Txij thaum ub los, tib neeg tau nrhiav kev qhia lawv txoj kev xav, kev paub, kev paub thiab keeb kwm ntawm cov xwm txheej tseem ceeb uas tshwm sim hauv lawv lub sijhawm tsis yog hauv kev hais lus nkaus xwb, tab sis kuj los ntawm kev sau cov ntaub ntawv. Thaum xub thawj, cov ntawv tau muab rau ntawm cov ntoo tawv ntoo, cov ntsiav tshuaj av nplaum, txawm tias cov ntawv hlau. Tab sis twb nyob rau hauv lub xyoo pua III BC, cov ntawv sau ntawv tau tshwm sim. Hauv tebchaws Iziv thaum ub, papyrus tau ua haujlwm rau cov hom phiaj no, uas, ua ke nrog parchment, tau siv dav hauv Tebchaws Europe. Thiab tsuas yog nyob rau hauv lub xyoo pua XII, cov khoom siv rau kev sau ntawv tau pib hloov los ntawm ntawv. Thoob plaws hauv keeb kwm ntawm noob neej, cov ntaub ntawv no muaj ntau cov ntaub ntawv tseem ceeb tau sau txaus. Lawv kawm los ntawm paleography. Qhov no yog kev qhuab qhia uas nkag siab txog cov lus zais ntawm cov ntawv sau ntawm tes ntawm keeb kwm ntawm cov duab thiab cov txheej txheem sau ntawv.
Keeb kwm ntawm paleography
Lub npe ntawm kev qhuab qhia muaj keeb kwm Greek thiab los ntawm kev sib ntxiv ntawm ob lo lus "ncaj ncees" thiab "sau". Thiab keeb kwm ntawm lub hauv paus chiv keeb ntawm lub sij hawm nws tus kheej yuav siv sij hawm peb ob peb centuries rov qab mus rau thaum xaus ntawm lub xyoo pua 17th. Thaum ntawd nyob Fab Kis teb muaj ib lub koom txoos kawmcov hauj sam teej tug mus rau Benedictine kev txiav txim. Lawv hu ua Maurists. Ib tug ntawm lawv, los ntawm lub npe ntawm Jean Mabillon, sib cav nrog cov Jesuits thiab tiv thaiv lub npe zoo ntawm nws qhov kev txiav txim, tso cai rau nws tus kheej los qhia kev tsis ntseeg txog qhov raug cai ntawm ntau cov ntaub ntawv. Ntawm lawv yog cov ntawv liam uas tau muab los ntawm cov vajntxwv thaum ub, qhov tseeb uas Maurists tsis xav lees paub.
Mabillon tau dhau los ua qhov tseem ceeb los ua pov thawj nws rooj plaub. Yog li ntawd, nyob rau hauv 1681, nyob rau hauv Paris, nws luam tawm tag nrho cov hauj lwm ntawm paleography. Cov lus tseeb nthuav tawm tau npaj los muab kev sau ntawv thaum ntxov medieval nws thawj qhov kev faib tawm.
Kev tawm tsam ntawm paleography
Cov ntaub ntawv ntawm Mabillon tau txuas ntxiv los ntawm cov npoj yaig los ntawm lub koom txoos Montfaucon. Nws tau txais kev kawm ntxaws txog kev sau ntawv Greek. Nws txiav tawm qhov kev hloov pauv ntawm hom kev sau ntawv thiab cov ntawv siv, thiab kuj tau txheeb xyuas cov txheej txheem los ua qhov kev tshawb fawb no. Maurist yawg kuj tau qhia lo lus no thawj zaug, taw qhia tias paleography yog kev tshawb fawb uas kawm txog cov txheej txheem thiab hom kev sau ntawv hauv cov ntawv qub thiab cov ntawv sau keeb kwm.
Kev xav qhia qhov cuav ntawm cov ntaub ntawv thaum ub tau ua rau muaj kev loj hlob ntawm kev qhuab qhia no hauv peb lub tebchaws. Nws tshwm sim thaum pib ntawm lub xyoo pua 18th. Thawj cov hauj lwm ntawm hom no yog cov neeg ntseeg qub uas xav tawm tsam qhov tseeb ntawm lub tsev teev ntuj cov ntaub ntawv muab los ntawm tsoomfwv los ua pov thawj ntawm kev rau txim ntawm kev coj noj coj ua thaum ub los ntawm cov poj koob yawm txwv. Cov saum toj no tau los ua qhov pib taw tes rau txoj kev loj hlob thiab tsim ntawm paleography nyob rau hauv Russia, lub keeb kwm ntawm uasCov ntsiab lus ntxiv yuav ua raws.
Yug yug hauv tsev paleography
Txog xyoo pua 18th, txoj kev tshawb fawb ntawm cov ntawv sau tau ua tiav, raws li txoj cai, tsis yog rau kev tshawb fawb, tab sis lub hom phiaj ua kom tiav. Qhov no yuav muaj txiaj ntsig zoo txhawm rau kom yeej qhov teeb meem kev cai lij choj nyuaj, tshwj xeeb tshaj yog tias nws yog kev nom kev tswv lossis kev ntseeg. Nyob rau hauv Russia, feem ntau cov khoom ntawm paleography yog lub tsev teev ntuj cov ntaub ntawv siv los ntawm ib tug tej yam ntaub ntawv. Thiab tsis muaj kev tshwj xeeb tau them rau qhov kev piav qhia thiab kev kawm ntawm cov ntawv qub. Tab sis qhov kev paub ntau ntxiv tau dhau los ua qhov kev txhawb siab rau qhov tshwm sim ntawm kev qhuab qhia cais.
Raws li kev tshawb fawb tshwj xeeb, paleography tau pib tsim tshwj xeeb hauv xyoo pua 19th. Thiab lub impetus rau qhov no yog yeej nyob rau hauv lub Patriotic ua tsov ua rog ntawm 1812. Cov kev ua tiav tseem ceeb ntawm cov neeg nyob rau hauv kev sib ntaus sib tua ua rau muaj kev tawm tsam ntawm kev hlub thiab kev loj hlob ntawm lub teb chaws tus kheej kev nco qab ntawm cov kws tshawb fawb Lavxias. Txij thaum ntawd los, nyob rau hauv lub voj voog loj hlob zuj zus, lub siab xav kawm keeb kwm thiab kev sau ntawv ntawm lawv cov neeg tau raug txhawb kom siab li sai tau. Lub sijhawm no tsis ntev los no tau dhau los ua tus yam ntxwv ntawm archaeological expeditions xa mus txheeb xyuas thiab kawm cov ntawv sau tes.
Musin-Pushkin
Raws li twb tau pom lawm, paleography yog ib qho kev tshawb fawb uas kawm txog cov ntawv sau thaum ub. Nyob rau hauv cheeb tsam no, nyob rau hauv lub sij hawm ua ntej 1917, ib co unforgettable cwm pwm yog tshwj xeeb tshaj yog nto moo. Ntawm lawv, suav Alexei Ivanovich Musin-Pushkin, tus paub txog keeb kwm thiab sau cov ntawv sau thaum ub. Tus txiv neej no tau yug los hauv 1744 hauv tsev neeg muaj koob muaj npe thiab thaum nws tseem hluas nws simnrhiav kev ua tub rog, ua raws li nws txiv tus taw. Tab sis tsis ntev tau tso tseg qhov kev pabcuam thiab mus ncig. Kev txaus siab rau cov ntawv sau qub tau ua rau nws tau txais ib feem ntawm cov ntaub ntawv khaws cia uas muaj cov ntawv qub Lavxias thiab cov ntaub ntawv txij li lub sijhawm Peter I. Txij thaum ntawd los, Alexei Ivanovich tau khaws cov ntaub ntawv zoo li no.
Musin-Pushkin Collection
Tom qab kaum xyoo thiab ib nrab ntawm kev ua haujlwm hnyav hauv cov lus qhia no, cov ntawv sau ntawm Lavxias suav tau dhau los ua 1725 cov ntawv luam zoo tshaj plaws. Ua tsaug rau kev siv zog ntawm Musin-Pushkin, nyob rau hauv nws kev coj noj coj ua, ntawm kev txiav txim ntawm Catherine II, cov ntaub ntawv keeb kwm tseem ceeb tshaj plaws, sau ntawv ntawm Vladimir Monomakh, tau pom, ib qho kev sau ntawv zoo tshaj plaws "The Tale of Igor's Campaign" tau pom thiab ua tib zoo khaws cia.. Cov ntawv sau kawg, uas nyob rau hauv ib lub sij hawm ntxiv cov sau ntawm ancient Lavxias teb sab chronicles, tau txais los ntawm Alexei Ivanovich nyob rau hauv Yaroslavl los ntawm lub qub rector ntawm lub Spaso-Preobrazhensky Monastery. Nws yog ua tsaug rau txoj hmoo ntawm cov neeg sau thiab nws pom tias cov xeeb leej xeeb ntxwv tau kawm txog "Lo lus."
Lub hom phiaj tseem ceeb ntawm kev qhuab qhia
Cov ntsiab lus ntawm paleography yog cov ntawv sau thiab lwm cov cim sau, cov cuab yeej thiab cov khoom siv los tsim cov ntawv sau, inks thiab xim siv los tsim cov ntawv sau, cov cim dej, thiab cov khoom zoo nkauj. Cov kws tshaj lij ntawm qhov profile no txaus siab rau cov duab thiab kev sau ntawv, kev khi thiab hom ntawv ntawm cov phau ntawv qub, ntau yam nyiaj muas thiab cov cim ntawm cov ntaub ntawv keeb kwm. Kev tsom xam ntawm cov khoom thiab cov ntaub ntawv saum toj no ua rau kom paub meej txog qhov xwm txheej ntawm kev txaus siab thiab pab daws cov teeb meem ntawm paleography. Rau lawvsuav nrog kev txheeb xyuas qhov tseeb ntawm qee qhov chaw sau ntawv, lub sijhawm thiab qhov chaw uas cov ntawv sau tau tsim, thiab tsim kev sau ntawv.
Qhov tseeb, qhov kev tshawb fawb no yog ib qho ntawm cov kev qhuab qhia keeb kwm. Paleography yog sib txuas nrog archaeology, epigraphy, numismatics, chronology, sphragistics thiab, ntawm chav kawm, archiving. Txhawm rau ua tiav txoj haujlwm no, nws yog ib qho tsim nyog yuav tsum paub tsis yog tsuas yog kev txawj nyeem ntawv thiab txheeb xyuas cov ntawv sau, tab sis kuj tseem muaj peev xwm txheeb xyuas tag nrho cov khoom uas tau teev tseg. Koj kuj yuav tsum tau kawm yuav ua li cas systematize cov ntaub ntawv tau txais mus rau hauv ib qho tag nrho.
Historical finds
Ib qho ntawm qhov zoo ntawm qhov kev tshawb fawb no thiab ib qho piv txwv tiag tiag ntawm qhov kev tshawb fawb paleography yog qhov kev nthuav tawm ntawm lub pob zeb Tmutarakan zais cia. Qhov kev tshawb pom no tau tsim nyob rau xyoo 1792, tab sis qhov khoom pov thawj no tseem nyob hauv qhov chaw hwm hauv Hermitage. Nws yog marble slab nrog Cyrillic inscription carved rau nws.
Qhov tseeb ntawm kev tshawb pom tau ua pov thawj los ntawm tus txiv neej uas raug suav tias yog tus tsim ntawm Lavxias teb sab paleography. Qhov no yog Alexey Nikolaevich Olenin. Nws tau txiav txim siab los ntawm lub hauv paus ntawm lub ancient pob zeb, tsim los ntawm sab nraud cov paib, thiab nws kuj ua rau kwv yees coj mus rau hauv tus account lub style ntawm inscription, coj mus rau hauv tus account lub correspondence ntawm cov cim inscribed nyob rau hauv lub slab nrog cov ntawv nyob rau hauv ancient manuscripts.. Ntxiv nrog rau archaeological, xws li kev tshawb pom yog qhov tseem ceeb ntawm kev nom kev tswv. Nws hloov tawm los ua pov thawj tsis txaus ntseeg tias cov neeg Lavxias nyob hauv Crimea thiab Caucasus ntau dua 1000 xyoo dhau los.
Awkev qhuab qhia
Nws yog lub sijhawm los sim sau cov lus piav qhia yav dhau los txog dab tsi paleography yog. Lub ntsiab lus ntawm qhov kev tshawb fawb no tuaj yeem muab tau los ntawm kev hais txog nws ob lub ntsiab lus qhia. Ua ntej, nws yog ib qho kev qhuab qhia uas nthuav tawm cov lus zais ntawm cov ntawv sau thaum ub, uas yog tom qab ntawd siv rau cov hom phiaj ua tiav hauv kev cai lij choj, kev nom kev tswv, kev ntseeg thiab lwm yam. Qhov thib ob, qhov no yog qhov tshwj xeeb keeb kwm thiab kev xav txog kev coj noj coj ua, qhov twg paleography kawm txog cov qauv ntawm kev loj hlob ntawm kev sau ntawv thaum ub nyob rau hauv ntau yam tshwm sim ntawm nws cov duab nraaj.
Nws tseem yuav tsum tau ntxiv tias kev zais zais yog ib ceg tshwj xeeb ntawm kev tshawb fawb no, nthuav tawm qhov tsis meej ntawm cryptography, systematizing ntau txoj hauv kev rau encrypting cov ntawv thiab nrhiav cov yuam sij rau lawv, uas yuav tau tham tom qab.
Slavic-Russian paleography
thawj phau ntawv Lavxias teb sab hauv cheeb tsam no yog phau ntawv "Slavic-Lavxias paleography" sau los ntawm Academician Sobolevsky thiab luam tawm xyoo 1901. Los ntawm lub sijhawm ntawd, cov txheej txheem ntawm kev txheeb xyuas cov ntaub ntawv thaum ub thiab cov ntawv sau tau pib tsim, uas tsim lub hauv paus ntawm kev qhuab qhia tau piav qhia. Academician Sobolevsky tau mob siab rau txoj kev kawm ntawm cov cuab yeej sau ntawv, mob siab rau delved rau hauv cov yam ntxwv ntawm cov hniav sau ntawv thiab cov ntawv watermarks, mob siab rau ntau lub sij hawm rau khi thiab hom ntawv qub, lawv tsim thiab kho kom zoo nkauj nrog ntau yam complex ornaments.
Nyob rau hauv cov hnub ntawd, uas yog, thaum pib ntawm lub xyoo pua 20th, paleography pib txaus siab rau qhov muaj koob meej, thiab ntau tus kws tshawb fawb loj thiab cov neeg txawj ntse tau pom muaj kev txaus siab rau nws. Rau cov haujlwm tseem ceeb ntawm qhov ntawdLub sijhawm nyob rau hauv cheeb tsam no suav nrog cov kev tshawb fawb ntawm Kulyabkin, Lavrov, Uspensky, Bodyansky, Grigorovich hauv kev sau ntawv South Slavic, Yatsimirsky ntawm cov ntawv sau ntawm cov neeg qub nyob sab hnub tuaj Europe, nrog rau Likhachev cov haujlwm ntawm cov phau ntawv qub, cov ntaub ntawv thiab cov ntawv sau.
History of cryptography
Defining: dab tsi yog paleography thiab tham txog lub ntsiab ntawm qhov kev qhuab qhia no, nws yog tsim nyog los hais txog cryptography - science ntawm encoding thiab nyeem cov ntaub ntawv zais cia. Cov ntaub ntawv sau tseg no tau dhau los ua thoob plaws hauv tebchaws Iziv thaum ub, qhov uas cov kws sau ntawv siv los tso rau ntawm phab ntsa ntawm lub qhov ntxa ntawm cov tswv tuag nrog hloov kho hieroglyphs cov ntsiab lus ntawm lawv lub neej. Nws yog kev hloov pauv ntawm cov cim los muab kev zais zais rau cov ntaub ntawv nyob rau hauv cov hnub uas tau tso lub hauv paus ntawm cryptography. Hauv 3000 xyoo tom ntej no, qhov kev tshawb fawb no tau rov qab los lossis tuag nrog kev vam meej siv nws. Tab sis nws tau txais kev faib tawm tiag tiag tsuas yog hauv Renaissance hauv Europe.
Txoj Kev Crypography
Tam sim no cov ntaub ntawv tseem ceeb uas xav tau kev ceev ntiag tug tuaj yeem koom nrog ntau lub tseemfwv, cov koom haum thoob tebchaws thiab cov koom haum loj.
Txoj kev sau cov ntaub ntawv zais cia yog hu ua cipher. Thiab nyeem cov ntaub ntawv no tsuas yog ua tau yog tias tus yuam sij paub. Cov txheej txheem decryption tau muab faib ua symmetrical, uas yog, siv tib tus yuam sij rau kev sau ntawv thiab nyeem ntawv, thiab asymmetric, qhov sib txawv yog siv rau kev encryption thiab decryption. Txoj kev niaj hnubKev sau cov ntaub ntawv zais cia yog qhov nyuaj heev uas nws tsis tuaj yeem nyeem los ntawm tes. Decryption yog ua los ntawm cov khoom siv tshwj xeeb tsim thiab cov khoos phis tawj. Niaj hnub no, ntau lub cryptographic algorithms tuaj yeem tau txais los ntawm kev tiv tauj chaw ua haujlwm patent, tsev qiv ntawv, khw muag ntawv, lossis hauv Is Taws Nem.
Palaeography ntawm lub xyoo pua xeem
Lub sijhawm tom ntej hauv kev txhim kho ntawm paleography pib nyob rau lub sijhawm txij li xyoo 1917. Ua ntej Tsov Rog Thoob Ntiaj Teb thib Ob, tsoomfwv tshiab tau hais txog qhov tseem ceeb ntawm kev txhim kho kev sau ntawv zais cia thiab sau ntawv tsis zoo. Nyob rau lub sijhawm tom qab tsov rog, qhov xwm txheej, cov lus qhia tseem ceeb thiab lub kaum sab xis ntawm cov teeb meem raug daws tau hloov pauv me ntsis. Cov kws tshaj lij tau mob siab rau ntau lub sijhawm rau keeb kwm. Lub sijhawm no, paleography tau tsim los ntawm ntau tus kws tshawb fawb Soviet uas tau ua haujlwm ntawm kev kawm txog cov tsiaj ntawv Glagolitic thiab birch bark.
Txij li xyoo 1991, rau qee lub sijhawm, keeb kwm kev tshawb fawb, nrog rau lawv cov kev pabcuam pabcuam, tau ntsib teebmeem loj. Nyob rau hauv cov xyoo ntawd, cov neeg sawv cev ntawm kev coj noj coj ua intelligentsia tau ntsib teeb meem nrog nyiaj txiag los ntawm cov peev txheej hauv tsev. Paleographers muaj nyob thiab muaj lub sijhawm los ua haujlwm feem ntau ntawm cov nyiaj pab txawv teb chaws, uas hais txog cov ntsiab lus. Yog li ntawd, cov kws tshaj lij hauv daim teb no tau koom nrog kev kawm txog cov ntawv Latin thiab Greek.
Lub xyoo pua 21st tom ntej tau rov qab txaus siab rau qhov kev qhuab qhia piav, tab sis los ntawm lub kaum sab xis sib txawv me ntsis. Niaj hnub nimno paleography kawm cov lus nug dav dua, thiab kev tshawb fawb nws tus kheej tau ntsib nrog cov haujlwm ntawm keeb kwm thiab kab lis kev cai. Lub tswv yim ntawm kev qhuab qhia yog hloov. Tam sim no nws tau koom nrog kev kawm txog cov teeb meem ntawm tib neeg thiab tib neeg, cov ntawv nyeem hauv keeb kwm thiab kab lis kev cai ntawm kev vam meej.
