Tshuaj lom neeg cov kev hloov pauv yog ib qho ntawm ntau tshaj plaws hauv tsev kawm ntawv cov phau ntawv, nrog rau kev ywj pheej, pov thawj thiab tswj cov haujlwm hauv chemistry. Yuav kom daws tau lawv zoo, koj yuav tsum to taub raws nraim li cas lawv tau npaj thiab yuav ua li cas rau lawv. Cia peb xav txog yuav ua li cas los daws cov chains ntawm kev hloov pauv feem ntau thiab nrog cov piv txwv tshwj xeeb.
Cov ntsiab cai dav dav rau kev daws cov tshuaj chains ntawm kev hloov pauv
Ua ntej, koj yuav tsum ua tib zoo nyeem cov xwm txheej ntawm qhov teeb meem thiab kawm cov saw hlau. Tau nkag siab meej txog qhov yuav tsum tau ua hauv txoj haujlwm, koj tuaj yeem mus ncaj qha rau nws txoj kev daws teeb meem.
- Sau tawm cov saw hlau sib cais ntawm cov tshuaj hloov pauv, suav tus naj npawb ntawm cov tshuaj tiv thaiv tsim nyog (lawv tau qhia los ntawm xub los ntawm ib yam khoom mus rau lwm qhov).
- Txiav txim siab seb cov khoom siv hauv chav kawm twg txhua tus tswv cuab ntawm cov saw hlau koom nrog thiab, yog tias tsim nyog, sau txhua yam khoom los ntawm cov saw thiab nws cov chav kawm sib cais hauv ib kab ntawm cov ntawv sau. Thaum tsis muaj npeCov tshuaj thiab lawv cov chav kawm tsis paub, txheeb xyuas cov tshuaj twg tuaj yeem tau txais los ntawm cov thawj thiab cov chav kawm twg cov tshuaj yuav tsum ua raws li lub hauv paus rau lub caij tom ntej ntawm cov saw tom qab cov khoom tsis muaj npe.
- Tam sim seb koj tuaj yeem tau txais cov khoom ntawm cov chav kawm no los ntawm qhov qub rau txhua qhov ntawm cov saw hlau. Yog tias qhov kev tawm tsam ncaj qha tsis tuaj yeem ua tau, xav txog cov chav kawm ntawm cov tshuaj twg tuaj yeem tau txais los ntawm cov khoom pib thiab los ntawm cov tshuaj dab tsi tshwm sim cov tshuaj uas xav tau kawg tuaj yeem ua ke tom qab.
- Ua daim duab sib npaug rau thawj qhov kev xav tsim nyog. Tsis txhob hnov qab muab cov coefficients rau hauv kab zauv.
- Ua raws li cov saw hlau hloov pauv tshuaj, txiav txim siab txhua qhov tshuaj tiv thaiv sib cais. Kuaj koj tus kheej los ntawm kev xyuam xim rau kev tsim cov tshuaj tiv thaiv.
Ib qho piv txwv ntawm kev daws cov saw hlau hloov pauv
Xav tias qhov teeb meem muaj cov tshuaj lom neeg hloov pauv ntawm daim ntawv hauv qab no:
Yuav tsum nrhiav cov tshuaj uas cim tias X1, X2 thiab X3, thiab ua cov tshuaj tiv thaiv no. Xav txog seb yuav tsum tau ua dab tsi los daws cov saw no tom qab koj suav cov xub thiab txiav txim siab cov chav kawm ntawm cov tshuaj.
- Yuav kom tau txais acetylene los ntawm 1, 2-dibromoethane, nws yog ib qho tsim nyog yuav tau ua rau nws nrog cov kua dej cawv ntawm alkali thaum rhuab. Thaum lub sij hawm cov tshuaj tiv thaiv no, ob lub molecules ntawm hydrogen bromide raug cais tawm ntawm ib qho ntawm cov molecules ntawm 1,2-dibromoethane. Cov molecules no yuav neutralized nrog alkali.
- Ntxiv mus, raws li cov xwm txheejThaum kawg ntawm cov tshuaj tiv thaiv, koj txiav txim siab tias qhov no yog cov tshuaj tiv thaiv ntawm M. G. Kucherov. Nws ua rau kev tsim ntawm acetaldehyde.
- Acetaldehyde, reacting nyob rau hauv lub xub ntiag ntawm sulfuric acid nrog poov tshuaj dichromate, muab acetic acid.
- Hydrocarbonate reacts nrog cov kua qaub.
- Qhov tshwm sim alkaline ntiaj teb hlau acetate decomposes thaum rhuab los ua hlau carbonate thiab ketone.
Yog li, cov tshuaj ib kauj ruam ntawm cov tshuaj lom neeg hloov pauv yuav zoo li no:
cov lus qhia pab tau
Thaum daws cov kab sib npaug ntawm cov tshuaj sib npaug, nws yog ib qho tseem ceeb uas yuav tsum nco ntsoov tias qhov kawg tshwm sim nyob ntawm txhua qhov kev daws teeb meem raug cai hauv cov saw no. Yog li ntawd, xyuas koj tus kheej nyob rau theem kawg, koj yuav tsum tau kuaj xyuas qhov ua tau ntawm txhua qhov tshuaj tiv thaiv thiab qhov tseeb ntawm kev muab tso ua ke thiab kev daws ntawm qhov sib npaug.
Ntxiv rau, yog tias koj tsis ntseeg tias koj puas tau txiav txim siab qhov no lossis cov qauv ntawm cov tshuaj, koj tuaj yeem saib cov theem kawm hauv phau ntawv siv tshuaj. Nyob rau tib lub sijhawm, nws tseem ceeb heev uas yuav tsum nco ntsoov tias ib tus yuav tsum tsis yog tsuas yog xa mus rau nws xwb, tab sis nco txog cov qauv thiab sim ua kom rov tsim dua lawv tus kheej yav tom ntej.
