Ntiaj Teb (Cyrillic thiab Glagolitic) yog ib phau ntawv nyob rau hauv ib qho kev txiav txim ntawm tag nrho cov paib qhia ib tug neeg lub suab ntawm ib hom lus. Cov txheej txheem ntawm cov cim sau tau txais kev ywj pheej ncaj ncees hauv thaj chaw ntawm cov neeg thaum ub. Cov tsiaj ntawv Slavic "Glagolitsa", piv txwv li, tau tsim ua ntej. Dab tsi yog qhov tsis pub leejtwg paub ntawm kev sau thaum ub ntawm cov cim sau? Dab tsi yog cov tsiaj ntawv Glagolitic thiab Cyrillic? Lub ntsiab lus ntawm cov cim tseem ceeb yog dab tsi? Xav paub ntau ntxiv tom qab.
Cov lus zais ntawm kev sau ntawv
Raws li koj paub, Cyrillic thiab Glagolitic yog cov tsiaj ntawv Slavic. Lub npe heev ntawm lub rooj sib tham tau txais los ntawm kev sib xyaw ntawm "az" thiab "beeches". Cov cim no qhia thawj ob tsab ntawv "A" thiab "B". Ib qho nthuav keeb kwm qhov tseeb yuav tsum tau muab sau tseg. Cov ntawv Ancient tau kos rau ntawm phab ntsa. Ntawd yog, tag nrho cov cim tau nthuav tawm hauv daim ntawv ntawm graffiti. Nyob ib ncig ntawm lub xyoo pua 9th, thawj cov cim tshwm nyob rau ntawm phab ntsa ntawm cov tuam tsev ntawm Pereslavl. Ob centuries tom qab ntawd, cov tsiaj ntawv Cyrillic (duab thiab txhais cov cim qhia) tau sau rau hauv St. Sophia Cathedral hauv Kyiv.
RussianCyrillic
Nws yuav tsum tau hais tias qhov kev sau ntawm cov cim sau thaum ub tseem sib raug zoo rau cov qauv lus ntawm Lavxias. Qhov no feem ntau yog vim lub fact tias lub suab muaj pes tsawg leeg ntawm niaj hnub thiab ancient lo lus tsis muaj ntau qhov sib txawv, thiab tag nrho cov ntawm lawv tsis tseem ceeb. Tsis tas li ntawd, ib tug yuav tsum them tribute rau lub compiler ntawm lub system - Konstantin. Tus sau ua tib zoo coj mus rau hauv tus account lub phonemic (suab) muaj pes tsawg leeg ntawm cov lus qub. Cov tsiaj ntawv Cyrillic tsuas muaj cov tsiaj ntawv loj xwb. Ntau yam ntawm cov cim - cov tsiaj ntawv loj thiab cov tsiaj ntawv me - tau xub qhia los ntawm Peter xyoo 1710.
Cov cim tseem ceeb
Tsab ntawv Cyrillic "az" yog thawj zaug. Nws denoted lub pronoun "Kuv". Tab sis lub hauv paus ntsiab lus ntawm lub cim no yog lo lus "keeb kwm", "pib" los yog "pib". Hauv qee cov ntawv sau, ib tus tuaj yeem nrhiav "az", siv lub ntsiab lus ntawm "ib" (raws li tus lej). Tsab ntawv Cyrillic "beeches" yog lub cim thib ob ntawm kev sau cov cim. Tsis zoo li "az", nws tsis muaj tus lej. "Buki" yog "yuav" lossis "yuav". Tab sis, raws li txoj cai, lub cim no tau siv nyob rau hauv kev hloov pauv ntawm lub sijhawm yav tom ntej. Piv txwv li, "lub cev" txhais tau tias "cia nws ua", thiab "tom ntej lossis yav tom ntej" txhais tau tias "yav tom ntej". Cyrillic tsab ntawv "Vedi" yog suav hais tias yog ib qho ntawm feem nthuav ntawm tag nrho cov sau. Lub cim no sib raug rau tus lej 2. "Lead" muaj ntau lub ntsiab lus - "tus kheej", "paub" thiab"kom paub".
Qhov siab tshaj plaws ntawm kev sau cov cim
Nws yuav tsum tau hais tias cov kws tshawb fawb, kawm txog cov ntsiab lus ntawm cov cim, tuaj txog qhov xaus tias lawv yooj yim heev thiab nkag siab, uas tso cai rau lawv siv dav hauv kev hais lus. Tsis tas li ntawd, txhua tus Slav yooj yim heev, tsis muaj teeb meem ntau, tuaj yeem piav qhia lawv. Ntau tus kws tshawb fawb, lub sijhawm no, pom lub hauv paus ntsiab lus ntawm kev sib haum xeeb thiab triad nyob rau hauv cov lej ntawm cov cim. Qhov ntawd yog qhov tus neeg yuav tsum ua tiav, siv zog kom paub qhov tseeb, qhov zoo thiab qhov kaj.
lus ntawm Constantine rau cov xeeb ntxwv
Nws yuav tsum tau hais tias cov tsiaj ntawv Cyrillic thiab Glagolitic yog qhov tsim muaj txiaj ntsig. Constantine, ua ke nrog nws tus tij laug Methodius, tsis yog tsuas yog tsim cov cim sau, tab sis tsim ib qho kev sau tshwj xeeb ntawm kev paub uas hu rau kev siv zog rau kev paub, kev txhim kho, kev hlub thiab kev txawj ntse, hla kev yeeb ncuab, kev npau taws, kev khib, tawm hauv lawv tus kheej xwb. Ib zaug nws tau ntseeg tias Cyrillic thiab Glagolitic tau tsim yuav luag ib txhij. Txawm li cas los xij, qhov no tau tshwm sim tsis yog li ntawd. Raws li ntau qhov chaw thaum ub, cov tsiaj ntawv Glagolitic tau los ua thawj. Nws yog phau ntawv no uas yog thawj zaug siv los txhais cov ntawv hauv pawg ntseeg.
Glagolitic thiab Cyrillic. Kev sib piv. Facts
Cyrillic thiab Glagolitic tau tsim nyob rau lub sijhawm sib txawv. Ntau qhov tseeb taw qhia rau qhov no. Lub Glagolitic, nrog rau cov tsiaj ntawv Greek, tau los ua lub hauv paus rau tom qab sau cov tsiaj ntawv Cyrillic. Thaum kawm thawj phau ntawv sau cov cim, cov kws tshawb fawb nco ntsoov tias cov style yog qhov qub (tshwj xeeb, thaum kawm."Kyiv leaflets" ntawm lub xyoo pua 10th). Thaum cov tsiaj ntawv Cyrillic, raws li tau hais los saum no, yog phonetically ze rau cov lus niaj hnub. Thawj cov ntaub ntawv nyob rau hauv daim ntawv ntawm cov duab sawv cev ntawm cov cim sau hnub rov qab mus rau 893 thiab nyob ze rau lub suab thiab lexical qauv ntawm cov lus ntawm cov neeg yav qab teb thaum ub. Lub qub qub ntawm Glagolitic kuj tau qhia los ntawm palimpsests, uas yog cov ntawv sau rau ntawm parchment, qhov twg cov ntawv qub tau muab pov tseg thiab ib qho tshiab tau sau rau saum. Glagolitic tau muab pov tseg txhua qhov chaw hauv lawv, thiab tom qab ntawd Cyrillic tau sau rau saum nws. Tsis yog ib qho palimpsest yog lwm txoj hauv kev.
Txoj Kev Ntseeg ntawm lub Koom Txoos Catholic
Nyob hauv cov ntaub ntawv muaj cov ntaub ntawv hais tias thawj phau ntawv sau cov cim tau muab tso ua ke los ntawm Constantine the Philosopher ntawm ib tsab ntawv sau thaum ub. Muaj kev xav tias nws tuaj yeem siv los ntawm Slavs rau kev ntseeg thiab dawb huv pagan lub hom phiaj ua ntej kev ntseeg tau txais yuav. Tab sis txawm li cas los xij, tsis muaj pov thawj ntawm qhov no, raws li qhov tseeb, kev lees paub ntawm lub neej ntawm tsab ntawv runic. Lub Koom Txoos Roman Catholic, uas tawm tsam kev tuav cov kev pabcuam hauv cov lus Slavic rau Croats, tus cwj pwm Glagolitic cov tsiaj ntawv ua "Gothic tsab ntawv". Qee tus thawj coj tau tawm tsam cov tsiaj ntawv tshiab, hais tias nws tau tsim los ntawm cov neeg phem Methodius, uas "sau ntau yam cuav tawm tsam kev ntseeg Catholic hauv cov lus Slavic."
Simbol tawv nqaij
Cov tsiaj ntawv Glagolitic thiab Cyrillic txawv ntawm ib leeg hauv cov qauv. Hauv kev sau ntawv ua ntejcov tsos ntawm cov cim nyob rau hauv tej lub sij hawm coincides nrog lub Khutsuri (Georgian sau ntawv, tsim ua ntej lub xyoo pua 9th, raws li, tej zaum, nyob rau hauv lub Armenian ib tug). Tus naj npawb ntawm cov tsiaj ntawv hauv ob tus tsiaj ntawv yog tib yam - 38. Qee cov cim cais thiab tag nrho cov kab ke "kos duab" cov voj voog me me ntawm qhov kawg ntawm kab, tag nrho, muaj cov lus hais zoo ib yam li cov neeg Yudais Kabbalistic fonts thiab "runic" Icelandic. cryptoography. Tag nrho cov lus tseeb no yuav tsis yog qhov tseeb, vim muaj pov thawj tias Constantine tus Philosopher nyeem cov ntawv Jewish thaum ub nyob rau hauv thawj, uas yog, nws tau paub txog cov ntawv sau sab hnub tuaj (qhov no tau hais hauv nws "lub neej"). Lub ntsiab lus ntawm yuav luag tag nrho cov ntawv ntawm Glagolitic, raws li txoj cai, yog muab los ntawm Greek cursive. Rau cov cim tsis yog Greek, Hebrew system yog siv. Tab sis lub sijhawm no, yuav luag tsis muaj qhov tseeb thiab tshwj xeeb piav qhia rau cov duab ntawm cov ntawv rau ib tus cim.
Kev npam thiab qhov sib txawv
Cyrillic thiab Glagolitic hauv lawv cov qauv qub tshaj plaws yuav luag txhua qhov sib luag hauv lawv cov muaj pes tsawg leeg. Tsuas yog cov qauv ntawm cov cim txawv. Thaum rov luam Glagolitic cov ntawv hauv txoj kev sau ntawv, cov cim tau hloov los ntawm Cyrillic sawv daws yuav. Qhov no feem ntau yog vim qhov tseeb tias niaj hnub no ob peb tus neeg tuaj yeem paub txog cov ntawv sau qub qub. Tab sis thaum hloov ib tus tsiaj ntawv nrog lwm tus, cov lej ntawm cov tsiaj ntawv tsis sib xws. Qee zaum, qhov no ua rau muaj kev nkag siab yuam kev. Yog li, piv txwv li, hauv Glagolitic, cov lej sib raug rau qhov kev txiav txim ntawm cov ntawv lawv tus kheej, thiab hauv Cyrillic, cov lej raug khi rau cov nyob hauv. Cov tsiaj ntawv Greek.
Lub hom phiaj ntawm tsab ntawv qub
Raws li txoj cai, lawv tham txog ob hom Glagolitic sau. Ib qho kev sib txawv yog tsim los ntawm qhov qub "round", tseem hu ua "Bulgarian", thiab tom qab ntawd "angular" lossis "Croatian" (yog li lub npe vim nws tau siv los ntawm Croatian Catholics mus txog rau nruab nrab ntawm lub xyoo pua 20th).. Tus naj npawb ntawm cov cim nyob rau tom kawg tau txo qis los ntawm 41 mus rau 30 cim. Tsis tas li ntawd, muaj (ua ke nrog cov ntawv cai lij choj) kev sau ntawv. Cov tsiaj ntawv Glagolitic tau xyaum tsis siv nyob rau hauv Ancient Russia - nyob rau hauv tej rooj plaub muaj cais "blotches" ntawm Glagolitic cov ntawv fragments nyob rau hauv Cyrillic sawv daws yuav. Cov ntawv qub yog tsim los rau kev xa mus (kev txhais lus) ntawm pawg ntseeg sau, thiab tseem muaj sia nyob thaum ntxov Lavxias teb sab monuments ntawm kev sau txhua hnub kom txog rau thaum kev coj noj coj ua ntawm kev ntseeg (cov ntawv qub tshaj plaws yog suav tias yog cov ntawv sau ntawm 1st ib nrab ntawm lub xyoo pua 10th. lub lauj kaub pom ntawm Gnezdovo barrow) yog ua hauv Cyrillic.
Kev xav txog kev xav txog qhov tseem ceeb ntawm kev tsim cov ntawv sau thaum ub
Ntau qhov tseeb hais txog qhov tseeb tias Cyrillic thiab Glagolitic tau tsim nyob rau lub sijhawm sib txawv. Thawj yog tsim los ntawm qhov thib ob. Lub qub monument ntawm Slavic sau ntawv yog tsim los ntawm cov tsiaj ntawv Glagolitic. Tom qab ntawv pom muaj cov ntawv zoo meej dua. Cov ntawv sau Cyrillic, ntxiv rau, raug sau tawm ntawm Glagolitic rau ntau yam. Hauv thawj zaug, cov qauv sau ntawv, kev sau ntawv thiab cov suab lus tau nthuav tawm hauv daim ntawv zoo meej dua. NtawmKev tsom xam ntawm cov ntawv sau tes qhia tau hais tias muaj kev vam meej ntawm cov tsiaj ntawv Cyrillic ntawm Glagolitic tsab ntawv. Yog li, cov tsiaj ntawv tom kawg tau hloov los ntawm cov ntawv Greek zoo sib xws. Nyob rau hauv kev kawm ntawm ntau cov ntawv niaj hnub, chronological yuam kev raug pom. Qhov no yog vim qhov tseeb tias cov tsiaj ntawv Cyrillic thiab Glagolitic tau suav tias yog ib qho kev sib txawv ntawm cov ntawv xov xwm. Cov naj npawb ntawm cov thawj yog taw qhia rau kev sau ntawv Greek.
Konstantin tau ua dab tsi?
Raws li ntau tus kws sau ntawv, ntseeg tau tias tus kws tshaj lij ua ntej sau cov tsiaj ntawv Glagolitic, thiab tom qab ntawd, nrog kev pab los ntawm nws tus kwv Methodius, tus tsiaj ntawv Cyrillic. Txawm li cas los xij, muaj cov ntaub ntawv hais txog qhov no. Konstantin paub thiab hlub Greek heev. Tsis tas li ntawd, nws yog ib tug tub txib ntawm lub Koom Txoos Orthodox Eastern. Lub sijhawm ntawd, nws txoj haujlwm yog kom nyiam cov neeg Slavic mus rau lub Koom Txoos Greek. Hauv qhov no, nws tsis muaj txiaj ntsig rau nws los sau cov txheej txheem sau ntawv uas ua rau cov neeg txawv txawv, ua rau nyuaj rau cov uas twb paub lus Greek kom nkag siab thiab nkag siab txog Vaj Lug Kub. Tom qab tsim cov txheej txheem sau ntawv tshiab, siab dua, nws nyuaj rau xav txog tias kev sau ntawv qub qub yuav nrov dua. Cov tsiaj ntawv Cyrillic tau nkag siab ntau dua, yooj yim, zoo nkauj thiab meej. Nws yooj yim rau cov neeg feem coob. Thaum Glagolitic muaj lub ntsej muag nqaim thiab tau npaj rau kev txhais cov phau ntawv dawb ceev liturgical. Tag nrho cov no qhia tau hais tias Constantine tau koom nrog kev sau ua ke raws li cov lus Greek. Thiab tom qab ntawd, cov tsiaj ntawv Cyrillic, raws li qhov yooj yim dua thiab yooj yim, hloovGlagolitic.
Kev xav ntawm qee tus kws tshawb fawb
Sreznevsky xyoo 1848 tau sau rau hauv nws cov ntawv sau tias, ntsuas cov yam ntxwv ntawm ntau lub cim Glagolitic, peb tuaj yeem xaus: tsab ntawv no yog qhov qub, thiab cov tsiaj ntawv Cyrillic zoo meej dua. Qhov kev sib raug zoo ntawm cov tshuab no tuaj yeem taug qab nyob rau hauv ib qho style ntawm cov ntawv, suab. Tab sis tib lub sijhawm, cov tsiaj ntawv Cyrillic tau dhau los ua yooj yim thiab yooj yim dua. Xyoo 1766, suav Klement Grubisich tau luam tawm ib phau ntawv hais txog keeb kwm ntawm kev sau ntawv. Nyob rau hauv nws txoj hauj lwm, tus sau hais tias cov tsiaj ntawv Glagolitic tau tsim ntev ua ntej Christmas thiab yog li ntawd yog ib tug ntau ntau ancient sau ntawm cov cim tshaj cov tsiaj ntawv Cyrillic. Kwv yees li xyoo 1640, Rafail Lenakovich tau sau "kev sib tham", qhov uas nws hais yuav luag tib yam li Grubisich, tab sis yuav luag 125 xyoo dhau los. Kuj tseem muaj cov lus hais los ntawm Chernoriz the Brave (pib ntawm lub xyoo pua 10th). Hauv nws txoj haujlwm "Rau Sau" nws hais tias Cyrillic thiab Glagolitic muaj qhov sib txawv tseem ceeb. Hauv nws cov ntawv, Chernoriz the Brave ua tim khawv rau qhov tsis txaus siab uas twb muaj lawm nrog cov txheej txheem ntawm kev sau cov cim tsim los ntawm cov kwv tij Constantine thiab Methodius. Nyob rau tib lub sijhawm, tus sau qhia meej meej tias nws yog Cyrillic, thiab tsis yog Glagolitic, hais tias thawj zaug tau tsim ua ntej thib ob. Qee tus kws tshawb fawb, ntsuas cov ntawv sau ntawm qee cov cim ("u", piv txwv li), kos cov lus xaus uas tsis yog cov uas tau piav qhia saum toj no. Yog li, raws li qee tus kws sau ntawv, cov tsiaj ntawv Cyrillic tau tsim ua ntej, thiab tsuas yog tom qab ntawd cov tsiaj ntawv Glagolitic.
Zoo kawg
Txawm tias muaj tus lej ntauCov kev xav tsis sib haum xeeb txog qhov zoo li ntawm cov tsiaj ntawv Glagolitic thiab Cyrillic, qhov tseem ceeb ntawm kev sau ua ke ntawm cov cim sau yog loj heev. Ua tsaug rau qhov tshwm sim ntawm cov ntawv sau ntawm cov ntawv sau, cov neeg muaj peev xwm nyeem tau thiab sau ntawv. Tsis tas li ntawd, kev tsim cov kwv tij Constantine thiab Methodius yog qhov muaj txiaj ntsig ntawm kev paub. Ua ke nrog cov tsiaj ntawv, ib hom lus sau tau tsim. Ntau lo lus tseem pom niaj hnub no hauv ntau yam lus hais - Lavxias, Bulgarian, Ukrainian thiab lwm yam lus. Nrog rau cov txheej txheem tshiab ntawm kev sau cov cim, kev nkag siab ntawm cov neeg qub txeeg qub teg kuj tau hloov pauv - tom qab tag nrho, kev tsim cov tsiaj ntawv Slavic tau zoo sib xws nrog kev saws me nyuam thiab kev nthuav tawm ntawm cov ntseeg txoj kev ntseeg, kev tsis lees paub cov kev cai qub qub.
