Cov lus ntawm Scythian rau ib pab pawg lus yog cov ntsiab lus ntawm kev sib cav sib ceg ntawm cov neeg niaj hnub. Kev kawm txog qhov teeb meem no nyuaj los ntawm qhov tsis txaus ntseeg los ntawm kev tshawb pom archaeological. Cov kws tshawb fawb feem ntau pom zoo tias cov lus Scythian belongs rau East Iranian, tab sis kuj tseem muaj lwm qhov kev xav.
Kev txheeb xyuas qhov nyuaj
Qhov nyuaj ntawm kev kawm Scythian lus dag nyob rau hauv qhov tseeb tias cov kab lis kev cai ntawm cov neeg no tsis tso tseg ib qho kev sau ntawv. Nws tsuas yog raug txiav txim los ntawm cov ntaub ntawv pom nyob rau hauv tej hauj lwm ntawm ancient historians Herodotus thiab Diodorus, los ntawm ib co toponyms - cov npe ntawm cov dej thiab cov chaw nyob rau hauv lub cheeb tsam uas cov Scythians nyob, los ntawm cov npe ntawm lawv cov nom tswv..
Txawm li cas los xij, qee qhov kev tshawb fawb pom nyob rau sab qaum teb Hiav Txwv Dub, rov qab mus rau qhov kawg ntawm II - pib ntawm lub xyoo txhiab BC. tuaj yeem ua rau pom qhov teeb meem no. Thaum lub sij hawm excavations ntawm burials ntawm Srubnaya kab lis kev cai, uas chronologically preceded lub Scythians, ob peb ceramics tau pom nrog pictographic inscriptions nyob rau hauv daim ntawv.kab rov tav, oblique kab thiab geometric duab. Lawv lub ntsiab tseem tsis tau raug txiav txim los ntawm cov kws tshawb fawb vim tsis muaj cov khoom siv.
Keeb kwm ntawm tib neeg
Piav txog cov lus Scythian, linguists ua ntej ntawm tag nrho cov sim tsim nws keeb kwm. Qhov tseem ceeb sib npaug yog kev sib txuas nrog cov lus muaj feem cuam tshuam. Cov Scythians muaj nyob rau hauv lub xyoo pua 8th BC. e. - 4 xyoo pua AD e. nyob rau thaj tsam Northern Black Sea. Ntawm lawv, ob pawg loj yog qhov txawv - hav zoov-steppe thiab steppe pawg. Tus thawj pom ib tug zoo anthropological zoo sib xws nrog cov neeg sawv cev ntawm lub thiaj li hu ua Srubnaya kab lis kev cai. Cov neeg sawv cev ntawm steppe zoo ib yam li cov neeg ntawm Okunev kab lis kev cai ntawm Tuva. Piv txwv li, lawv tsiv los ntawm sab hnub tuaj, los ntawm thaj av Aral Hiav Txwv.
Cov Scythians nyob hauv ib puag ncig nrog ntau pawg neeg sib txawv, uas muaj txog ob lub kaum os. Cov lus ntawm cov zej zog no yog ob qho tib si zoo ib yam li Scythian, thiab txawv ntawm nws. Nyob rau hauv no hais txog, muaj ob lub hypotheses uas piav txog lub heterogeneity ntawm hav zoov-steppe thiab steppe pawg. Raws li ib tug ntawm lawv, cov tsos thiab kev lis kev cai ntawm steppe inhabitants tau tsim los ntawm kev sib xyaw nrog lwm pab pawg neeg.
Raws li lwm yam, ob pawg no txawv hauv keeb kwm. Qhov thib ob hypothesis kuj tsis meej. Tej zaum cov Scythians tuaj ntawm cov pab pawg neeg nyob rau sab hnub poob ntawm Tebchaws Europe, tom qab ntawd lawv sib xyaw nrog Asians. Lawv txoj kev sib koom ua ke tuaj yeem tshwm sim ntau dua 2 centuries. Cov kev tshawb fawb caj ces qhia tau tias cov Scythians nyob rau hauv ib qho chaw nruab nrab ntawm Asians thiab Europeans.
Nyob rau xyoo pua peb BC rauthaj chaw ntawm Great Scythia tau txeeb los ntawm cov neeg Sarmatians - cov neeg nomadic ua tsov rog, suav nrog cov pab pawg neeg hais lus Iranian. Ib feem ntawm cov Scythians raug rhuav tshem, thiab ib feem tau raug thawb rov qab dhau ntawm Danube. Lub nceeg vaj Scythian thaum kawg raug rhuav tshem tom qab kev cuam tshuam ntawm Goths nyob rau hauv ib nrab ntawm lub xyoo pua 3 AD. e. Nyob rau tib lub sijhawm, kev tsiv teb tsaws zoo ntawm cov neeg tau pib thiab cov seem ntawm Scythians tau tawg mus rau hauv cov pab pawg neeg nyob sib ze, poob lawv tus kheej ci ntsa iab.
Cov ntaub ntawv los ntawm Herodotus thiab Diodorus
Tus neeg Greek keeb kwm thaum ub Herodotus thiab nws txoj haujlwm "History" yog ib qho tseem ceeb rau kev kawm lus. Raws li nws cov ntaub ntawv, muaj ob peb pawg Scythian nyob rau sab qaum teb ntawm Hiav Txwv Dub: tus kav vaj ntxwv Scythians; pab pawg neeg uas tsis mloog lus vaj ntxwv thiab hais lus tshwj xeeb; haiv neeg; cov neeg ua liaj ua teb; Pahari thiab Hellenic cov zej zog. Cov tom kawg siv cov lus sib xyaw: Hellenic thiab Scythian. Thaj, twb nyob rau hnub ntawd lub nceeg vaj no txawv heev.
Nws qhov chaw yog kev sib hais haum hauv thaj av Zaporozhye ntawm Ukraine (Kamenskoye kev sib hais haum), nyob rau thaj chaw uas muaj ntau lub mounds thiab seem ntawm cov zos tau pom nyob rau hauv nruab nrab ntawm lub xyoo pua 20th. Raws li Diodorus thiab Herodotus, thaj av ntawm Scythian lub nceeg vaj txuas mus rau lub roob ntawm Caucasus. Qhov no tom qab tau lees paub los ntawm archaeological pom nyob rau hauv Asia Minor. Herodotus suav hais tias cov chaw no yog qhov chaw yug ntawm cov neeg Scythians.
Cov neeg muaj koob muaj npe ntawm Scythians, raws li keeb kwm yav dhau los, muaj kev ywj pheej, thawj hom lus. Lwm pab pawg tau hais lus "phem" Scythian. Thiab lwm tus muaj lawv tus kheej cov lus tshwj xeeb, uas thaum lub sij hawm sib tham tau thovmuaj cov neeg txhais lus.
Nyob rau hauv kab lis kev cai ntawm Greeks nyob rau hauv lub sij hawm ntawm Great Migration ntawm Tib neeg, nws tau los ua ib tug kev lig kev cai hu Scythians tag nrho cov zej zog uas nyob rau sab qaum teb Dub hiav txwv cheeb tsam, uas tau dhau los ua cov ntsiab lus ntawm kev tsis sib haum xeeb txog kev tshawb fawb. originality ntawm cov lus nyob rau hauv peb lub sij hawm. Nyob rau hauv centuries tom ntej no, muaj nyob rau ntawm no, cov inhabitants ntawm ntau haiv neeg lus: Slavic, Germanic, Finno-Ugric thiab Iranian.
Modern theories
Ntawm cov neeg sau keeb kwm niaj hnub thiab cov lus piav qhia, muaj ob lub ntsiab lus ntawm kev xav txog cov lus nug ntawm hom lus dab tsi uas Scythians tau hais:
- Txoj kev xav ntawm kev sib sau ntawm Scythian thiab Sarmatian lus. Ntau qhov xwm txheej ntawm Scythian thiab Iranian cov lus ua pov thawj pom zoo rau nws. Qee cov kws tshawb fawb paub qhov txawv lawv li ob hom lus ntawm tib hom lus. Lwm tus ntseeg tias Royal Scythians muaj lawv tus kheej, lus tshwj xeeb (Skolotsky). Lub tswv yim no tau pom thawj zaug hauv kev ua haujlwm ntawm Ossetian tus kws tshawb fawb V. I. Abaev hauv xyoo 1950-1960. thiab tsim ntxiv los ntawm lwm cov keeb kwm. Cov lus Ossetian yog cov xeeb leej xeeb ntxwv ntawm Scythian.
- Txoj kev xav ntawm qhov sib txawv ntawm lub neej ntawm Scythian lus. Raws li lub tswv yim no, nws txoj kev sib cais los ntawm Sarmatian tshwm sim nyob rau hauv ancient sij hawm. Cov neeg txhawb nqa ntawm txoj kev xav qhuas cov lus Scythian rau Eastern Iranian hom lus (sab qab teb subgroup), thiab Sarmatian rau sab qaum teb subgroup. Cov kws tshawb fawb tau sim ua kom paub qhov txawv ntawm lawv tau ntev, thaum pib ntawm lub xyoo pua 20th. Ib qho ntawm cov kws tshawb fawb niaj hnub no hauv cheeb tsam no yog tus neeg sib tw ntawm keeb kwm kev tshawb fawb S. V. Kullanda, uas nyob rau hauv nws cov hauj lwm tau muab tso rau hauv lub tswv yim hais tias lub Scythian kab lis kev cai tau tsim los ntawm kev sib raug zoo. East Iranian thiab North Caucasian pab pawg, thiab tsis yog los ntawm Central Asia.
Iranian cag
Pov thawj ntawm kev sib raug zoo ntawm cov lus Scythian thiab Iranian yog ua raws li kev sib piv lus. Cov lus sib cav rau thiab tawm tsam lawv qhov kev txheeb xyuas tau muab rau hauv cov lus hauv qab no:
| Kev hloov ntawm lub suab suab hauv cov lus Scythian, yam ntxwv ntawm cov lus Iranian | Kev tsis pom zoo |
| "d" to "l" | qhov tshwm sim no muaj nyob hauv ntau hom lus ntawm thaj av uas cov neeg Scythians nyob thiab tsis tuaj yeem ua lub cim ntawm kev sib raug zoo ntawm tib neeg. |
| "xш" hauv "s" lossis hauv "u" | Hauv lus Greek, uas muaj cov ntaub ntawv hais txog cov vaj ntxwv Scythian, tsuas muaj ib txoj hauv kev los sau lub suab "s". Cov Greeks tsuas yog tsis tuaj yeem qhia Scythian phonetics hauv lwm txoj kev. |
| "u" to "d" | Same as above. |
Cov kev hloov pauv hauv xov tooj no kuj muaj nyob hauv cov lus Persian. Archaeologists kuj tseem nco ntsoov qhov zoo sib xws ntawm Scythian faus av nrog cov ntsiab lus uas qhia txog Koban kab lis kev cai uas muaj nyob rau hauv Caucasus (cov txheej txheem masonry, ornaments ntawm tais diav, hlau muaj pes tsawg leeg hauv cov khoom, hniav nyiaj hniav kub). Cov lus tseeb no hu rau cov lus nug thawj qhov kev xav txog cov lus Scythian, uas tam sim no feem ntau lees txais.
Ntxhais hmoob lub npe
Cov versionstxuam nrog cov lus uas cov Scythians hu ua lawv tus kheej cov neeg - Skuda. Hauv cov lus Indo-European muaj cov lus nrog tib lub hauv paus uas txhais tau tias "tua". Qhov no version ntawm lub hauv paus chiv keeb ntawm tus kheej lub npe yog txhawb los ntawm qhov tseeb hais tias cov Scythians yog zoo heev tua.
Hauv cov lus Wakhan (Eastern Iranian pab pawg), muaj ntau hauv Afghanistan thiab Tajikistan, lo lus no yog consonant nrog lo lus skid - "skullcap", thiab yav dhau los nws txhais tau tias "taw kaus mom". Xws li headdresses tau hnav los ntawm Central Asian Saks, uas, raws li qee cov keeb kwm, yog cov poj koob yawm txwv ntawm Scythians.
Hauv hom lus Ossetian muaj lwm qhov piv txwv rau lo lus no - "txiav", "sib cais". Hauv qhov no, lo lus "Scythian" txhais tau tias "outcast". Tom qab ntawd, "skuda" tau hloov mus ua "cleaved" siv ntau lub ntsiab lus ta thiab cov kev hloov pauv sab hnub tuaj Iranian d rau hauv l.
Finno-Ugric analogies
Archaeological pom ntawm Ananyino kab lis kev cai (lub zos ntawm Ananyino ze Yelabuga hauv Tatarstan) kuj lees paub kev sib raug zoo nrog cov Scythians. Qee cov lus ntawm Mari lus yog consonant nrog Eastern Iranian. Lub xub ntiag ntawm Scythians nyob rau hauv nruab nrab Volga kuj muaj pov thawj los ntawm kev tshawb fawb caj ces muab piv cov DNA ntawm cov neeg nyob niaj hnub no thiab cov qauv coj los ntawm Scythian faus av.
Txoj kev catacomb ntawm kev faus neeg nyob rau hauv Scythian era yog ntau nyob rau hauv txoj kab nrog cov kab lig kev cai ntawm Indo-Aryan pab pawg tshaj li Iranian sawv daws yuav. Qee cov kws tshawb fawb kuj kos qhov sib piv ntawm cov lus Scythian thiab Chuvash, uas tam sim no tsuas yog hom luslub sij hawm nyob rau hauv cov lus nyob ntawm pab pawg neeg Bulgar (piv txwv li, qhov zoo sib xws ntawm cov lus "Tanais" (Danube) thiab lub Chuvash "tanas" - "ceev", "tsim"). Raws li qhov kev xav no, Scythians yog cov Bulgars thaum ub. Txawm li cas los xij, cov lus Turkic, uas suav nrog Bulgar, yog tus cwj pwm los ntawm kev sib txuas ntawm cov lus uas tsis muaj nyob hauv Scythian.
Yog li cov neeg Scythians hais lus dab tsi?
Kev tsis sib haum xeeb txog keeb kwm ntawm cov lus tau tshwm sim ntev heev, pib txij li xyoo 19th. Cov neeg paub lus niaj hnub no feem ntau pom zoo tias cov lus Scythian belongs rau pawg lus Iranian sab hnub tuaj. Nws suav nrog Bactrian, Pashto, Munjan lus. Nws txoj kev sib raug zoo nrog Sarmatian thiab Ossetian kuj tau lees paub los ntawm kev kawm lus.
Raws li qee cov kws tshawb fawb sau tseg, rau cov lus Scythian, tam sim no, tsuas yog nws txoj kev koom tes Iranian tuaj yeem tsim tau. Ib qho kev qhia meej thiab tsis xwm yeem ntawm cov npe tshwj xeeb ntawm cov vajntxwv khaws cia hauv Keeb Kwm ntawm Herodotus rau txhua hom lus yog tsis yooj yim sua, vim tias tsis muaj cov ntaub ntawv keeb kwm keeb kwm, kev tshawb fawb thiab noob caj noob ces txaus txog cov neeg no, uas ploj mus ntau tshaj li ib txhiab xyoo dhau los. Qhov tsis muaj kev sau ntawv kab lis kev cai, Kev tsiv teb tsaws chaw loj ntawm haiv neeg thiab kev sib koom ua ke ntawm pawg neeg kov yeej tau dhau los ua qhov laj thawj tseem ceeb uas Scythia tam sim no tau npog ntau cov lus dab neeg thiab paub tsis meej uas tseem tsis tau nthuav tawm.
