrolysis. Lub installation rau nws txoj kev yog lub nkoj uas muaj cov tshuaj los yog cov electrolyte yaj. Ob lub electrodes yog qis rau hauv nws. Lawv txuas nrog rau qhov chaw ncaj qha tam sim no. Lub anode nyob rau hauv cov ntaub ntawv no yog cov electrode uas txuas nrog tus ncej zoo. Qhov no yog qhov chaw oxidation tshwm sim. Cov electrode tsis zoo yog cov cathode. Qhov no yog qhov uas txo cov tshuaj tiv thaiv tshwm sim.
Kauj Ruam 4: Kawg
Yog li ntawd, thaum ua haujlwm nrog cov ntsiab lus no, nws yuav tsum nco ntsoov coj mus rau hauv tus account tias anode tsis siv 100% ntawm cov xwm txheej los qhia qhov tsis zoo electrode. Tsis tas li ntawd, cov cathode tuaj yeem poob nws cov nqi zoo. Nws tag nrho yog nyob ntawm seb cov txheej txheem twg tshwm sim ntawm cov electrode: txo qis lossis oxidative.
Zoo kawg
Yuav ua li cas txhua yam - tsis nyuaj, tab sis koj tsis tuaj yeem hais tias nws yooj yim. Peb tau tshuaj xyuas cov galvanic cell, anode thiab cathode los ntawm qhov pom ntawm lub voj voog, thiab tam sim no koj yuav tsum tsis txhob muaj teeb meem txuas cov khoom siv hluav taws xob nrog lub sijhawm ua haujlwm. Thiab thaum kawg, koj yuav tsum tau tso qee cov ntaub ntawv tseem ceeb rau koj. Koj ib txwm yuav tsum coj mus rau hauv tus account qhov sib txawv uas lub peev xwm cathode / anode muaj peev xwm muaj. Qhov tseeb yog, thawj tus yuav ib txwm yuav loj me ntsis. Qhov no yog vim lub fact tias cov efficiency tsis ua hauj lwm nrog ib tug qhia ntawm 100% thiab ib feem ntawm cov nqi yog dissipated. Nws yog vim qhov no uas koj tuaj yeem pom tias cov roj teeb muaj qhov txwv ntawm lub sijhawm lawv tuaj yeem them thiabtso tawm.
