hnub qub yog cov pob loj loj ntawm cov ntshav luminous. Muaj ntau tus lej ntawm lawv nyob hauv peb lub galaxy. Cov hnub qub tau ua lub luag haujlwm tseem ceeb hauv kev loj hlob ntawm kev tshawb fawb. Lawv kuj tau sau tseg nyob rau hauv myths xwb ntawm ntau haiv neeg, ua hauj lwm raws li cov cuab yeej navigation. Thaum telescopes tau tsim, nrog rau cov cai ntawm kev txav ntawm lub cev thiab lub ntiajteb txawj nqus, cov kws tshawb fawb pom tau tias txhua lub hnub qub zoo ib yam li lub hnub.
Definition
Lub hnub qub tseem ceeb muaj xws li tag nrho cov uas hydrogen hloov mus ua helium. Txij li cov txheej txheem no yog cov yam ntxwv ntawm feem ntau cov hnub qub, feem ntau ntawm cov luminaries pom los ntawm cov txiv neej poob rau hauv pawg no. Piv txwv li, lub hnub kuj yog rau pawg no. Alpha Orionis, los yog, piv txwv li, lub satellite ntawm Sirius, tsis yog nyob rau hauv lub ntsiab ib theem zuj zus hnub qub.
Star group
Thawj zaug, cov kws tshawb fawb E. Hertzsprung thiab G. Russell tau hais txog qhov teeb meem ntawm kev sib piv cov hnub qub nrog lawv hom spectral. Lawv tsim ib daim ntawv qhia uas pom cov spectrum thiab luminosity ntawm cov hnub qub. Tom qab ntawd, daim duab no tau muaj npe tom qab lawv. Feem ntau ntawm cov luminaries nyob rau ntawm nws yog hu ua lub celestial lub cev ntawm lub ntsiabua ntu zus. Cov pawg no suav nrog cov hnub qub xws li xiav supergiants mus rau dawb dwarfs. Lub luminosity ntawm lub hnub nyob rau hauv daim duab no yog coj raws li kev sib sau. Cov kab ke suav nrog cov hnub qub ntawm ntau pawg. Cov kws tshawb fawb tau txheeb xyuas cov pawg hauv qab no ntawm luminaries:
- Supergiants - Kuv chav kawm luminosity.
- Giants - II class.
- hnub qub ntawm lub ntsiab ntu - V chav.
- Subdwarfs - VI chav.
- Dwarfs Dawb - chav VII.
txheej txheem hauv cov luminaries
Los ntawm qhov pom ntawm tus qauv, Lub Hnub tuaj yeem muab faib ua plaub thaj chaw, uas muaj ntau yam txheej txheem ntawm lub cev tshwm sim. Cov hluav taws xob hluav taws xob ntawm lub hnub qub, nrog rau lub zog thermal sab hauv, tshwm sim sib sib zog nqus hauv lub luminary, raug xa mus rau txheej txheej sab nraud. Cov qauv ntawm cov hnub qub tseem ceeb yog zoo ib yam li cov qauv ntawm lub luminary ntawm lub hnub ci. Lub hauv paus ntawm ib qho luminary uas yog nyob rau hauv pawg no ntawm daim duab Hertzsprung-Russell yog lub hauv paus. Nuclear cov tshuaj tiv thaiv tas li tshwm sim nyob rau ntawd, thaum lub sij hawm uas helium hloov mus rau hydrogen. Txhawm rau kom hydrogen nuclei sib tsoo nrog ib leeg, lawv lub zog yuav tsum muaj zog ntau dua li lub zog repulsion. Yog li ntawd, cov tshuaj tiv thaiv no tsuas yog nyob ntawm qhov kub thiab txias heev. Nyob rau hauv lub hnub, qhov kub nce mus txog 15 lab degrees Celsius. Raws li nws txav deb ntawm lub hauv paus ntawm lub hnub qub, nws txo qis. Nyob rau sab nraud ntawm cov tub ntxhais, qhov kub thiab txias yog ib nrab ntawm cov nqi hauv nruab nrab. Qhov ceev ntawm plasma kuj txo.
Nuclear reactions
Tab sis tsis yog hauv cov qauv sab hauv ntawm cov hnub qub tseem ceeb zoo ib yam li Lub Hnub. Lub luminaries ntawm pawg no kuj txawv los ntawm qhov tseeb hais tias nuclear kev cuam tshuam hauv lawv tshwm sim los ntawm peb theem txheej txheem. Txwv tsis pub, nws yog hu ua lub voj voog proton-proton. Hauv thawj theem, ob lub proton sib tsoo nrog ib leeg. Raws li qhov tshwm sim ntawm kev sib tsoo, cov khoom tshiab tshwm sim: deuterium, positron thiab neutrino. Tom ntej no, cov proton sib tsoo nrog ib tug neutrino particle, thiab ib tug nucleus ntawm helium-3 isotope yog tsim, nrog rau ib tug gamma-ray quantum. Nyob rau theem peb ntawm cov txheej txheem, ob lub helium-3 nuclei fuse ua ke, thiab cov hydrogen zoo tib yam yog tsim.
Nyob rau hauv cov chav kawm ntawm cov kev sib tsoo, neutrino elementary hais yog tas li tsim thaum lub sij hawm muaj kev cuam tshuam nuclear. Lawv kov yeej cov khaubncaws sab nraud povtseg ntawm lub hnub qub, thiab ya mus rau hauv qhov chaw interplanetary. Neutrinos kuj tau sau npe rau hauv av. Tus nqi uas sau los ntawm cov kws tshawb fawb nrog kev pab ntawm cov cuab yeej yog incommensurably tsawg tshaj li lawv yuav tsum tau raws li qhov kev xav ntawm cov kws tshawb fawb. Qhov teeb meem no yog ib qho ntawm qhov tsis meej tshaj plaws hauv lub hnub ci physics.
Radiant zone
Txheej tom ntej hauv cov qauv ntawm Lub Hnub thiab cov hnub qub tseem ceeb yog thaj tsam radiant. Nws cov ciam teb txuas los ntawm cov tub ntxhais mus rau ib txheej nyias nyob rau ntawm ciam teb ntawm thaj chaw convective - tachocline. Qhov chaw radiant tau txais nws lub npe los ntawm txoj hauv kev uas lub zog hloov pauv los ntawm cov tub ntxhais mus rau txheej txheej ntawm lub hnub qub - hluav taws xob. photons,uas yog tas li tsim nyob rau hauv lub nucleus, txav mus rau hauv cheeb tsam no, sib tsoo nrog cov plasma nuclei. Nws paub tias qhov ceev ntawm cov khoom no sib npaug rau qhov ceev ntawm lub teeb. Txawm li cas los xij, txawm li cas los xij, nws yuav siv sij hawm photons txog ib lab xyoo kom ncav cuag tus ciam teb ntawm thaj chaw convective thiab radiative. Qhov kev ncua no yog vim kev sib tsoo tas li ntawm photons nrog cov plasma nuclei thiab lawv cov emission rov qab.
Tachocline
Lub hnub thiab cov hnub qub tseem ceeb tseem muaj thaj tsam nyias, pom meej ua lub luag haujlwm tseem ceeb hauv kev tsim cov hlau nplaum ntawm cov hnub qub. Nws hu ua tachocline. Cov kws tshawb fawb qhia tias nws nyob ntawm no tias cov txheej txheem ntawm cov hlau nplaum dynamo tshwm sim. Nws nyob rau hauv qhov tseeb hais tias plasma ntws stretch cov magnetic teb kab thiab ua rau tag nrho cov teb lub zog. Tseem muaj cov lus qhia tias muaj kev hloov pauv hauv cov tshuaj lom neeg ntawm cov ntshav ntshav tshwm sim hauv thaj tsam tachocline.
Convective zone
cheeb tsam no sawv cev rau txheej txheej sab nraud. Nws thaj tsam qis yog nyob rau ntawm qhov tob ntawm 200 txhiab km, thiab sab saud mus txog ntawm lub hnub qub. Thaum pib ntawm thaj chaw convective, qhov kub thiab txias yog qhov tseem ceeb heev, nws nce mus txog 2 lab degrees. Txawm li cas los xij, qhov ntsuas no tsis txaus rau cov txheej txheem ntawm ionization ntawm carbon, nitrogen, thiab oxygen atoms tshwm sim. Thaj chaw no tau txais nws lub npe vim yog txoj hauv kev uas muaj qhov hloov pauv tas li ntawm cov txheej txheem sib sib zog nqus mus rau sab nrauv - convection, lossis sib xyaw.
Nyob rau hauv kev nthuav qhia txogCov hnub qub tseem ceeb tuaj yeem qhia qhov tseeb tias Lub Hnub yog lub hnub qub zoo tib yam hauv peb lub galaxy. Yog li ntawd, ib tug xov tooj ntawm cov lus nug - piv txwv li, hais txog qhov chaw ntawm nws lub zog, qauv, thiab kuj tsim ntawm lub spectrum - yog ib tug ntau yam ntawm lub hnub thiab rau lwm cov hnub qub. Peb lub luminary yog qhov tshwj xeeb ntawm nws qhov chaw - nws yog lub hnub qub ze tshaj plaws rau peb lub ntiaj teb. Yog li ntawd, nws qhov chaw yog raug rau kev kawm ntxaws.
photosphere
Lub plhaub pom lub hnub hu ua photosphere. Nws yog nws uas radiates yuav luag tag nrho cov zog uas tuaj rau lub ntiaj teb. Lub photosphere muaj granules, uas yog elongated huab cua kub. Ntawm no koj tuaj yeem pom me me, uas yog hu ua torches. Lawv qhov kub thiab txias yog kwv yees li 200 o C siab dua qhov nyob ib puag ncig, yog li lawv txawv hauv qhov ci. Cov teeb ci tuaj yeem nyob ntev txog li ob peb lub lis piam. Qhov kev ruaj ntseg no tshwm sim vim qhov tseeb tias lub hnub qub sib nqus ntawm lub hnub qub tsis tso cai rau cov kwj ntawm cov ionized gases kom deviate hauv kab rov tav.
Spots
Tsis tas li ntawd, qee zaum qhov tsaus ntuj tshwm sim ntawm qhov chaw ntawm photosphere - lub nuclei ntawm cov pob. Feem ntau cov pob tuaj yeem loj hlob mus rau ib txoj kab uas hla ntawm lub ntiaj teb. Sunspots zoo li tshwm nyob rau hauv pawg, ces loj hlob tuaj. Maj mam, lawv tawg mus rau hauv cov cheeb tsam me kom txog thaum lawv ploj tag nrho. Spots tshwm nyob rau ntawm ob sab ntawm lub hnub ci equator. Txhua txhua 11 xyoo, lawv tus lej, nrog rau thaj chaw nyob ntawm qhov chaw, ncav cuag qhov siab tshaj plaws. Raws li qhov pom kev txav ntawm qhov chaw, Galileo tuaj yeem ua tautxheeb xyuas qhov kev sib hloov ntawm lub hnub. Tom qab ntawd, qhov kev sib hloov no tau ua kom zoo dua los ntawm kev txheeb xyuas spectral.
Txog tam sim no, cov kws tshawb fawb tab tom xav tias yog vim li cas lub sij hawm nce hnub poob yog 11 xyoo. Txawm hais tias muaj qhov sib txawv hauv kev paub, cov ntaub ntawv hais txog hnub ci thiab lub sijhawm ntawm lwm yam ntawm lub hnub qub kev ua ub no muab sijhawm rau cov kws tshawb fawb los ua qhov tseem ceeb rau kev kwv yees. Los ntawm kev kawm cov ntaub ntawv no, nws muaj peev xwm ua rau kev kwv yees txog qhov pib ntawm cov cua daj cua dub, cuam tshuam hauv kev sib txuas lus hauv xov tooj cua.
Qhov txawv ntawm lwm pawg
Lub luminosity ntawm lub hnub qub yog tus nqi ntawm lub zog uas tawm los ntawm lub luminary hauv ib chav tsev ntawm lub sijhawm. Tus nqi no tuaj yeem xam los ntawm tus nqi ntawm lub zog uas nce mus txog qhov chaw ntawm peb lub ntiaj teb, muab qhov kev ncua deb ntawm lub hnub qub los ntawm lub ntiaj teb paub. Lub luminosity ntawm cov hnub qub tseem ceeb yog ntau dua li cov hnub qub txias, cov hnub qub qis, thiab tsawg dua cov hnub qub kub, uas nyob nruab nrab ntawm 60 txog 100 hnub ci.
Cov hnub qub txias yog nyob rau sab xis sab xis ntawm cov hnub qub feem ntau, thiab cov hnub qub kub nyob rau sab laug sab xis. Nyob rau tib lub sij hawm, nyob rau hauv feem ntau hnub qub, tsis zoo li liab giants thiab dawb dwarfs, qhov loj nyob ntawm qhov luminosity index. Txhua lub hnub qub siv feem ntau ntawm nws lub neej ntawm lub ntsiab lus sib lawv liag. Cov kws tshawb fawb ntseeg tias cov hnub qub loj dua nyob tsawg dua cov uas muaj qhov me me. Thaum xub thawj siab ib muag, nws yuav tsum yog qhov opposite, vim hais tias lawv muaj ntau hydrogen los hlawv, thiab lawv yuav tsum siv nws ntev dua. Txawm li cas los xij, cov hnub qubCov loj loj noj lawv cov roj ntau dua.
