Silicon thiab nws cov tebchaw. Silicon hauv qhov xwm txheej. Kev siv ntawm silicon

2024 Tus sau: Angel Austin | [email protected]. Kawg hloov kho: 2023-12-17 05:28

Silicon yog ib qho ntawm cov khoom xav tau tshaj plaws hauv kev siv tshuab thiab kev lag luam. Nws tshuav qhov no rau nws cov khoom txawv txawv. Niaj hnub no, muaj ntau yam sib txawv ntawm cov khoom no uas ua lub luag haujlwm tseem ceeb hauv kev sib txuas thiab tsim cov khoom siv, cov tais diav, iav, khoom siv, tsev thiab cov khoom tiav, cov hniav nyiaj hniav kub thiab lwm yam lag luam.

yam ntxwv ntawm silicon

Yog tias peb xav txog txoj haujlwm ntawm silicon hauv lub sijhawm, peb tuaj yeem hais qhov no:

1. Nyob hauv pab pawg IV ntawm pab pawg loj.
2. Ordinal naj npawb 14.
3. Atomic mass 28, 086.
4. Tshuaj cim Si.
5. Npe - silicon, lossis hauv Latin - silicium.
6. Kev teeb tsa hluav taws xob ntawm txheej txheej 4e: 2e: 8e.

Cov iav siv lead ua ntawm silicon zoo ib yam li pob zeb diamond. Atoms nyob ntawm cov nodes, nws hom yog lub ntsej muag-centered cubic. Txawm li cas los xij, vim qhov ntev ntawm daim ntawv cog lus ntev, lub cev lub cev ntawm silicon yog qhov sib txawv ntawm cov kev hloov pauv ntawm cov pa roj carbon.

Lub cev thiab tshuaj lom neeg

Muaj obKev hloov kho allotropic ntawm cov khoom no: amorphous thiab crystalline. Lawv zoo sib xws heev. Txawm li cas los xij, ib yam li lwm cov tshuaj, qhov sib txawv tseem ceeb ntawm lawv yog cov siv lead ua lattice ntawm silicon.

Hauv qhov no, ob qho kev hloov kho yog cov hmoov sib txawv.

1. Crystalline silicon yog ib qho tsaus grey ci iab hlau zoo li hmoov. Nws cov qauv sib raug rau pob zeb diamond, tab sis cov khoom sib txawv. Nws muaj:

• fragility;
• low hardness;
• semiconductor khoom;
• melting point 1415⁰C;
• 2.33g/cm³;
• boug point 2700⁰C.

Nws cov tshuaj lom neeg tsawg dua piv rau lwm daim ntawv allotropic.

2. Amorphous silicon - xim av-xim av hmoov, muaj cov qauv ntawm cov pob zeb diamond heev. Cov tshuaj lom neeg muaj zog heev.

Feem ntau, nws yuav tsum tau muab sau tseg tias silicon tsis nyiam ua. Txhawm rau ua kom nws hnov qab, koj xav tau qhov kub ntawm qhov tsawg kawg yog 400-500 ⁰ C. Nyob rau hauv cov xwm txheej no, ntau yam tshuaj lom neeg ntawm silicon raug tsim. Xws li:

• oxides;
• halides;
• silicides;
• nitrides;
• borides;
• carbides.

Muaj peev xwm cuam tshuam ntawm silicon nrog nitric acid lossis alkali, uas yog hu ua txheej txheem etching. Organosilicon tebchaw tau dav thiab tau dhau los ua ntau dua niaj hnub no.

Nyob hauv ntuj

Silicon muaj nyob rau hauv cov xwm txheej hauv tus nqi loj heev. Nws yog nyob rau hauv qhov chaw thib ob tom qab cov pa oxygen nyob rau hauv cov nqe lus ntawm kev nthuav dav. Nws qhov loj feem ntau yog li 30%. Cov dej hiav txwv kuj muaj cov ntsiab lus ntawm qhov kwv yees li ntawm 3 mg / l. Yog li ntawd, nws tsis tuaj yeem hais tias silicon yog qhov tsis tshua muaj nyob hauv cov xwm txheej.

Ntawm qhov tsis sib xws, muaj ntau ntau pob zeb thiab pob zeb hauv qhov nws tshwm sim thiab los ntawm qhov uas nws tuaj yeem khawb tau. Feem ntau cov natural silicon tebchaw yog raws li nram no:

1. Silica. Cov tshuaj formula yog SiO₂. Nws muaj ntau hom minerals thiab pob zeb raws li nws: xuab zeb, flint, feldspars, quartz, pob zeb siv lead ua, amethyst, chalcedony, carnelian, opal, jasper thiab lwm yam.
2. Silicates thiab aluminosilicates. Kaolin, spars, mica, silicic acid ntsev, asbestos, talc.

Yog li, silicon tau dav dav hauv cov xwm txheej, thiab nws cov khoom sib xyaw yog nrov thiab xav tau ntawm tib neeg rau kev siv.

Silicon thiab nws cov tebchaw

Vim tias lub ntsiab lus nug tsis tuaj yeem muaj nyob hauv nws daim ntawv ntshiab, yog li nws cov khoom sib xyaw ua ke yog qhov tseem ceeb. Los ntawm kev pom tshuaj, nws tuaj yeem pom peb lub xeev oxidation: +2, +4, -4. Kev ua tiav los ntawm qhov no, nrog rau los ntawm nws qhov tsis muaj zog, tab sis tshwj xeeb hauv cov qauv ntawm cov iav siv lead ua, nws tsim cov ntsiab lus hauv qab no:

• binary compounds nrog non-metals (silane, carbide, nitride, phosphide thiab lwm yam;
• oxides;
• siliconacid;
• hlau silicates.

Cia peb saib kom ze rau qhov tseem ceeb ntawm silicon thiab nws cov khoom sib txuas, uas yog qhov ntau tshaj plaws thiab xav tau rau tib neeg.

YSilicon oxides

Muaj ob yam ntawm cov tshuaj no, qhia los ntawm cov qauv:

• SiO;
• SiO₂.

Txawm li cas los xij, qhov dav tshaj plaws yog dioxide. Nws muaj nyob rau hauv qhov zoo nkauj heev semi-precious pob zeb:

• agate;
• chalcedony;
• opal;
• carnelian;
• jasper;
• amethyst;
• rhinestone.

Kev siv cov silicon hauv daim ntawv no tau pom nws daim ntawv thov hauv kev tsim cov hniav nyiaj hniav kub. Cov hniav nyiaj hniav kub zoo nkauj zoo nkauj yog ua los ntawm cov pob zeb uas muaj nuj nqis thiab ib nrab muaj nuj nqis.

Ib ob peb yam ntxiv ntawm silicon dioxide:

• quartz;
• dej thiab quartz xuab zeb;
• flint;
• feldspars.

Kev siv cov silicon hauv cov hom no yog siv hauv kev tsim kho, engineering, xov tooj cua electronics, tshuaj lom neeg kev lag luam, thiab metallurgy. Ua ke, cov oxides uas tau teev tseg yog rau ib yam khoom - silica.

Silicon carbide thiab nws daim ntawv thov

Silicon thiab nws cov khoom sib xyaw yog cov khoom siv yav tom ntej thiab tam sim no. Ib qho ntawm cov khoom no yog carborundum los yog carbide ntawm cov khoom no. Cov tshuaj formula ntawm SiC. tshwm sim ib yam li cov ntxhia moissanite.

Nyob rau hauv nws daim ntawv ntshiab, qhov sib xyaw ntawm carbon thiab silicon zoo nkaujpob tshab crystals zoo li pob zeb diamond qauv. Txawm li cas los xij, cov xim ntsuab thiab xim dub yog siv rau kev ua haujlwm.

Cov yam ntxwv tseem ceeb ntawm cov tshuaj no, tso cai rau nws siv hauv metallurgy, engineering, tshuaj lom neeg kev lag luam, yog raws li hauv qab no:

• wide gap semiconductor;
• lub zog siab heev (7 ntawm Mohs nplai);
• kub resistant;
• zoo hluav taws xob tiv thaiv thiab thermal conductivity.

Txhua yam no ua rau nws tuaj yeem siv carborundum ua cov khoom siv abrasive hauv metallurgy thiab tshuaj synthesis. Thiab tseem nyob rau hauv nws lub hauv paus tsim broad-spectrum LEDs, qhov chaw rau iav melting furnaces, nozzles, torches, hniav nyiaj hniav kub (moissanite muaj nuj nqis ntau tshaj cubic zirconia).

Silan thiab nws lub ntsiab lus

Lub hydrogen compound ntawm silicon hu ua silane thiab tsis tuaj yeem tau los ntawm kev sib txuas ncaj qha los ntawm cov khoom pib. Yuav kom tau txais nws, silicides ntawm ntau yam hlau yog siv, uas yog kho nrog acids. Raws li qhov tshwm sim, gaseous silane raug tso tawm thiab cov ntsev hlau tsim.

Nco ntsoov, kev sib txuas hauv nqe lus nug tsis tau tsim ib leeg. Ib txwm raws li qhov tshwm sim ntawm cov tshuaj tiv thaiv, qhov sib xyaw ntawm mono-, di- thiab trisilane tau txais, nyob rau hauv uas silicon atoms yog interconnected nyob rau hauv chains.

Los ntawm lawv cov khoom, cov khoom sib txuas no muaj zog txo cov neeg ua haujlwm. Nyob rau tib lub sijhawm, lawv tus kheej tau yooj yim oxidized los ntawm oxygen, qee zaum nrog tawg. Nrog halogens, cov tshuaj tiv thaiv yeej ib txwm ua nruj ua tsiv, nrog rau qhov loj emissionszog.

Cov ntawv thov ntawm silanes yog raws li hauv qab no:

1. Cov tshuaj tiv thaiv ntawm cov organic synthesis, uas ua rau tsim cov organosilicon tseem ceeb - silicones, rubbers, sealants, lubricants, emulsions thiab lwm yam.
2. Microelectronics (LCD saib, kev sib txuas ua ke, thiab lwm yam).
3. Tau txais ultrapure polysilicon.
4. Kev Kho hniav nrog prosthetics.

Yog li, qhov tseem ceeb ntawm silanes hauv ntiaj teb niaj hnub no siab heev.

Silicic acid thiab silicates

Cov hydroxide ntawm lub ntsiab lus nug yog sib txawv silicic acids. Highlight:

• meta;
• ortho;
• polysilicic thiab lwm yam acids.

Txhua tus ntawm lawv tau koom ua ke los ntawm cov khoom sib xws - kev tsis sib haum xeeb hauv lub xeev dawb. Lawv yooj yim decompose nyob rau hauv tus ntawm qhov kub thiab txias. Raws li ib txwm muaj, lawv tsis muaj nyob rau ntev, tig thawj zaug rau hauv ib lub sol, thiab tom qab ntawd mus rau hauv gel. Tom qab ziab, cov qauv no hu ua silica gels. Lawv yog siv los ua adsorbents hauv lim.

Tseem ceeb, los ntawm qhov pom ntawm kev lag luam, yog ntsev ntawm silicic acids - silicates. Lawv qhia txog kev tsim cov tshuaj xws li:

• iav;
• paj;
• cement;
• zeolite;
• kaolin;
• porcelain;
• faience;
• crystal;
• ceramics.

Alkali hlau silicates yog soluble, tag nrho lwm tus tsis yog. Yog li ntawd, sodium thiab potassium silicate yog hu ua kua iav. Ordinary clerical kua nplaum - qhov no yog sodiumsilicic acid ntsev.

Tab sis cov ntsiab lus nthuav dav tseem yog tsom iav. Tsis muaj teeb meem ntau npaum li cas ntawm cov khoom no lawv tuaj nrog! Niaj hnub no lawv tau txais xim, optical, matte xaiv. Glassware yog striking nyob rau hauv nws splendor thiab ntau yam. Los ntawm kev ntxiv qee cov hlau thiab tsis yog hlau oxides rau qhov sib tov, ntau hom iav tuaj yeem tsim tau. Qee zaum txawm tias tib yam muaj pes tsawg leeg, tab sis qhov feem pua ntawm cov khoom sib txawv ua rau muaj qhov sib txawv ntawm cov khoom ntawm cov khoom. Ib qho piv txwv yog porcelain thiab faience, cov qauv uas yog SiO₂AL₂O₃ K₂O.

Quartz iav yog ib daim ntawv ntawm cov khoom ntshiab heev uas nws muaj pes tsawg leeg tau piav raws li silicon dioxide.

Discoveries hauv silicon compounds

Ntau xyoo dhau los ntawm kev tshawb fawb, nws tau raug pov thawj tias silicon thiab nws cov ntsiab lus yog cov koom nrog tseem ceeb tshaj plaws hauv lub xeev ntawm cov kab mob nyob. Nrog rau qhov tsis muaj lossis ntau dhau ntawm cov khoom no, cov kab mob xws li:

• mob qog noj ntshav;
• tuberculosis;
• mob caj dab;
• cataract;
• leprosy;
• mob plab;
• rheumatism;
• kab mob siab thiab lwm yam.

Cov txheej txheem kev laus nws tus kheej kuj tseem cuam tshuam nrog cov ntsiab lus ntau ntawm silicon. Ntau qhov kev sim ntawm cov tsiaj nyeg tau ua pov thawj tias tsis muaj lub hauv paus, lub plawv nres, mob stroke, mob qog noj ntshav tshwm sim thiab tus kab mob siab tau qhib.