Kev Sib Tw ntawm Gaugamela tau tshwm sim hauv 331 BC. e. Cov no yog qhov kawg kev sib ntaus sib tua ntawm cov tub rog ntawm Persia, Darius III, thiab Alexander lub Great. Kev sib ntaus sib tua tau tshwm sim nrog qhov tseem ceeb tshaj plaws ntawm Persians. Muaj ntau pua txhiab tus ntawm lawv, thiab lawv tau tawm tsam ntau txhiab tus tub rog ntawm Greco-Macedonian cov tub rog. Thaum pib ntawm kev tawm tsam, Parmenion, tus thawj coj ntawm sab laug flank ntawm Macedonian pab tub rog, raug kev puas tsuaj loj heev. Alexander txib txoj cai flank thiab ua ib tug dag thiab unforeseen maneuver. Qhov no ua rau tus huab tais Persian tsis meej pem thiab nws tawm hauv tshav rog. Yog li ntawd, cov tub rog Macedonian yeej. Yuav ua li cas tshwm sim? Thiab kev sib ntaus sib tua zoo li cas, uas tsis nco qab txawm hnub no?
Alexander the Great
Tus thawj coj nto moo nyob hauv 356-323 BC. Lub conquests ntawm Alexander lub Great tau los ua ib qho ntawm cov xwm txheej loj tshaj plaws hauv keeb kwm ntawm lub neej ntawm tag nrho cov noob neej. Epics thiab legends yog tsim txog lawv, films yog tsim thiab scientific dissertations yog sau. Alexander yog tus kav Macedonia thiab tus tsim lub ntiaj teb Hellenisticxeev. Macedonian yog tus tub ntawm King Philip II thiab tus ntxhais ntawm Molossian huab tais Olympias. Tus me nyuam tau raug coj los rau hauv tus ntsuj plig aristocratic: nws tau qhia lej, sau ntawv, ua si lyre. Aristotle nws tus kheej yog nws tus kws qhia. Alexander muaj prudence thiab sib ntaus sib tua ua cim twb nyob rau hauv nws cov hluas. Tsis tas li ntawd, tus kav yav tom ntej tuaj yeem khav theeb ntawm lub cev zoo kawg nkaus, thiab nws yog tus uas tswj hwm Bucephalus, tus nees uas tsis tuaj yeem cob qhia los ntawm leej twg.
Cia peb muab qee cov hnub nto moo hauv keeb kwm uas tau qhuas vaj ntxwv Macedonian:
- early August 338 BC e. - Cov tub rog ntawm tus thawj tswj hwm 16 xyoo tau kov yeej cov tub rog Greek;
- caij nplooj ntoos hlav 335 BC e. - kev sib tw uas coj Alexander yeej dhau lub roob Thracians, Illyrians thiab Triballians;
- lub caij ntuj no 334-333 BC e. Macedonian tswj kom yeej Pamphylia thiab Lycia.
Tab sis qhov no tsis yog tag nrho cov npe yeej ntawm tus thawj coj loj.
Kev yeej
Txhua qhov kev kov yeej ntawm Alexander lub Great tsis tuaj yeem piav qhia hauv ob peb kab lus, tab sis qee qhov tseem tsim nyog hais. Tom qab 335 BC. e. Alexander tshaj tawm nws tus kheej huab tais, nws subjugated rau nws lub siab nyiam cov neeg uas dared tawm tsam nws: cov no yog cov tub rog nyob rau sab qaum teb ntawm Macedonia. Nws kuj ua rau cov Illyrians thiab thawb lawv rov qab mus rau Danube.
Tom qab ntawd cov neeg Macedonian kev tawm tsam ntawm cov tub rog Greek raug rhuav tshem. Nws kov yeej Thebes thiab tsis tseg lub hwj chim ntawm Athens. Tsis ntev tom qab ntawd, ua ke nrog nws cov tub rog loj, huab tais tau kov yeej cov tub rog ntawm Persians.thiab los ntawm qhov no tau tsim nws lub siab nyiam thoob plaws Asia Minor. Thiab cov hnub hauv keeb kwm qhia tias Alexander tau tawm tsam nrog Darius III ntau dua ib zaug thiab yeej nws. Yog li, thawj zaug qhov no tshwm sim hauv 333 BC. e. Tom qab ntawd, hla Taurus, ntawm Issus, kev sib ntaus sib tua tau tshwm sim ntawm cov tub rog ntawm ob tus thawj coj loj. Tab sis cov Macedonian yeej, yuam kom tus vaj ntxwv Persian khiav mus rau Babylon.
Tus kav swb tau muab Alexander qee cov lus sib haum xeeb. Tiamsis nws tsis kam txais lawv. Nws txiav txim siab mus kov yeej lub teb chaws nyob rau sab hnub tuaj ntug dej hiav txwv ntawm Mediterranean. Nyob rau hauv lem, Macedonian subjugated Illyria, ces Palestine, thiab ces Egypt. Nws ua Alexandria hauv thaj av ntawm cov pyramids. Thiab tom qab ntawd muaj qhov hais txog kev sib ntaus sib tua ntawm Gaugamela.
Vim kev sib ntaus
Raws li cov neeg nyeem twb paub lawm, cov xwm txheej no tshwm sim hauv 331 BC. e. Ob peb xyoos dhau los, Darius III tau swb thawj zaug los ntawm nws tus nrog sib ntaus. Tom qab ntawd cov Pawxia xav tau kev thaj yeeb nyab xeeb thiab muab 10,000 tala rau Macedonian ua tus nqe txhiv rau nws tsev neeg raug ntes. Tsis tas li ntawd, tus vaj ntxwv Persian Darius tau npaj siab muab nws tus ntxhais Satire rau Alexander. Qab nws yuav tsum yog ib tug dowry nyob rau hauv daim ntawv ntawm cov khoom los ntawm Hellespont thiab mus txog rau lub Euphrates. Darius III kuj tau npaj rau kev sib koom tes thiab kev thaj yeeb nrog nws tus yeeb ncuab.
Qhov Persian tau muab yog qhov tseem ceeb heev rau Alexander, yog li nws tau tham nrog nws cov phooj ywg. Ib tug ntawm Macedonian cov koom tes ze, Parmenion, tau hais tias nws yuav tau txais txhua yam kev mob, nyob hauv Alexander qhov chaw. Tab sis nws tsis yog nyob rau hauv style ntawm tus thawj coj mus rau ntawm ib tug neegtsis yog. Yog li ntawd, nws tau teb tias nws kuj yuav pom zoo rau qhov kev thov yog tias nws muaj lub sijhawm los nyob hauv qhov chaw ntawm Parmenion. Tab sis txij li nws yog Alexander lub Great, thiab tsis yog lwm tus, yuav tsis muaj kev sib cav.
Darius tau xa ib tsab ntawv, uas tau hais tias tsis muaj leej twg muaj cai tswj hwm tus thawj coj loj. Thiab tus ntxhais ntawm Persian yuav dhau los ua tus poj niam ntawm Macedonian tsuas yog thaum kawg nws tus kheej xav tau nws, vim tias tag nrho tsev neeg ntawm yeeb ncuab nyob hauv nws lub hwj chim. Alexander sau hais tias yog Darius xav tau kev thaj yeeb, ces cia nws tuaj rau nws tus tswv raws li nws cov ntsiab lus. Tom qab cov lus no, Darius III tau pib npaj ua tsov rog tiag tiag.
yeeb ncuab tub rog
Kev sib ntaus sib tua ntawm Alexander lub Great yeej ib txwm ua ntshav thiab ua rau muaj kev poob ntau rau cov neeg tawm tsam. Tom qab tag nrho, cov tub rog Macedonian muaj ntau heev. Nyob rau hauv kev npaj rau kev sib ntaus sib tua ntawm Gaugamela, nws suav 40 txhiab infantry thiab xya txhiab horsemen. Tab sis cov Persians muaj qhov zoo tshaj plaws hauv cov lej. Txawm li cas los xij, qhov no tsis ua rau cov neeg Macedonian chim siab, vim tias feem ntau ntawm huab tais cov tub rog muaj cov tub rog kawm tau zoo nrog kev paub. Cov tub rog ntawm Darius III suav tau 250 txhiab tus neeg, ntawm cov no muaj 30 txhiab tus tub ua tub txib los ntawm tim Nkij teb chaws thiab 12 txhiab tus tub rog Bactrians hnyav rau saum nees.
Yuav ua li cas lawv hla Euphrates
Kev sib ntaus sib tua ntawm Gaugamela pib nrog qhov tseeb tias, dhau Syria, cov tub rog Macedonian tuaj txog ntawm Euphrates. Cov tub rog Persian yuav tsum tiv thaiv kev hla. Tab sis cov Persians ploj mus sai li sai tau thaum lawv pom lub zog tseem ceeb ntawm lawv cov neeg tawm tsam. Yog liAlexander tswj tau yooj yim kov yeej Euphrates thiab txuas ntxiv nws txoj kev sib tw mus rau sab hnub tuaj. Darius tsis cuam tshuam nrog lub Great. Nws, nrog rau nws cov tub rog, tab tom tos cov yeeb ncuab ntawm lub tiaj, uas zoo kawg nkaus rau kev siv tub rog thiab tua cov Macedonians. Lub zos me me ntawm Gaugamela nyob ntawm ib sab ntawm lub tiaj no.
Tiger thiab Darius 'Kev Txhim Kho Tub Rog
Thaum lub Cuaj Hlis, Alexander lub Great tau mus txog Tigris River (Kev Sib Tw ntawm Gaugamela, ib qho ntawm nws ntau qhov kev siv, tsuas yog nyob ib ncig ntawm lub ces kaum). Cov neeg raug kaw uas twb raug ntes tau hais tias Darius yuav tiv thaiv cov neeg Macedonians hla lub pas dej no. Tab sis tom qab lub Great pib hla tus dej, tsis muaj leej twg nyob rau sab ntug dej. Cov Pawxia tau npaj rau qhov kev tawm tsam sib txawv.
Meanwhile, cov tub rog ntawm Darius III tau txhim kho thiab txhim kho lawv cov riam phom. Yog li ntawd, lawv tau txuas lub ntsiab lus tseem ceeb rau lub hubs thiab drawbars ntawm lub tsheb loj. Nws tau xav tias cov chav no yuav tsum ua rau muaj kev puas tsuaj loj rau cov yeeb ncuab tub rog. Cov riam phom tub rog tseem muaj zog dua.
Kev sib ntaus sib tua tau pib
Macedonsky txoj cai flank mus rau sab xis, obliquely nyob rau hauv kev sib raug zoo rau lub ntsiab pem hauv ntej kab. Darius muab qhov kev txiav txim rau nws sab laug flank mus ncig sab xis ntawm tus yeeb ncuab. Cov tub rog khiav ceev kom ua. Alexander hais kom Greek tub rog tawm tsam, tab sis nws cov tub rog ua tsis tau. Thiab tseem Darius cov phiaj xwm tseem tsis tau ua tiav.
Alexander's yeej
Sib ntaus sib tuaGaugamelach kub. Thaum kawg, Darius III tau khiav nrog cov tub rog los ntawm kev sib ntaus sib tua, zoo li tus miv tsis zoo. Txawm hais tias nws cov tub rog me me, Macedonian muaj peev xwm yeej ua tsaug rau nws lub siab thiab kev txawj ntse. Qhov kev sib ntaus sib tua no tau xaus rau Persian lub nceeg vaj, thiab nws tus thawj coj raug tua los ntawm nws cov phooj ywg ze. Tom qab kev sib ntaus sib tua tseem ceeb no, Alexander lub Great yeej ntau qhov kev yeej thiab nthuav nws cov khoom muaj ntau dua ib lub zog.
