Rosalind Elsie Franklin yog tus kws tshaj lij Askiv kws tshaj lij uas nws cov kev tshawb fawb X-ray tau muab kev pom zoo rau cov qauv ntawm deoxyribonucleic acid thiab ua kom muaj nuj nqis ntawm Watson-Crick qauv. Nws kuj tsim tau tias DNA molecules muaj nyob rau hauv ntau tshaj ib daim ntawv.
Rosalind Franklin: phau ntawv keeb kwm luv luv, duab
Rosalind yug hauv London thaum Lub Xya Hli 25, 1920, tus thib ob ntawm tsib tus menyuam ntawm tsev neeg Anglo-Jewish. Nws txiv, Ellis Franklin, yog tus koom tes hauv Keyser Bank, ib qho ntawm tsev neeg cov lag luam loj tshaj plaws (lwm tus yog Routledge thiab Kegan Paul). Nws thiab nws tus poj niam Muriel tau ua haujlwm rau kev siab hlub thiab lwm yam kev sib raug zoo. Rosalind Franklin (daim duab nyob rau hauv tsab xov xwm yog muab rau hauv qab no) kawm nyob rau hauv St. Paul lub tsev kawm ntawv rau cov ntxhais, uas npaj cov kawm tiav rau yav tom ntej hauj lwm, thiab tsis yog rau kev sib yuav xwb. Kev ua lej thiab kev tshawb fawb ntuj tau yooj yim rau nws, nrog rau cov lus txawv teb chaws (thaum kawg, nws tau paub lus Fab Kis, Italian thiab German). Tsis zoo li ntau polyglots, nws tsis muaj pob ntseg rau suab paj nruag. Gustav Holst, tus thawj coj ntawm lub suab paj nruag ntawm St. Paul's School, ib zaug hais tias Rosalind txoj kev hu nkauj tau txhim kho yuav luag mus rau qhov kev sib tw. Tsev neeg Franklin feem ntau mus hiking, thiab kev ncig ua si tau dhau los ua ib qho ntawm lawv txoj kev mob siab rau lub neej, nrog rau kev mus txawv tebchaws.
Studying at Cambridge
Raws li nws niam, tag nrho nws lub neej Rosalind paub tseeb tias nws yuav mus qhov twg, thiab thaum muaj hnub nyoog kaum rau nws xaiv science raws li nws qhov kev kawm. Tsis xav tau lwm xyoo ntawm kev npaj kawm ntawv qib siab, nws tawm tsev kawm ntawv xyoo 1938 mus kawm Newnham, ib qho ntawm ob lub tsev kawm qib siab poj niam hauv University of Cambridge. Nws txiv tsis tau, raws li qee qhov chaw hais, tawm tsam nws hauv qhov no, txawm hais tias nws tuaj yeem coj nws mus rau hauv chav kawm ntau dua. Ntawm Cambridge, Franklin tau kawm nyob rau hauv lub cev chemistry. Nws cov tub ntxhais kawm xyoo ib nrab poob rau Tsov Rog Ntiaj Teb Zaum Ob. Ntau tus kws qhia ntawv tau koom nrog hauv kev tshawb fawb tub rog. Qee tus neeg tsiv teb tsaws chaw (xws li biochemist Max Perutz) raug ntes ua neeg txawv teb chaws. Nyob rau hauv ib tsab ntawv, Franklin tau sau tseg tias "Zoo tag nrho cov Cavendish tau ploj mus; biochemistry tau nyeem yuav luag tag nrho los ntawm cov neeg German thiab tsis tuaj yeem muaj sia nyob."
pab pem hauv ntej
Hauv xyoo 1941, Rosalind Franklin tau txais daim bachelor's degree, nyiaj pabcuam rau lwm xyoo ntawm kev ua haujlwm, thiab nyiaj pab los ntawm Lub Tsev Haujlwm Saib Xyuas Kev Tshawb Fawb thiab Kev Lag Luam. Nws siv lub sijhawm no hauv chav kuaj ntawm Norrish, tus thawj coj nto moo ntawm photochemistry. Xyoo 1942, thaum tsov rog tseem tab tom tshwm sim, Franklin yuav tsum txiav txim siab seb nws yuav tsum coj li casua tub rog ua haujlwm lossis ua kev tshawb fawb hauv thaj chaw ntsig txog kev xav tau ntawm kev ua tsov rog nrog kev cia siab ntawm tus kws kho mob degree. Nws xaiv qhov kawg thiab pib ua haujlwm nrog lub koom haum tshiab British Coal Research Association (BCURA) thaum lub caij ntuj sov.
Rosalind Franklin: biography ntawm tus kws tshawb fawb
Hnub plaub xyoos tom ntej no, Franklin tau ua haujlwm los piav qhia txog cov txheej txheem microstructure ntawm ntau cov coals thiab carbons los piav qhia tias vim li cas qee qhov tuaj yeem nkag mus rau dej, gases, thiab cov kuab tshuaj, nrog rau qhov kub thiab carbonation cuam tshuam li cas. Hauv nws txoj kev tshawb fawb, nws tau pom tias qhov pores ntawm cov thee ntawm cov qib molecular muaj nyias constrictions, uas nce nrog cua sov thiab hloov nyob ntawm seb cov ntsiab lus carbon. Lawv ua raws li "molecular sieves", tsis tu ncua thaiv kev nkag mus ntawm cov tshuaj, nyob ntawm seb qhov loj ntawm molecular. Rosalind Franklin yog thawj zaug txheeb xyuas thiab ntsuas cov microstructures. Nws txoj haujlwm tseem ceeb ua rau nws muaj peev xwm faib cov coals thiab kwv yees lawv cov kev ua tau zoo nrog rau qib siab ntawm qhov raug. Franklin txoj kev koom tes nrog BCURA ruaj ntseg nws PhD. Nws tau txais nws PhD los ntawm Cambridge xyoo 1945 thiab tau sau tsib daim ntawv tshawb fawb.
Moving to France
Tom qab tsov rog, Rosalind Franklin pib nrhiav lwm txoj haujlwm. Nws tau txais txoj haujlwm hauv Parisian chav kuaj ntawm Jacques Mering. Ntawm no nws tau kawm yuav ua li cas txheeb xyuas cov thee siv X-ray diffraction tsom xam, thiab kuj tau paub zoo nrogtxheej txheem. Nws txoj haujlwm piav qhia txog cov qauv ntawm graphitizing thiab non-graphitizing carbons tau pab tsim lub hauv paus rau kev txhim kho cov pa roj carbon fibers thiab cov ntaub ntawv kub kub tshiab thiab ua rau nws lub koob meej thoob ntiaj teb ntawm cov kws tshuaj thee. Nws txaus siab rau kev coj noj coj ua hauv tsev kawm qib siab hauv Central Laboratory thiab tau ua phooj ywg coob leej nyob ntawd.
Return to England
Txawm tias nws zoo siab heev nyob rau Fabkis, xyoo 1949 Rosalind Franklin pib nrhiav haujlwm hauv nws lub tebchaws. Nws tus phooj ywg Charles Colson, tus kws tshawb fawb theoretical, tau hais tias nws sim "X-ray diffraction cov txheej txheem" rau cov roj ntsha loj. Xyoo 1950 nws tau txais txiaj ntsig peb xyoos Turner thiab Newell Kev Sib Raug Zoo los ua haujlwm hauv John Randall Department of Biophysics ntawm King's College London. Randall tau npaj rau Franklin los teeb tsa chav haujlwm ntawm crystallography thiab cuam tshuam nrog kev txheeb xyuas cov protein. Txawm li cas los xij, ntawm kev tawm tswv yim ntawm Assistant Laboratory Manager Maurice Wilkins, Randall tau hais kom nws ua DNA tshawb fawb. Wilkins nyuam qhuav pib ua haujlwm X-ray diffraction ntawm qee qhov qauv zoo tshaj plaws ntawm cov noob caj noob ces molecules. Nws xav tias nws thiab Franklin yuav koom tes, tab sis nws yeej tsis qhia nws txog nws.
DNA snapshot
Tsuas yog nws thiab cov tub ntxhais kawm tiav Raymond Gosling tau tshawb fawb txog deoxyribonucleic acid. Nws txoj kev sib raug zoo nrog Wilkins tau plagued los ntawm kev tsis nkag siab (thiab tejzaum nws yog los ntawm Franklin tsis txaus siab rau lub tsev kawm ntawv cov kab lis kev cai collegiate). Ua haujlwm nrog Gosling, Rosalind tau txais ntau thiab ntau qhov txawvX-ray duab ntawm DNA thiab pom sai sai tias cov ntaub ntawv ntub thiab qhuav tsim cov duab sib txawv kiag li. Daim ntawv ntub dej pom cov qauv helical nrog ribose saw phosphates rau sab nraud. Txawm li cas los xij, nws txoj kev ntsuas kev ua lej ntawm qhov sib txawv qhuav, txawm li cas los xij, tsis tau nthuav tawm cov qauv zoo li no, thiab nws tau siv ntau tshaj ib xyoos los daws qhov sib txawv. Thaum ntxov xyoo 1953, nws xaus lus tias ob daim ntawv muaj ob lub kauv.
Tsis nco qab yeej
Meanwhile, ntawm Cavendish Laboratory hauv Cambridge, Francis Crick thiab James Watson tau ua haujlwm ntawm tus qauv theoretical ntawm DNA. Yog tsis muaj kev sib raug zoo nrog Franklin, thaum Lub Ib Hlis 1953 lawv tau kos cov lus xaus tseem ceeb txog cov qauv ntawm deoxyribonucleic acid los ntawm ib qho ntawm cov x-rays uas Wilkins tau qhia rau lawv, nrog rau cov ntsiab lus ntawm nws cov ntaub ntawv uas tsis tau tshaj tawm xa mus rau Pawg Saib Xyuas Kev Tshawb Fawb. Watson thiab Crick tsis tau qhia nws tias lawv tau pom nws cov khoom, thiab lawv tsis lees paub nws txoj kev koom tes hauv lawv txoj haujlwm thaum lawv tshaj tawm lawv cov ntawv tshaj tawm nto moo thaum lub Plaub Hlis. Crick tom qab lees paub tias nyob rau lub caij nplooj ntoo hlav xyoo 1953, Franklin yog lub pob zeb pov tseg los ntawm kev paub txog qhov tseeb ntawm DNA.
Virus Research
Thaum ntawd, Franklin tau npaj rau nws txoj kev sib raug zoo kom hloov mus rau Bernal Crystallography Laboratory ntawm Berkbeck College, qhov chaw nws tau tig nws lub siab rau cov qauv ntawm cov kab mob nroj tsuag (tshwj xeeb yog cov luam yeeb mosaic). Rosalind coj cov x-rays meej ntawm lawv, ua haujlwm nrog pab pawg kws tshawb fawb uas suav nrog yav tom ntej Nobel laureate Aaron Klug. NwsKev soj ntsuam ntawm cov qauv diffraction tau pom, ntawm lwm yam, tias cov khoom siv caj ces (RNA) ntawm tus kab mob tau muab tso rau hauv nws lub plhaub tiv thaiv sab hauv. Txoj haujlwm no suav nrog kev koom tes nrog ntau tus kws tshawb fawb, tshwj xeeb hauv Asmeskas. Franklin tau ua ob qho kev mus ncig ntxiv rau xyoo 1954 thiab 1956 thiab tsim kom muaj kev sib txuas lus thoob plaws lub tebchaws, suav nrog Robley Williams, Barry Commoner, thiab Wendell Stanley. Nws qhov kev txawj ntse hauv qhov haujlwm no tau lees paub los ntawm Royal Institute hauv 1956 thaum nws tus thawj coj hais kom nws tsim cov qauv ntsuas ntawm tus pas nrig thiab cov kab mob sib txuas rau xyoo 1958 Kev Tshawb Fawb Ntiaj Teb hauv Brussels.
Kab mob, tuag thiab keeb kwm
Thaum lub caij nplooj zeeg xyoo 1956, Franklin tau kuaj pom tias mob qog noj ntshav zes qe menyuam. Hauv 18 lub hlis tom ntej, nws tau txais kev phais thiab lwm yam kev kho mob. Nws tau mus rau ntau lub sijhawm ntawm kev zam txim thaum nws txuas ntxiv ua haujlwm hauv nws chav kuaj thiab nrhiav nyiaj txiag rau nws pab pawg tshawb fawb. Rosalind Franklin, Tus Poj Niam Tsis Nco Qab Ntawm DNA, tuag hauv London thaum Lub Plaub Hlis 16, 1958.
Thoob plaws nws txoj haujlwm 16 xyoo, nws tau luam tawm 19 cov ntaub ntawv tshawb fawb ntawm cov thee thiab carbon, 5 ntawm DNA thiab 21 ntawm cov kab mob. Nyob rau xyoo tas los no, nws tau txais ntau daim ntawv caw los hais lus ntawm cov rooj sib tham thoob ntiaj teb. Nws zoo li tias kev ua haujlwm ntawm cov kab mob thaum kawg tuaj yeem nqa tau qhov txiaj ntsig zoo thiab kev lees paub ntawm Rosalind Franklin, uas nws muaj mob thiab tuag tiv thaiv qhov no.
Lub luag haujlwm hauv kev tshawb pom ntawm cov qauv ntawm DNA
Franklin qhov kev ua tiav ntawm kev tshawb fawb hauv ob qho tib si thee chemistry thiab kev kawm txog cov qauv ntawm cov kab mob yog qhov tseem ceeb. Nws cov neeg paub txog qhov no thaum nws lub neej thiab tom qab nws tuag. Tab sis nws yog nws lub luag haujlwm hauv kev tshawb pom cov qauv ntawm DNA uas nyiam cov pej xeem nyiam tshaj plaws. Crick, Watson thiab Wilkins tau sib koom xyoo 1962 Nobel nqi zog hauv Physiology lossis Tshuaj rau lawv txoj haujlwm ntawm cov qauv ntawm deoxyribonucleic acid. Tsis muaj leej twg nco txog Rosalind thaum ntawd.
Nws txoj haujlwm ntawm DNA tej zaum yuav tsis ploj mus tsis pom muaj Watson tsis thuam nws hauv nws phau ntawv sau xyoo 1968, Lub Ob Hlis. Nyob ntawd, nws tau nthuav tawm "qhov tseeb txaus nyiam" txog Rosalind Franklin, piav qhia hauv qab lub npe Rosie. Nws tau piav qhia nws tias yog tus poj niam tsis txaus ntseeg, tsis txaus ntseeg "bluestocking" tus poj niam uas khib nws cov ntaub ntawv los ntawm cov npoj yaig, txawm tias nws txhais tsis tau. Nws phau ntawv tau ua pov thawj tias muaj neeg nyiam heev, txawm hais tias muaj ntau yam piav qhia hauv nws, suav nrog Crick, Wilkins, thiab Linus Pauling, tsis txaus siab rau qhov kev kho no, zoo li cov neeg saib xyuas feem ntau.
Xyoo 1975, Rosalind tus phooj ywg Ann Sayre tau luam tawm ib phau ntawv keeb kwm uas muaj kev npau taws tawm tsam Watson cov lus, thiab Franklin lub luag haujlwm hauv kev tshawb pom tus qauv DNA tau paub zoo dua. Ntau cov ntawv xov xwm thiab cov ntawv sau cia tau sim ntsuas qhov twg ntawm nws txoj kev koom tes hauv "ob chav helix haiv neeg", feem ntau piav qhia nws ua tus poj niam tua neeg, nyiag ntawm nws Nobel nqi zog los ntawm cov npoj yaig misogynist thiab nws thaum ntxov tuag. Txawm li cas los xij, nws tus kws sau keeb kwm thib ob, Brenda Maddox, tau sau tseg tias qhov no kuj yog ib qho caricature, uas tsis ncaj ncees.zais Rosalind Franklin nws tus kheej, qhov kev pab cuam rau kev tshawb fawb ntawm tus kws tshuaj zoo tshaj plaws thiab nws txoj haujlwm zoo tshaj plaws hauv kev tshawb fawb.
