Petrified ntoo yog cov khoom tsim los ntawm cov ntoo uas loj hlob nyob rau yav dhau los geological epochs. Xws li "rarities" tuaj yeem qhia ntau yam. Muab cov ntoo muaj hnub nyoog, lawv tuaj yeem siv los taug qab cov evolution ntawm tsob ntoo qoob loo ntawm qee hom, kawm txog lub sijhawm ntawm lawv txoj kev loj hlob thiab kev nyab xeeb ntawm ntau pua xyoo dhau los.
Yuav ua li cas cov txheej txheem ntawm petrification ntawm ntoo ua haujlwm
Nyob rau hauv tej yam ntuj tso, ntoo residues lwj, lawv tau ua tiav los ntawm cov kab mob. Qhov no tshwm sim nyob rau hauv rooj plaub ntawm kev nkag mus rau huab cua dawb. Tab sis qee zaus, tsob ntoo tuag tsis raug puas tsuaj tag. Qhov no tshwm sim thaum nws faus nyob rau hauv sediments (volcanic tshauv, landslides, landslides, glacial moraine, thiab lwm yam) uas tiv thaiv cov khoom ntawm oxygen. Yog li ntawd, ntoo tsis deteriorate, tab sis petrifies dhau lub sij hawm vim yog hloov cov organic tshuaj nrog minerals. Cov khoom ntawm lub cev ntawm cov ntoo tau hloov pauv tag nrho, thiab nws hloov mus rau hauv cov khoom siv ntom ntom thiab ruaj khov.
Feem ntau, cov ntaub so ntswg ntawm tsob ntoo yog hloov los ntawm silica minerals (silicified ntoo). Yeej nws yog opal, chalcedony lossis quartz. Xws li pob txhakhaws cov qauv anatomical ntawm ntoo. Tsis tshua muaj yog cov ntoo marbled, lub ntsiab hloov cov zaub mov uas yog dolomite, calcite lossis siderite. Tsis tas li ntawd, gypsum, barite, dav hlau, thiab lwm yam tuaj yeem hloov tau ntau dua 60 cov zaub mov paub tias koom nrog hauv kev tsim cov ntoo fossils.
Main properties of petrified wood
Cov ntxhia yog tus cwj pwm los ntawm cov iav los yog waxy luster, conchoidal puas, tsis muaj cleavage. Lub hardness ntawm cov ntoo petrified, nyob ntawm seb cov khoom siv hloov pauv, yog li ntawm 4 txog 6 ntawm Mohs nplai. Ntawm tib txoj saw txiav, koj tuaj yeem pom thaj chaw uas txawv ntawm cov qauv thiab xim.
Vim yog impurities muaj nyob rau hauv sediments los yog hauv dej, cov khoom petrified tuaj yeem muaj ntau yam xim. Yog li, carbon muab tsob ntoo xim dub; hlau oxide - liab, daj los yog xim av; tooj liab, chromium thiab cob alt - ntsuab los yog xiav; manganese - txiv kab ntxwv los yog liab; manganese oxide - dub lossis daj.
Ntawm cov ntoo petrified koj tuaj yeem pom ob hom coniferous thiab deciduous. Coniferous fossils suav nrog suav nrog amber.
Texture ntau yam
Ntoo uas tau petrified tuaj yeem muaj qhov sib txawv. Yog vim li cas rau qhov no yog ntau yam. Cia wb mus saib ze dua ntawm cov kev ntxhib los mos uas twb muaj lawm ntau yam ntawm cov ntoo petrified, nrog rau lawv tau tsim li cas.
Homogeneous fossils
suav nrog ntau yam uas yog tus yam ntxwv ntawm cov qauv yuav luag nrog cov xim sib txawv. Lub pob zeb muaj qhov tsis txaus ntseeg zoning, uas tsis tau piav qhia los ntawm qhov sib txawv ntawm cov xim ntawm cov nplhaib txhua xyoo, tab sis tsuas yog muaj cov kab uas txwv lawv. Cov neeg sawv cev nto moo tshaj plaws ntawm cov pob txha pob txha no yog lub npe hu ua opal ntoo, uas yog lub teeb heev ntawm cov xim (tej zaum yuav luag dawb) thiab feem ntau khaws nws cov qauv tseem ceeb.
Petrified Wood Lens Texture
Qhov kev ntxhib los mos no txhim kho nyob rau hauv cov txheej txheem ntawm kev sau cov hlwb loj thiab qhov hws ntawm ntoo nrog chalcedony, opal, thiab hlau hydroxides. Cov lo ntsiab muag yog tus cwj pwm los ntawm kev taw qhia linear. Qee qhov xwm txheej, nws tau hais meej los ntawm cov hlau hydroxides tsim nyob rau hauv tib cov lus qhia.
Nws yog ntau hom ntoo petrified. Nws yog tus yam ntxwv los ntawm opal-chalcedony muaj pes tsawg leeg nrog ib qho tseem ceeb admixture ntawm hlau hydroxides. Nyob rau tib lub sijhawm, qhov sib piv ntawm peb lub ntsiab lus yog qhov sib txawv, uas piav qhia qhov tsis sib xws ntawm cov xim thiab kev ntxhib los mos ntawm cov ntxhia. Qee lub sij hawm qhov pom yog vim cov ntoo ntawm tsob ntoo, uas hloov cov chalcedony, khaws cia cov txheej txheem ntawm cov hlwb tiv thaiv keeb kwm yav dhau ntawm opal loj. Lub pob zeb no muaj cov xim uas muaj ntau yam xim av.
Concentric Zonal Petrified Tsob Ntoo
Cov khoom yog tus cwj pwm los ntawm kev hloov pauv ntawm opal lossis opal-chalcedony concentric bands ntawm cov xim sib txawv. Nyob rau tib lub sij hawm, lawv hais txog cov qauv ntawm txhua xyoo rings ntawm ib tsob ntoo nyob rau hauv ib tug ntoo khaub lig seem. Ntevqhov txiav muaj ib kab-striped kev ntxhib los mos uas yog heev pronounced.
dav hlau petrification
Cov ntoo petrified no muaj carbon-opal lossis carbon-carbonate muaj pes tsawg leeg. Cov kab ntawm kev loj hlob rings tau hais meej meej thiab tsim ib qho concentric (qee zaum wavy-concentric) qauv. Rau cov khoom zoo nkauj, cov ntoo dub yog muab piv nrog cov jade dub lossis dav hlau.
Ntawm tsob ntoo fossils pom
Feem ntau, cov ntoo petrified muaj nyob rau hauv cov cheeb tsam uas volcanic eruptions tau tshwm sim. Qhov chaw nto moo tshaj plaws rau kev tshawb pom ntawm cov khoom siv tshwj xeeb no yog lub npe hu ua "Petrified Forest", nyob hauv lub xeev Arizona thiab ua ib qho chaw ua si hauv Teb Chaws Asmeskas (txij li xyoo 1962). Cov pob tw petrified muaj txog li 65 m ntev thiab 3 m inch.
Tseem muaj ntau lwm cov ntoo petrified uas muaj nyob rau hauv ntau qhov chaw ntawm lub ntiaj teb no. Cov hav zoov nto moo tshaj plaws thiab tseem ceeb tshaj plaws nyob hauv Argentina, Brazil, Belgium, Tim Nkij teb chaws, Canada, Is Nrias teb, New Zealand, Russia, Ukraine, Czech koom pheej, Georgia, Armenia, thiab lwm yam. Ntau thaj chaw yog cov chaw ua si hauv tebchaws lossis cov chaw qub.
Petrified Wood Applications
Petrified ntoo yog lub pob zeb uas tau siv txij thaum ub los ua cov khoom siv los ua cov hniav nyiaj hniav kub. Kev thov rau lawv tseem nyob rau theem siab ntawm lub sijhawm tam sim no. Lub pob zeb zoo nkauj no ua tau zoo heev. Nws yog zoo kawg nkaus txiav, hauv av thiab polished, acquiring raws li ib tug tshwm simib yam ntawm cov iav sheen. Tsis plam nws cov ntoo zoo nkauj thaum ua tiav.
Ntau yam ntawm cov ntoo petrified nrog cov qauv sib txawv me me yog siv los ua cov ntxig thiab cov hniav nyiaj hniav kub me me, xws li cov hlaws dai, bracelets, thiab lwm yam. tshwj xeeb tshaj yog muaj txiaj ntsig yog lub pob zeb zoo nkauj nrog cov kab lus qhia meej ntawm kev loj hlob rings. Hauv kev tsim cov hniav nyiaj hniav kub, cov qauv zoo li no feem ntau ua ke nrog cov hlau zoo nkauj, lwm yam pob zeb thiab iav.
Tsis tas li ntawd, ntoo petrified yog siv los tsim ntau yam khoom plig thiab khoom kho kom zoo nkauj sab hauv. Cov no tuaj yeem yog cwj mem, qhov quav quav, vases, thawv, txee, txee thiab ntau ntxiv. Rau kev tsim cov khoom lag luam, cov khoom siv feem ntau yog siv los ntawm qhov tsis tshua muaj zoning thiab muaj qhov pom-striped lossis loj-spotted qauv. Lub pob zeb muaj nqi heev los ntawm cov neeg sau khoom xav tias cov ntoo muaj ntau lab xyoo.
Nws yuav tsum tau muab sau tseg tias ntoo petrified yog suav hais tias yog ib yam khoom uas muaj tshwj xeeb kho cov khoom. Nws pab tus neeg tiv thaiv kev ntxhov siab thiab tawm tsam kev ntxhov siab, ua kom lub cev muaj zog, tiv thaiv kab mob thiab kev raug mob. Raws li cov tshuaj pej xeem, lub phaj ua los ntawm cov ntoo petrified tuaj yeem txo qhov mob. Txhawm rau ua qhov no, koj tsuas yog yuav tsum tau txuas nws mus rau qhov chaw mob. Nyob rau hauv Mongolian tshuaj, txij thaum ancient sij hawm, rau kev mob caj dab thiab cov kab mob zoo sib xws, petrified ntoo yog siv rau cov pob qij txha (hauvplanks) los ntawm Gobi suab puam.
