Txoj kev hloov pauv ntawm kev hloov pauv yog ib qho tseem ceeb tshaj plaws hauv kev txhim kho. Feem ntau, nws pib muaj kev cuam tshuam tsis zoo rau cov phenotype ntawm tib neeg. Txawm li cas los xij, ua tsis taus, hloov pauv alleles yog tam sim no, raws li txoj cai, nyob rau hauv cov gene pas dej hauv heterozygous genotypes rau cov chaw sib thooj. Xav txog ntxiv lub luag haujlwm ntawm cov txheej txheem hloov pauv hauv evolution.
cov ntaub ntawv dav dav
Cov txheej txheem hloov pauv yog kev hloov pauv tam sim ntawd tshwm sim los ntawm kev ua haujlwm ntse thiab kev hloov pauv ntawm cov khoom siv caj ces. Cov tom kawg yog muab tso rau hauv ib tug hierarchy ntawm ntau yam, los ntawm molecular qhov chaw nyob rau hauv ib tug noob mus rau chromosomes thiab genomes. Cov txheej txheem kev hloov pauv yog qhov ua rau muaj kev ntxhov siab rau cov neeg. Yog li ntawd, qhov zaus ntawm ib qho kev hloov pauv hauv kev sib raug zoo rau lwm tus.
zoo tshaj plaws
Vim muaj cov mutant alleles nyob rau hauv lub gene pas dej ua ke nyob rau hauv lub heterozygous genotype, ib tug ncaj qha tsis zoo cuam tshuam rau lub phenotypic qhia ntawm tus cwj pwm zoo tswj los ntawm cov noob no tsis suav nrog.
Vim hybrid hwj chim (heterosis), ntauKev hloov pauv hauv lub xeev heterozygous feem ntau ua rau muaj kev nce ntxiv ntawm cov kab mob.
Los ntawm kev khaws cia ntawm alleles uas tsis muaj tus nqi hloov pauv nyob rau hauv ib puag ncig tam sim no ntawm kev muaj nyob, tab sis muaj peev xwm tau txais nws yav tom ntej lossis thaum tsim lwm yam ecological niches, ib qho tshwj xeeb ntawm kev sib txawv yog tsim.
Lub ntsiab lus ntawm kev hloov pauv
Qhov tseem ceeb yog vim qhov tseeb tias nrog qhov tshwm sim tas li ntawm kev hloov pauv thiab lawv cov kev sib txuas, kev sib txuas tshiab ntawm cov noob thiab kev hloov pauv tshwm sim thaum hla. Qhov no, nyob rau hauv lem, inevitably ua rau hereditary hloov nyob rau hauv cov pejxeem. Lub luag haujlwm ntawm cov txheej txheem hloov pauv yog txhawm rau ua kom cov noob caj noob ces heterogeneity. Nyob rau tib lub sijhawm, yam tsis muaj kev koom tes ntawm lwm yam, nws tsis muaj peev xwm tswj tau qhov kev hloov pauv ntawm cov pejxeem.
Cov txheej txheem hloov pauv yog qhov chaw ntawm cov khoom siv hauv tsev, qhov tshwj xeeb ntawm kev hloov pauv. Cov tsos ntawm transformations muaj ib tug statistical thiab probabilistic cim. Lub evolutionary tseem ceeb ntawm cov txheej txheem nyob rau hauv kev tswj lub siab heterogeneity ntawm natural pejxeem, koom nyob rau hauv tsim ntawm ntau yam alleles thiab tshwm sim ntawm cov noob tshiab. Cov txheej txheem hloov pauv tsim kom muaj ntau yam kev hloov pauv hauv ib qho gene pool. Nrog nws cov ntws tas mus li, nws muaj tus cwj pwm tsis ncaj ncees thiab random.
Specific
Txoj kev hloov pauv tshwm sim thoob plaws hauv lub neej. Qee qhov kev hloov pauv tuaj yeem tshwm sim ntau zaus hauv cov kab mob sib txawv. Gene pas dej ua ke nyob rau hauv tas li kev cuam tshuamkev hloov pauv. Qhov no them nyiaj rau qhov muaj feem ntau ntawm kev poob ntawm ib qho kev hloov pauv hauv ntau tiam neeg. Txawm hais tias qhov tseeb tias cov txheej txheem hloov pauv tau ua rau muaj kev ntxhov siab me ntsis ntawm tib lub noob, nrog rau ntau tus ntawm lawv, cov qauv caj ces tau hloov pauv loj.
Mechanism and result
Raws li qhov tshwm sim ntawm kev hla mus tas li, ntau qhov sib xyaw ntawm alleles tshwm sim. Genetic combinatorics pheej tshuaj xyuas qhov tseem ceeb ntawm kev hloov pauv. Lawv nkag mus rau hauv cov genomes tshiab, tshwm sim nyob rau hauv ib puag ncig sib txawv genotypic. Tus naj npawb ntawm cov kev sib txuas ntawm cov khoom siv noob caj noob ces nyob rau hauv txhua tus neeg yog qhov loj heev. Txawm li cas los xij, tsuas yog ib feem tseem ceeb ntawm qhov kev xav tau ntawm cov kev xaiv tau pom tau. Qhov kev faib ua feem ntawm kev sib xyaw ua ke txiav txim siab qhov txawv ntawm yuav luag txhua tus neeg. Qhov no yog qhov tseem ceeb heev rau kev siv cov kev xaiv ntuj.
Txoj kev tshwm sim
Kev hloov pauv yog cov khoom tseem ceeb ntawm evolution. Muaj ntau ntau hom: genomic, chromosomal, gene. Ntawm cov yam ntxwv ntawm manifestation ntawm kev hloov pauv, ib tug yuav tsum qhia txog lawv kev nthuav qhia. Nws qhia txog qib ntawm lawv qhov kev qhia phenotypic. Tsis tas li ntawd, kev hloov pauv yog yam ntxwv los ntawm kev nkag mus. Nws sawv cev rau qhov zaus ntawm phenotypic tshwm sim nyob rau hauv ib qho allele ntawm ib qho gene hauv cov pejxeem, tsis hais txog kev nthuav tawm.
Gene mutations
Lawv sawv cev rau kev hloov pauv ntawm nucleotide ib ntus. Cov txheej txheem hloov pauv hauv qhov no hloov qhov xwm txheej ntawm qhov kev ua ntawm cov noob. Feem ntau muaj kev hloov pauv molecular uas ua rau muaj cov nyhuv phenotypic. Piv txwv tias hauv qee cov noob, ntawm qee qhov taw tes hauv cov lej, muaj CTT encoding glutamic acid. Thaum hloov tsuas yog ib qho nucleotide, nws tuaj yeem hloov mus ua GTT codon. Nws yuav koom nrog hauv kev sib txuas ntawm tsis yog glutamic acid, tab sis glutamine. Thawj thiab mutant protein molecules sib txawv, thiab qhov no yuav ua rau muaj qhov sib txawv ntawm qhov phenotypic. Kev rov ua dua tshiab ntawm allele tshiab yuav tshwm sim kom txog thaum muaj kev hloov tshiab. Nrog rau kev hloov noob caj noob ces, cov koob lossis khub ntawm homologous ntsiab yog li tshwm sim. Koj tseem tuaj yeem kos cov lus xaus. Lub xub ntiag ntawm allelic variability rau ib tug gene txhais tau hais tias nws tau hloov nyob rau hauv ib lub sij hawm.
Extra
Heterozygous xeev, diploid genotype, "DNA ntsiag to" - tag nrho cov no yog ntxiab rau kev hloov pauv. Nrog rau degeneracy ntawm cov noob caj noob ces, qhov tsis tshua muaj tshwm sim ntawm kev hloov pauv hais txog kev kho dua tshiab. Cov txheej txheem hloov pauv yuav tsum tshwm sim hauv cov kab mob uas twb muaj lawm nrog rau qee zaus. Nws yuav tsum txaus los ua kom muaj kev hloov pauv uas cov pej xeem yuav raug coj mus rau theem tshiab. Kev hloov pauv muaj nyob ntawm ntau qhov ntau. Qee tus ntawm lawv yuav tsum koom nrog cov txheej txheem keeb kwm ntawm kev loj hlob ntawm cov kab mob nyob, pab tsim cov se tshiab. Kev hloov pauv, raws li txoj cai, tshwm sim yam tsis muaj kev hloov pauv, discretely thiabspasmodically. Thaum muaj kev hloov pauv, nws ruaj khov. Nws kis mus rau cov xeeb ntxwv. Kev hloov pauv tsis tshwm sim hauv txoj kev qhia. Tib qhov kev hloov pauv tuaj yeem rov ua dua.
Tus nqi hloov pauv
Feem ntau ntawm cov mutants tshiab muaj qhov muaj peev xwm qis dua li cov tsiaj qus / ib txwm muaj. Nyob rau tib lub sij hawm, nws yog qhia nyob rau hauv txawv degrees: los ntawm ib tug subvital, NW nyuam qhuav pom mus rau ib tug semi-thales thiab tuag lub xeev. Hauv kev tsom xam ntawm kev muaj peev xwm ntawm Drosophila mutants uas tau tshwm sim nrog kev hloov pauv hauv X chromosome, hauv 90% ntawm cov tib neeg nws qis dua li qub. 10% muaj lub xeev supervital - nce vitality. Ntawm qhov tod tes, tus nqi hloov pauv ntawm cov mutants tshwm sim yog, raws li txoj cai, qis dua. Nws yog tus cwj pwm los ntawm kev ua haujlwm zoo ntawm morphological nta thiab fertility, physiological vitality.
