Kev tshawb fawb Microscopic yog txoj hauv kev los kawm ntau yam khoom siv tshwj xeeb. Nws tso cai rau peb los xav txog cov qauv ntawm cov khoom thiab cov kab mob, qhov loj ntawm qhov uas yog dhau qhov kev daws teeb meem ntawm tib neeg lub qhov muag. Hauv tsab xov xwm, peb yuav piav qhia luv luv txog kev tshawb fawb txog kev tshawb fawb me me.
cov ntaub ntawv dav dav
Cov txheej txheem niaj hnub ntawm kev tshuaj xyuas microscopic yog siv hauv lawv cov kev coj ua los ntawm cov kws tshaj lij sib txawv. Ntawm lawv yog virologists, cytologists, hematologists, morphologists thiab lwm yam. Cov txheej txheem tseem ceeb ntawm kev kuaj microscopic tau paub ntev ntev. Ua ntej tshaj plaws, qhov no yog ib txoj hauv kev pom cov khoom. Nyob rau hauv xyoo tsis ntev los no, lwm yam technologies tau nquag qhia rau hauv kev xyaum. Yog li, theem-kev sib piv, luminescent, cuam tshuam, polarization, infrared, ultraviolet, stereoscopic txoj kev tshawb fawb tau muaj koob meej. Tag nrho cov ntawm lawv yog nyob ntawm ntau yam khoom. Sveta. Tsis tas li ntawd, txoj kev tshawb fawb electron microscopic tau dav siv. Cov txheej txheem no tso cai rau koj los tso saib cov khoom siv cov kwj ntawm cov khoom uas raug them. Nws yuav tsum raug sau tseg tias cov kev kawm zoo li no tsis yog siv hauv biology thiab tshuaj xwb. Cov txheej txheem microscopic ntawm kev kawm hlau thiab alloys hauv kev lag luam yog nrov heev. Qhov kev tshawb fawb no ua rau nws muaj peev xwm los ntsuas tus cwj pwm ntawm cov pob qij txha, txhim kho thev naus laus zis kom txo qis qhov tshwm sim ntawm kev ua tsis tiav thiab ua kom muaj zog.
Txoj Kev Teeb: yam ntxwv
Cov txheej txheem microscopic zoo li no rau kev kawm cov kab mob thiab lwm yam khoom yog ua raws li kev txiav txim siab sib txawv ntawm cov cuab yeej siv. Cov yam tseem ceeb hauv qhov no yog cov kev taw qhia ntawm lub nqaj, cov yam ntxwv ntawm cov khoom nws tus kheej. Qhov kawg, tshwj xeeb, tej zaum yuav pob tshab lossis opaque. Raws li cov khoom ntawm cov khoom, lub cev lub zog ntawm lub teeb flux hloov - brightness thiab xim, vim lub amplitude thiab wavelength, dav hlau, theem thiab kev taw qhia ntawm yoj propagation. Ntau yam kev tshawb fawb microscopic yog raws li kev siv cov yam ntxwv no.
Specific
Kev kawm los ntawm txoj kev teeb, cov khoom feem ntau yog pleev xim rau. Qhov no tso cai rau koj txheeb xyuas thiab piav qhia qee yam ntawm lawv cov khoom. Qhov no yuav tsum tau kho cov ntaub so ntswg, txij li staining yuav nthuav tawm qee cov qauv hauv cov cell tuag. Hauv cov cell uas muaj sia nyob, cov xim yog cais tawm raws li lub vacuole hauv cytoplasm. Nws tsis pleev xim rau cov qauv. Tab sis nrog kev pab los ntawm lub teeb pom kev zoo, cov khoom muaj sia kuj tuaj yeem kuaj xyuas. Rau qhov no, ib txoj hauv kev tseem ceeb ntawm kev kawm yog siv. Hauv cov xwm txheej zoo li no, siv lub condenser tsaus nti. Nws yog tsim los rau hauv lub teeb microscope.
Studying unpainted objects
Nws yog ua los ntawm kev siv lub tshuab ntsuas theem-qhov sib piv. Txoj kev no yog ua raws li qhov sib txawv ntawm cov nqaj raws li cov yam ntxwv ntawm cov khoom. Nyob rau hauv tus txheej txheem ntawm raug, ib tug hloov nyob rau hauv lub theem thiab wavelength yog sau tseg. Muaj ib lub phaj translucent nyob rau hauv lub tshuab tsom iav lub hom phiaj. Nyob los yog ruaj, tab sis tsis muaj xim, vim lawv cov pob tshab, yuav luag tsis hloov xim thiab amplitude ntawm lub beam hla lawv, provoking tsuas yog ib tug hloov nyob rau hauv lub yoj theem. Tab sis nyob rau tib lub sij hawm, dhau los ntawm cov khoom, lub teeb flux deviates los ntawm lub phaj. Yog li ntawd, nruab nrab ntawm cov rays dhau los ntawm cov khoom thiab nkag mus rau lub teeb tom qab, qhov sib txawv ntawm nthwv dej ntev tshwm. Ntawm ib qho txiaj ntsig, qhov pom tshwm sim tshwm sim - ib qho khoom tsaus ntuj yuav pom tseeb tawm tsam lub teeb tom qab, los yog rov qab (raws li cov yam ntxwv ntawm theem phaj). Yuav kom tau txais nws, qhov sib txawv yuav tsum yog tsawg kawg yog 1/4 ntawm lub wavelength.
Anoptral method
Nws yog ib hom kev sib piv theem. Txoj kev anoptral suav nrog kev siv lub lens nrog cov phiaj tshwj xeeb uas hloov tsuas yog xim thiab ci ntsa iab ntawm lub teeb tom qab. Qhov no nthuav dav qhov muaj peev xwm ntawm kev kawm cov khoom nyob tsis muaj xim. Phase-contrast microscopic txoj kev tshawb fawb yog siv hauv microbiology, parasitology hauv kev tshawb fawb ntawm cov nroj tsuag thiab tsiaj hlwb,cov kab mob yooj yim tshaj plaws. Hauv hematology, txoj kev no yog siv los xam thiab txiav txim qhov sib txawv ntawm cov ntshav thiab cov pob txha pob txha.
Kev cuam tshuam cov txheej txheem
Cov kev tshawb fawb microscopic no feem ntau daws teeb meem tib yam li cov theem sib piv. Txawm li cas los xij, nyob rau hauv rooj plaub tom kawg, cov kws tshaj lij tsuas tuaj yeem soj ntsuam qhov contours ntawm cov khoom. Kev cuam tshuam cov kev tshawb fawb microscopic tso cai rau koj los kawm txog lawv qhov chaw, ua qhov kev ntsuas ntau ntawm cov ntsiab lus. Qhov no yog ua tau vim lub bifurcation ntawm lub teeb beam. Ib qho ntws dhau los ntawm cov khoom ntawm cov khoom, thiab lwm qhov dhau los. Nyob rau hauv lub qhov muag ntawm lub tshuab microscope, lawv converge thiab cuam tshuam. Qhov tshwm sim theem sib txawv tuaj yeem txiav txim siab los ntawm qhov loj ntawm cov qauv ntawm tes sib txawv. Los ntawm kev ntsuas ua tiav nrog cov ntsuas ntsuas ntsuas, nws muaj peev xwm txiav txim siab qhov tuab ntawm cov ntaub so ntswg thiab cov khoom nyob, cov ntsiab lus ntawm cov protein hauv lawv, cov concentration ntawm cov khoom qhuav thiab dej, thiab lwm yam. Raws li cov ntaub ntawv tau txais, cov kws tshaj lij yog tuaj yeem ntsuas qhov tsis ncaj qha ntawm daim nyias nyias permeability, enzyme kev ua, thiab cellular metabolism.
Polarization
Nws yog ua los ntawm Nicol prisms lossis filmy polaroids. Lawv muab tso rau nruab nrab ntawm cov tshuaj thiab lub teeb qhov chaw. Txoj kev tshawb fawb polarization microscopic hauv microbiology ua rau nws tuaj yeem kawm cov khoom nrog cov khoom tsis sib xws. Hauv cov qauv isotropic, qhov ceev ntawm lub teeb nthuav tawm tsis nyob ntawm lub dav hlau xaiv. Nyob rau hauv cov ntaub ntawv no, nyob rau hauv anisotropic systems, lub ceev hloov nyob rau hauv raws liDirectivity ntawm lub teeb raws transverse los yog longitudinal axis ntawm cov khoom. Yog hais tias qhov loj ntawm refraction raws tus qauv yog ntau dua nyob rau hauv lub transverse ib, ob qhov zoo refraction yog tsim. Qhov no yog tus yam ntxwv ntawm ntau yam khoom lom neeg uas muaj kev nruj molecular orientation. Lawv yog cov anisotropic. Cov qeb no, tshwj xeeb, suav nrog myofibrils, neurofibrils, cilia hauv ciliated epithelium, collagen fibers thiab lwm yam.
tus nqi polarization
Kev sib piv ntawm qhov xwm txheej ntawm cov duab hluav taws xob refraction thiab anisotropy Performance index ntawm cov khoom ua rau nws muaj peev xwm los ntsuas lub koom haum molecular ntawm cov qauv. Txoj kev polarization ua raws li ib qho ntawm cov txheej txheem histological ntawm kev tsom xam, yog siv hauv cytology, thiab lwm yam. Tsis tsuas yog cov khoom siv xim tuaj yeem kawm hauv lub teeb. Txoj kev polarization ua rau nws tuaj yeem kawm tsis muaj xim thiab tsis kho - haiv neeg - kev npaj ntawm cov ntaub so ntswg.
Luminescent tricks
Lawv yog raws li cov khoom ntawm qee yam khoom kom muab lub ntsej muag xiav-violet ntawm spectrum lossis hauv UV rays. Ntau yam tshuaj, xws li cov proteins, qee cov vitamins, coenzymes, tshuaj, tau txais txiaj ntsig nrog cov ntsiab lus (intrinsic) luminescence. Lwm yam khoom pib ci thaum fluorochromes, tshwj xeeb dyes, ntxiv. Cov additives xaiv los yog diffusely kis mus rau ib tug neeg cellular qauv los yog tshuaj compounds. Cov cuab yeej no tsim lub hauv paus rau kev siv luminescence microscopy rau histochemical thiabKev tshawb fawb cytological.
thaj chaw siv
Siv cov tshuaj tiv thaiv kab mob-fluorescence, cov kws tshaj lij kuaj cov kab mob antigens thiab txiav txim siab lawv cov concentration, txheeb xyuas cov kab mob, tshuaj tiv thaiv kab mob thiab cov tshuaj tiv thaiv kab mob, cov tshuaj hormones, ntau yam khoom siv metabolic, thiab lwm yam. Nyob rau hauv no hais txog, nyob rau hauv kev kuaj mob ntawm herpes, mumps, viral kab mob siab, mob npaws thiab lwm yam kab mob, luminescent txoj kev rau kev soj ntsuam cov ntaub ntawv yog siv. Txoj kev microscopic immunofluorescence ua rau nws muaj peev xwm paub txog cov qog nqaij hlav, txiav txim siab thaj chaw ischemic hauv plawv thaum ntxov ntawm lub plawv nres, thiab lwm yam.
Siv lub teeb ultraviolet
Nws yog raws li lub peev xwm ntawm ntau yam khoom muaj nyob rau hauv cov hlwb muaj sia, kab mob los yog ruaj khov, tab sis tsis muaj xim, pom-lub teeb-pob tshab cov ntaub so ntswg kom nqus tau UV rays ntawm ib co wavelength. Qhov no yog ib txwm, tshwj xeeb, rau cov macromolecular compounds. Cov no suav nrog cov proteins, cov tshuaj tsw qab (methylalanine, tryptophan, tyrosine, thiab lwm yam), nucleic acids, pyramidal thiab purine bases, thiab lwm yam. Ultraviolet microscopy ua rau nws muaj peev xwm ua kom pom tseeb qhov chaw nyob thiab tus nqi ntawm cov tebchaw no. Thaum kawm txog cov khoom muaj sia, cov kws tshaj lij tuaj yeem soj ntsuam cov kev hloov pauv hauv lawv txoj kev ua neej.
Extra
Infrared microscopy yog siv los kawm cov khoom uas tsis pom kev rau lub teeb thiab UV rays los ntawm absorbing lawvflow qauv, lub wavelength uas yog 750-1200 nm. Txhawm rau siv txoj kev no, tsis tas yuav tsum ua ntej nthuav tawm cov kev npaj rau kev kho tshuaj. Raws li txoj cai, txoj kev infrared yog siv nyob rau hauv anthropology, zoology thiab lwm yam biological teb. Raws li rau cov tshuaj, txoj kev no yog siv tsuas yog nyob rau hauv ophthalmology thiab neuromorphology. Kev kawm txog cov khoom ntim khoom yog ua los ntawm kev siv lub tshuab stereoscopic. Kev tsim cov cuab yeej tso cai rau koj los ua kev soj ntsuam nrog rau sab laug thiab sab xis ob lub qhov muag ntawm qhov sib txawv. Cov khoom opaque raug tshuaj xyuas ntawm qhov ua kom pom tseeb tsawg (tsis pub ntau tshaj 120 zaug). Cov txheej txheem stereoscopic yog siv hauv microsurgery, pathomorphology, thiab forensic tshuaj.
Electron microscopy
Nws yog siv los kawm txog cov qauv ntawm cov hlwb thiab cov ntaub so ntswg ntawm qib macromolecular thiab subcellular. Electron microscopy tau ua rau nws muaj peev xwm ua kom muaj txiaj ntsig zoo hauv kev tshawb fawb. Txoj kev no yog siv dav hauv biochemistry, oncology, virology, morphology, immunology, noob caj noob ces thiab lwm yam lag luam. Ib qho kev nce ntxiv hauv kev daws teeb meem ntawm cov cuab yeej yog muab los ntawm cov dej ntws ntawm electrons uas dhau los ntawm lub tshuab nqus tsev los ntawm electromagnetic teb. Lub tom kawg, nyob rau hauv lem, yog tsim los ntawm tshwj xeeb lo ntsiab muag. Cov hluav taws xob muaj peev xwm dhau los ntawm cov qauv ntawm ib yam khoom lossis raug cuam tshuam los ntawm lawv nrog kev sib txawv ntawm qhov sib txawv. Yog li ntawd, ib qho zaub yog tsim rau ntawm qhov ntsuas lub luminescent screen. Nrog kev xa mus rau microscopy, ib daim duab duab tau txais, nrog kev tshuaj ntsuam xyuas, feem, ib qho volumetric.
Nyob rau hauv
Nws tsim nyog sau cia tias ua ntej kev kuaj xyuas hluav taws xob microscopic, cov khoom tau txais kev npaj tshwj xeeb. Tshwj xeeb, siv lub cev lossis tshuaj kho cov ntaub so ntswg thiab kab mob. Sectional thiab biopsy cov ntaub ntawv, nyob rau hauv tas li ntawd, yog lub cev qhuav dej, embedded nyob rau hauv epoxy resins, txiav nrog pob zeb diamond los yog iav riam rau hauv ultrathin seem. Tom qab ntawd lawv sib piv thiab kawm. Nyob rau hauv ib lub tshuab kuaj kab mob, qhov chaw ntawm cov khoom raug tshuaj xyuas. Ua li no, lawv tau txau nrog cov tshuaj tshwj xeeb hauv lub tshuab nqus tsev.
