Ib erythrocyte yog cov qe ntshav uas muaj peev xwm thauj cov pa oxygen mus rau cov ntaub so ntswg vim hemoglobin, thiab carbon dioxide mus rau lub ntsws. Qhov no yog ib lub xovtooj ntawm cov qauv yooj yim, uas tseem ceeb heev rau lub neej ntawm cov tsiaj thiab lwm yam tsiaj. Cov qe ntshav liab yog hom cell ntau tshaj plaws hauv lub cev: kwv yees li ib feem peb ntawm tag nrho cov hlwb hauv lub cev yog cov qe ntshav liab.
Cov qauv dav dav ntawm qhov muaj nyob ntawm erythrocyte
Erythrocyte - ib lub cell uas tshwm sim los ntawm cov kab mob liab ntawm hematopoiesis. Txog 2.4 lab ntawm cov hlwb no tau tsim nyob rau ib hnub, lawv nkag mus rau hauv cov hlab ntsha thiab pib ua lawv txoj haujlwm. Thaum lub sij hawm kev sim, nws tau txiav txim siab tias nyob rau hauv ib tug neeg laus, erythrocytes, cov qauv ntawm uas yog ho yooj yim piv rau lwm cov hlwb ntawm lub cev, nyob 100-120 hnub.
Nyob rau hauv tag nrho cov vertebrates (nrog tsis tshua muaj kev zam), oxygen yog thauj los ntawm cov kab mob ua pa mus rau cov ntaub so ntswg los ntawm hemoglobin ntawm erythrocytes. Muaj kev zam: txhua tus neeg sawv cev ntawm tsev neeg ntses ntshav dawb nyob tsis muaj hemoglobin, txawm hais tias lawv tuaj yeem ua rau nws. Txij li thaum qhov kub ntawm lawv qhov chaw nyob, cov pa oxygen dissolves zoo hauv dej thiab ntshav ntshav, cov ntses no tsis xav tau nws cov cab kuj loj dua, uas yog erythrocytes.
Chordata erythrocytes
Ib lub xov tooj zoo li erythrocyte muaj cov qauv sib txawv nyob ntawm cov chav kawm ntawm chordates. Piv txwv li, hauv ntses, noog thiab amphibians, morphology ntawm cov hlwb zoo sib xws. Lawv txawv ntawm qhov loj me xwb. Cov duab ntawm cov qe ntshav liab, ntim, qhov loj me, thiab qhov tsis muaj qee cov organelles paub qhov txawv ntawm cov qe qe los ntawm lwm tus pom hauv lwm cov chordates. Kuj tseem muaj tus qauv: mammalian erythrocytes tsis muaj cov organelles ntxiv thiab cov cell nucleus. Lawv me dua, txawm tias lawv muaj qhov sib cuag loj.
Xav txog cov qauv ntawm Qav thiab tib neeg erythrocytes, cov yam ntxwv zoo tuaj yeem txheeb xyuas tam sim ntawd. Ob lub hlwb muaj hemoglobin thiab koom nrog kev thauj cov pa oxygen. Tab sis tib neeg lub hlwb me dua, lawv yog oval thiab muaj ob qhov chaw concave. Qav erythrocytes (nrog rau noog, ntses thiab amphibians, tshwj tsis yog salamander) yog kheej kheej, lawv muaj cov nucleus thiab cellular organelles uas tuaj yeem qhib tau thaum tsim nyog.
Nyob rau hauv tib neeg erythrocytes, xws li hauv cov qe ntshav liab ntawm cov tsiaj nyeg siab dua, tsis muaj cov nuclei thiab organelles. Qhov loj ntawm erythrocytes hauv tshis yog 3-4 microns, hauv tib neeg - 6.2-8.2 microns. Hauv amphium (tailed amphibian), cell loj yog 70 microns. Kom meej meej, qhov loj me yog qhov tseem ceeb ntawm no. Tib neeg erythrocyte, txawm tias me dua, muaj ntau duanto vim ob lub concavities.
Qhov me me ntawm cov hlwb thiab lawv cov lej loj ua rau nws muaj peev xwm ua kom muaj peev xwm ntawm cov ntshav los khi oxygen, uas tam sim no me ntsis nyob ntawm cov xwm txheej sab nraud. Thiab cov qauv zoo li no ntawm tib neeg erythrocytes tseem ceeb heev, vim tias lawv tso cai rau koj kom xis nyob hauv qee qhov chaw. Qhov no yog ib qho kev ntsuas ntawm kev hloov mus rau lub neej nyob rau hauv av, uas tau pib tsim txawm nyob rau hauv amphibians thiab ntses (hmoov tsis yog tag nrho cov ntses nyob rau hauv tus txheej txheem ntawm evolution muaj peev xwm mus populate lub teb chaws), thiab mus txog nws lub ncov nyob rau hauv siab dua tsiaj.
Cov qauv ntawm tib neeg erythrocytes
Cov qauv ntawm cov qe ntshav nyob ntawm cov haujlwm uas tau muab rau lawv. Nws tau piav los ntawm peb lub kaum sab xis:
- Txoj kev ntawm cov qauv sab nraud.
- Cov ntsiab lus ntawm cov erythrocyte.
- Internal morphology.
Outwardly, nyob rau hauv profile, ib tug erythrocyte zoo li ib tug biconcave disk, thiab nyob rau hauv tag nrho lub ntsej muag - zoo li ib ncig ntawm tes. Txoj kab uas hla yog ib txwm 6, 2-8, 2 microns.
Ntau zaus hauv cov ntshav ntshav muaj cov hlwb nrog qhov sib txawv me me. Nrog rau qhov tsis muaj hlau, kev khiav qis qis, thiab anisocytosis tau lees paub hauv cov ntshav smear (ntau lub hlwb nrog ntau qhov sib txawv thiab txoj kab uas hla). Nrog rau qhov tsis txaus ntawm folic acid los yog vitamin B 12 erythrocyte nce mus rau megaloblast. Nws loj yog kwv yees li 10-12 microns. Qhov ntim ntawm ib txwm cell (normocyte) yog 76-110 cubic meters. microns.
Cov qauv ntawm erythrocytes hauv cov ntshav tsis yog qhov tshwj xeeb ntawm cov hlwb. Qhov tseem ceeb tshaj yog lawv tus lej. Qhov me me tso cai rau kom lawv cov naj npawb thiab, yog li ntawd, thaj tsam ntawm qhov chaw sib cuag. Oxygen yog nquag ntes los ntawm tib neeg erythrocytes dua li qav. Thiab feem ntau yooj yim nws tau muab rau hauv cov ntaub so ntswg los ntawm tib neeg erythrocytes.
Quantity yeej tseem ceeb. Hauv particular, tus neeg laus muaj 4.5-5.5 lab hlwb ib cubic millimeter. Ib tug tshis muaj txog 13 lab cov qe ntshav liab ib milliliter, thaum cov tsiaj reptiles tsuas muaj 0.5-1.6 lab, thiab ntses muaj 0.09-0.13 lab ib milliliter. Tus menyuam mos liab muaj li ntawm 6 lab cov qe ntshav liab ib milliliter, thaum tus menyuam loj muaj tsawg dua 4 lab ib milliliter.
RBC muaj nuj nqi
cov qe ntshav liab - erythrocytes, tus lej, qauv, kev ua haujlwm thiab kev loj hlob ntawm cov yam ntxwv uas tau piav qhia hauv phau ntawv no, tseem ceeb heev rau tib neeg. Lawv siv qee yam tseem ceeb heev:
- thauj oxygen rau cov ntaub so ntswg;
- nqa cov pa roj carbon dioxide los ntawm cov ntaub so ntswg mus rau lub ntsws;
- khi cov tshuaj lom (glycated hemoglobin);
- koom nrog hauv kev tiv thaiv kab mob (kev tiv thaiv kab mob thiab vim muaj cov pa oxygen reactive tuaj yeem ua rau muaj kev phom sij rau cov kab mob ntshav);
- muaj peev xwm zam tau qee yam tshuaj;
- koom nrog kev siv hemostasis.
Cia peb txuas ntxiv xav txog xws li lub xov tooj ntawm tes raws li erythrocyte, nws cov qauv yog qhov zoo tshaj plaws rau kev siv cov haujlwm saum toj no. Nws yog lub teeb thiab txawb raws li qhov ua tau, muaj qhov sib tiv tauj loj rau cov roj diffusion.thiab chav kawm ntawm cov tshuaj tiv thaiv nrog hemoglobin, nrog rau kev faib tawm sai sai thiab rov ua kom poob hauv cov ntshav peripheral. Qhov no yog lub xovtooj tshwj xeeb, cov haujlwm uas tseem tsis tau hloov.
RBC membrane
Ib lub xovtooj zoo li erythrocyte muaj cov qauv yooj yim heev, uas tsis siv rau nws daim nyias nyias. Nws yog 3 txheej. Qhov loj feem ntawm daim nyias nyias yog 10% ntawm lub cell. Nws muaj 90% proteins thiab tsuas yog 10% lipids. Qhov no ua rau erythrocytes tshwj xeeb hlwb hauv lub cev, txij li yuav luag tag nrho lwm cov membranes, lipids predominate dua cov proteins.
Cov duab ntim ntawm erythrocytes vim qhov dej ntawm cov cytoplasmic membrane tuaj yeem hloov pauv. Sab nraud ntawm daim nyias nyias nws tus kheej yog txheej txheej ntawm cov proteins uas muaj ntau cov carbohydrate residues. Cov no yog glycopeptides, nyob rau hauv uas muaj ib tug bilayer ntawm lipids, nrog rau lawv hydrophobic xaus rau sab hauv thiab tawm ntawm lub erythrocyte. Hauv qab daim nyias nyias, nyob rau sab hauv, muaj dua ib txheej ntawm cov proteins uas tsis muaj carbohydrate residues.
Erythrocyte receptor complexes
Kev ua haujlwm ntawm daim nyias nyias yog los xyuas kom meej lub deformability ntawm erythrocyte, uas yog tsim nyog rau capillary passage. Nyob rau tib lub sijhawm, tus qauv ntawm tib neeg erythrocytes muab sijhawm ntxiv - kev sib cuam tshuam ntawm tes thiab electrolyte tam sim no. Proteins nrog cov carbohydrate residues yog receptor molecules, ua tsaug rau cov erythrocytes tsis yog "loved" los ntawm CD8-leukocytes thiab macrophages ntawm lub cev tiv thaiv kab mob.
Erythrocytes muaj nyob ua tsaug rau cov receptors thiab tsis raug rhuav tshem los ntawm lawv tus kheej kev tiv thaiv. Thiab thaum twg, vim rov thawb los ntawm cov hlab ntsha los yog vim kev puas tsuaj, erythrocytes poob qee cov receptors, spleen macrophages "extract" lawv los ntawm cov hlab ntsha thiab rhuav tshem lawv.
Cov qauv sab hauv ntawm ib qho erythrocyte
erythrocyte yog dab tsi? Nws cov qauv tsis muaj qhov nthuav ntau dua li nws cov haujlwm. Lub cell no zoo ib yam li ib lub hnab ntawm hemoglobin bounded los ntawm ib daim nyias nyias ntawm cov receptors qhia: pawg ntawm kev sib txawv thiab ntau pawg ntshav (raws li Landsteiner, rhesus, Duffy thiab lwm tus). Tab sis sab hauv ntawm tes yog qhov tshwj xeeb thiab txawv ntawm lwm cov hlwb hauv lub cev.
Qhov sib txawv yog raws li hauv qab no: erythrocytes hauv cov poj niam thiab cov txiv neej tsis muaj cov nucleus, lawv tsis muaj ribosomes thiab endoplasmic reticulum. Tag nrho cov organelles raug tshem tawm tom qab sau cov cell cytoplasm nrog hemoglobin. Tom qab ntawd cov organelles tau dhau los ua qhov tsis tsim nyog, vim tias lub xov tooj ntawm tes nrog qhov tsawg kawg nkaus yuav tsum tau thawb los ntawm cov hlab ntsha. Yog li ntawd, nyob rau hauv nws tsuas muaj hemoglobin thiab ib co auxiliary proteins. Lawv lub luag haujlwm tseem tsis tau qhia meej. Tab sis vim tsis muaj qhov endoplasmic reticulum, ribosomes thiab nucleus, nws tau dhau los ua lub teeb thiab compact, thiab qhov tseem ceeb tshaj plaws, nws tuaj yeem yooj yim deform nrog rau cov kua membrane. Thiab cov no yog cov yam ntxwv tseem ceeb tshaj plaws ntawm cov qe ntshav liab.
RBC lub neej voj voog
Cov yam ntxwv tseem ceeb ntawm erythrocytes yog lawv lub neej luv. Lawv tsis tuaj yeem faib thiab tsim cov protein ntau vim yog cov nucleus tshem tawm ntawm lub cell, thiab yog li kev tsim qauvkev puas tsuaj rau lawv cov hlwb accumulates. Raws li qhov tshwm sim, erythrocytes yuav muaj hnub nyoog. Txawm li cas los xij, hemoglobin uas raug ntes los ntawm tus po macrophages thaum lub sijhawm RBC tuag yuav raug xa mus rau tsim cov pa oxygen tshiab.
Lub neej voj voog ntawm cov qe ntshav liab pib hauv cov pob txha. Cov khoom no muaj nyob rau hauv lamellar tshuaj: nyob rau hauv lub sternum, nyob rau hauv lub tis ntawm lub ilium, nyob rau hauv cov pob txha ntawm lub hauv paus ntawm lub pob txha taub hau, thiab kuj nyob rau hauv cov kab noj hniav ntawm lub femur. Ntawm no, ib tug precursor ntawm myelopoiesis nrog ib tug code (CFU-GEMM) yog tsim los ntawm cov ntshav qia cell nyob rau hauv qhov kev txiav txim ntawm cytokines. Tom qab kev faib, nws yuav muab cov poj koob yawm txwv ntawm hematopoiesis, qhia los ntawm txoj cai (BOE-E). Nws tsim cov precursor ntawm erythropoiesis, uas yog tsim los ntawm txoj cai (CFU-E).
Tib lub cell hu ua colony-forming cell ntawm cov kab mob ntshav liab. Nws yog rhiab heev rau erythropoietin, ib yam tshuaj hormonal secreted los ntawm ob lub raum. Kev nce ntxiv ntawm erythropoietin (raws li lub hauv paus ntsiab lus ntawm kev tawm tswv yim zoo hauv kev ua haujlwm) ua kom cov txheej txheem ntawm kev faib thiab tsim cov qe ntshav liab.
Kev tsim cov qe ntshav liab
Cov kab ke ntawm cov pob txha hlwb hloov pauv ntawm CFU-E yog raws li hauv qab no: ib qho erythroblast yog tsim los ntawm nws, thiab los ntawm nws - ib tug pronormocyte, ua rau ib tug basophilic normoblast. Raws li cov protein accumulates, nws dhau los ua polychromatophilic normoblast thiab tom qab ntawd oxyphilic normoblast. Tom qab lub nucleus raug tshem tawm, nws dhau los ua reticulocyte. Cov tom kawg nkag mus rau hauv cov hlab ntsha thiab sib txawv (matures) mus rau ib txwm erythrocyte.
Kev rhuav tshem cov qe ntshav liab
Kwv yees li 100-125 hnub lub cell circulates hauvntshav, tas li nqa oxygen thiab tshem tawm cov khoom metabolic los ntawm cov ntaub so ntswg. Nws thauj cov pa roj carbon dioxide khi rau hemoglobin thiab xa rov qab mus rau lub ntsws, sau nws cov protein molecules nrog oxygen raws txoj kev. Thiab thaum nws tau txais kev puas tsuaj, nws poob phosphatidylserine molecules thiab receptor molecules. Vim li no, erythrocyte ntog "hauv qhov pom" ntawm macrophage thiab raug rhuav tshem los ntawm nws. Thiab heme, tau los ntawm tag nrho cov digested hemoglobin, yog dua xa mus rau synthesis ntawm cov qe ntshav liab tshiab.
