Structure, functions and properties of cell

Cov txheej txheem:

Structure, functions and properties of cell
Structure, functions and properties of cell
Anonim

Tag nrho galaxy ntawm cov kws tshawb fawb zoo yav dhau los - Robert Hooke, Anthony van Leeuwenhoek, Theodor Schwann, Mathias Schleiden, nrog rau lawv cov kev tshawb pom hauv kev tshawb fawb txog xwm txheej, ua rau txoj hauv kev rau kev tsim cov ceg tseem ceeb tshaj plaws ntawm niaj hnub biological science - cytology. Nws kawm txog cov qauv thiab cov khoom ntawm lub cell, uas yog lub hauv paus ntawm lub neej hauv ntiaj teb. Cov kev paub tseem ceeb tau txais los ntawm kev txhim kho kev tshawb fawb ntawm tes tau txhawb cov kws tshawb fawb los tsim cov kev qhuab qhia xws li noob caj noob ces, molecular biology, thiab biochemistry.

cell khoom
cell khoom

Kev tshawb pom kev tshawb fawb tau ua hauv lawv hloov pauv lub ntsej muag ntawm lub ntiaj teb thiab coj mus rau qhov tshwm sim ntawm clones, hloov kho cov kab mob thiab kev txawj ntse. Peb tsab xov xwm yuav pab koj nkag siab txog cov txheej txheem tseem ceeb ntawm kev sim cytological thiab paub cov qauv thiab kev ua haujlwm ntawm cov hlwb.

Yuav ua li cas ib lub xov tooj tau kawm

Zoo li 500 xyoo dhau los, lub teeb tsom iav tsom iav yog lub cuab yeej tseem ceeb uas pab kawm txog cov qauv thiab cov khoom ntawm tes. Tau kawg, nws cov tsos thiab kho qhov muagCov yam ntxwv tsis tuaj yeem muab piv nrog thawj lub tshuab ntsuas hluav taws xob tsim los ntawm leej txiv thiab tus tub Janssens lossis Robert Hooke nyob rau hauv nruab nrab ntawm lub xyoo pua 16th. Lub zog daws teeb meem ntawm lub teeb pom kev niaj hnub no nce qhov loj ntawm cov qauv ntawm tes los ntawm 3000 zaug. Raster scanners tuaj yeem ntes cov duab ntawm cov khoom siv submicroscopic xws li cov kab mob lossis cov kab mob, qhov kawg me me uas lawv tsis yog cov hlwb. Hauv cytology, cov txheej txheem ntawm cov ntawv sau atoms tau nquag siv, nrog rau kev kawm vivo ntawm cov hlwb, ua tsaug rau cov yam ntxwv ntawm cov txheej txheem cellular tau qhia meej.

Centrifugation

Txhawm rau cais cov ntsiab lus ntawm tes rau hauv feem thiab kawm txog cov khoom thiab kev ua haujlwm ntawm tes, cytology siv lub centrifuge. Nws ua haujlwm ntawm tib txoj cai raws li ib feem ntawm tib lub npe hauv tshuab ntxhua khaub ncaws. Los ntawm kev tsim cov centrifugal acceleration, cov cuab yeej ua kom lub cell ncua kev kawm ntawv, thiab txij li thaum cov organelles muaj qhov sib txawv ntom ntom, lawv nyob hauv txheej. Hauv qab yog qhov loj, xws li nuclei, mitochondria lossis plastids, thiab nyob rau hauv lub taub hau ntawm lub distillation grate ntawm centrifuge, microfilaments ntawm cytoskeleton, ribosomes thiab peroxisomes nyob. Cov txheej txheej tshwm sim tau sib cais, yog li nws yooj yim dua los kawm txog cov yam ntxwv ntawm biochemical muaj pes tsawg leeg ntawm organelles.

cog cell zog
cog cell zog

Cell qauv ntawm cov nroj tsuag

Cov khoom ntawm cov nroj tsuag ntawm tes muaj ntau txoj hauv kev zoo ib yam li cov haujlwm ntawm cov tsiaj hlwb. Txawm li cas los xij, txawm tias tus tub ntxhais kawm ntawv, tshuaj xyuas cov kev npaj ruaj khov ntawm cov nroj tsuag, tsiaj txhu lossis tib neeg lub hlwb los ntawm lub qhov muag ntawm lub tshuab tsom, yuav pom qhov txawv ntawm qhov sib txawv. Nws yog geometricyog contours, muaj ib tug ntom cellulose membrane thiab loj vacuoles, yam ntxwv ntawm cov nroj tsuag hlwb. Thiab ib qho ntxiv qhov sib txawv uas paub qhov txawv ntawm cov nroj tsuag hauv pawg autotrophic kab mob yog qhov muaj nyob rau hauv lub cytoplasm ntawm pom meej oval ntsuab lub cev. Cov no yog chloroplasts - daim npav hu rau cov nroj tsuag. Tom qab tag nrho, nws yog lawv cov uas muaj peev xwm ntes lub teeb lub zog, hloov mus rau hauv lub zog ntawm macroergic bonds ntawm ATP, thiab kuj tsim cov organic tebchaw: starch, proteins thiab rog. Photosynthesis yog li txiav txim siab autotrophic zog ntawm cov nroj tsuag cell.

lub cell muaj dab tsi
lub cell muaj dab tsi

Kev ywj pheej ntawm cov tshuaj trophic

Cia peb nyob ntawm tus txheej txheem vim li cas, raws li tus kws tshawb fawb Lavxias zoo tshaj K. A. Timiryazev, cov nroj tsuag ua lub luag haujlwm cosmic hauv evolution. Muaj kwv yees li 350 txhiab hom nroj tsuag hauv ntiaj teb, xws li ib leeg-celled algae zoo li chlorella lossis chlamydomonas mus rau cov ntoo loj - sequoias, ncav cuag qhov siab ntawm 115 meters. Tag nrho cov ntawm lawv nqus carbon dioxide, tig mus rau hauv qabzib, amino acids, glycerol thiab fatty acids. Cov tshuaj no ua zaub mov tsis yog rau cov nroj tsuag xwb, tab sis kuj siv los ntawm cov kab mob hu ua heterotrophs: fungi, tsiaj txhu thiab tib neeg. Xws li cov khoom ntawm cov nroj tsuag hlwb raws li lub peev xwm los ua ke cov organic tebchaw thiab tsim cov khoom tseem ceeb - oxygen, paub meej tias qhov tseeb ntawm lub luag haujlwm tshwj xeeb ntawm autotrophs rau lub neej hauv ntiaj teb.

cog cell zog
cog cell zog

Kev faib cov plastids

Nws yog ib qho nyuaj rau nyob twj ywm indifferent, xav txog lub extravaganza ntawm cov xim ntawm blooming roses los yog lub caij nplooj zeeg hav zoov. Cov xim ntawm cov nroj tsuag yog vim tshwj xeeb organelles - plastids, yam ntxwv tsuas yog rau cov nroj tsuag hlwb. Nws tuaj yeem sib cav tias qhov muaj cov xim tshwj xeeb hauv lawv cov muaj pes tsawg leeg cuam tshuam rau kev ua haujlwm ntawm chloroplasts, chromoplasts thiab leukoplasts hauv cov metabolism. Organelles uas muaj cov xim ntsuab chlorophyll txiav txim siab cov khoom tseem ceeb ntawm tes thiab yog lub luag haujlwm rau cov txheej txheem ntawm photosynthesis. Lawv tuaj yeem hloov mus ua chromoplasts. Peb saib qhov tshwm sim no, piv txwv li, nyob rau lub caij nplooj zeeg, thaum nplooj ntsuab ntawm cov ntoo tig kub, ntshav lossis crimson. Leucoplasts tuaj yeem hloov mus rau hauv chromoplasts, piv txwv li cov txiv lws suav milky ripen rau txiv kab ntxwv lossis liab. Lawv kuj muaj peev xwm nkag mus rau hauv chloroplasts, piv txwv li, cov tsos ntawm cov xim ntsuab ntawm lub tev ntawm qos tubers tshwm sim thaum lawv muab cia rau hauv lub teeb rau ntev.

cellular qauv ntawm cov nroj tsuag cov khoom ntawm cov nroj tsuag cell
cellular qauv ntawm cov nroj tsuag cov khoom ntawm cov nroj tsuag cell

Mechanism ntawm cov ntaub so ntswg tsim

Ib qho ntawm qhov txawv ntawm cov nroj tsuag siab dua yog qhov muaj lub plhaub tawv thiab muaj zog. Nws feem ntau muaj macromolecules ntawm cellulose, lignin lossis pectin. Kev ruaj ntseg thiab tsis kam mus rau compression thiab lwm yam khoom siv deformations paub qhov txawv ntawm cov ntaub so ntswg mus rau hauv cov pab pawg ntawm cov txheej txheem nruj tshaj plaws uas tuaj yeem tiv taus cov khoom hnyav (nco, piv txwv li, cov khoom ntawm ntoo). Nyob nruab nrab ntawm nws cov hlwb, ntau cov cytoplasmic strands tshwm sim, dhau los ntawm qhov hauv daim nyias nyias, uas, zoo li cov xov elastic, xaws lawv ua ke.nruab nrab ntawm lawv tus kheej. Yog li ntawd, lub zog thiab hardness yog cov khoom tseem ceeb ntawm ib lub cell ntawm cov nroj tsuag kab mob.

YPlasmolysis thiab deplasmolysis

Lub xub ntiag ntawm phab ntsa perforated lub luag haujlwm rau kev txav ntawm dej, ntxhia ntsev thiab phytohormones tuaj yeem kuaj pom vim qhov tshwm sim ntawm plasmolysis. Muab cov nroj tsuag cell tso rau hauv ib qho kev daws teeb meem hypertonic saline. Cov dej los ntawm nws cov cytoplasm yuav nthuav tawm sab nraud, thiab nyob rau hauv lub tshuab tsom iav peb yuav pom cov txheej txheem ntawm exfoliation ntawm parietal txheej ntawm hyaloplasm. Lub cell shrinks, nws ntim txo, i.e. plasmolysis tshwm sim. Koj tuaj yeem xa rov qab daim ntawv qub los ntawm kev ntxiv ob peb tee dej rau hauv ib lub khob swb thiab tsim kom muaj cov ntsiab lus ntawm cov tshuaj qis dua hauv cytoplasm ntawm lub cell. H2O cov molecules yuav nkag mus rau sab hauv los ntawm lub qhov hws hauv lub plhaub, qhov ntim thiab qhov siab ntawm lub cell yuav nce. Cov txheej txheem no hu ua deplasmolysis.

cell zog thiab functions
cell zog thiab functions

Cov qauv tshwj xeeb thiab kev ua haujlwm ntawm cov tsiaj hlwb

Qhov tsis muaj chloroplasts nyob rau hauv cytoplasm, nyias daim nyias nyias uas tsis muaj lub plhaub sab nraud, cov vacuoles me uas ua haujlwm feem ntau yog digestive lossis excretory - tag nrho cov no siv rau tsiaj thiab tib neeg lub hlwb. Lawv qhov txawv txav thiab kev noj zaub mov heterotrophic yog lwm qhov txawv.

Ntau lub hlwb, uas yog cov kab mob sib cais, lossis yog ib feem ntawm cov ntaub so ntswg, muaj peev xwm ua kom muaj zog. Cov no yog phagocytes thiab spermatozoa ntawm cov tsiaj nyeg, amoeba, infusoria-khau, thiab lwm yam. Tsiaj cells tau muab tso rau hauv cov ntaub so ntswg vim yog cov supra-membrane complex - glycocalyx. Nwsmuaj glycolipids thiab proteins txuam nrog carbohydrates, thiab txhawb kev adhesion - adhesion ntawm cell membranes rau ib leeg, ua rau tsim cov ntaub so ntswg. Extracellular digestion kuj tshwm sim hauv glycocalyx. Txoj kev heterotrophic ntawm kev noj haus txiav txim siab muaj nyob rau hauv lub hlwb ntawm tag nrho cov arsenal ntawm digestive enzymes, concentrated nyob rau hauv tshwj xeeb organelles - lysosomes, uas yog tsim nyob rau hauv lub Golgi apparatus - ib tug obligatory ib leeg-membrane qauv ntawm lub cytoplasm.

Nyob rau hauv cov tsiaj hlwb, cov organelle no yog sawv cev los ntawm ib qho kev sib koom tes ntawm cov channel thiab cisterns, thaum nyob rau hauv cov nroj tsuag nws zoo li ntau yam txawv txawv units. Ob leeg cog thiab tsiaj somatic hlwb faib los ntawm mitosis, thaum gametes faib los ntawm meiosis.

yooj yim zog ntawm lub cell
yooj yim zog ntawm lub cell

Yog li, peb tau tsim kom muaj lub zog ntawm cov hlwb ntawm ntau pawg ntawm cov kab mob uas muaj sia nyob yuav nyob ntawm cov yam ntxwv ntawm cov qauv microscopic thiab kev ua haujlwm ntawm organelles.

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