Qhov kev txiav txim siab ntawm cov neeg koom nrog yog lawv cov qauv kev hloov pauv los ntawm poj niam txiv neej, tus lej thiab rooj plaub. Qee cov qauv ntawm cov lus hais no tuaj yeem raug tsis lees paub raws li cov qauv zoo ib yam li cov npe. Yuav kom nkag siab qhov no, cia peb ua tib zoo saib seb lub cim nco txog yog dab tsi.
Morphological centaur
Qhov kev koom ua ke ua ib chav tsev morphological hauv kev hais lus tseem tsis tau pom qhov kawg txhais. Qee tus neeg txhais lus hu nws ua ib feem ntawm kev hais lus, lwm tus hu nws ua ib qho tshwj xeeb ntawm cov lus qhia. Qhov xwm txheej no tau piav qhia los ntawm qhov tseeb tias qhov kev koom tes muaj ob qho tib si ntawm cov lus qhia thiab cov lus qhia. Los ntawm yav tas los, nws tau txais kev muaj peev xwm poob qis. Cov koom nrog, zoo li adjectives, qhia txog lub cim ntawm ib qho khoom, tab sis tsuas yog los ntawm nws qhov kev ua. Ob lo lus nug tuaj yeem nug rau nws: "Dab tsi?" thiab "ua dab tsi?/done?".
Qhov no ntawm kev hais lus tuaj yeem muab piv nrog cov lus dab neeg centaur: nws "lub taub hau" (hauv paus) yog los ntawm cov lus qhia uas txiav txim siab lub ntsiab lus ntawm lo lus, thiab "ceg" (qhov xaus) yog los ntawm adjective. Tias yog vim li cas lub declension ntawm adjectives thiab participles ua raws tib txoj cai.
qauv sau ntawv muaj peev xwm
Cov cim qhia ntawm qhov kev qhia (zoo, nruj, kev xav, kev cog lus) hauv kev koom testsis txhob cuam tshuam nws lub peev xwm lean. Tab sis cov yam ntxwv ntawm lub adjective (tus naj npawb, poj niam txiv neej, rooj plaub nyob rau hauv tag nrho thiab brevity nyob rau hauv passive participles) tso cai rau ib feem ntawm kev hais lus hloov, xws li ib tug adjective, thiab pom zoo nrog nouns.
Nyob rau tam sim no thiab yav dhau los koom nrog yog tsim los ntawm ob lub suab:
1. Siv tau - lawv hu lub cim ntawm ib yam khoom uas ua nws tus kheej: "lub tshuab muag khoom uas muag / muag Pepsi-Cola".
2. Passive - lawv hu lub cim ntawm cov khoom uas qhov kev txiav txim yog qhia: "Pepsi-Cola", muag / muag los ntawm lub tshuab.
Cov neeg koom nrog tiag tiag ib txwm muaj qhov tsis txaus ntseeg, vim lawv puv, tab sis cov lus ntawm lub suab tsis muaj peev xwm kuj muaj luv luv, uas lawv tsis hloov (xws li cov lus luv luv).
Los ntawm cov lus qhia tsis zoo, 4 daim ntawv koom nrog tau tsim. Cia peb muab lo lus "kos" ua piv txwv. Kev sib raug zoo yuav tau txais los ntawm nws:
1. Tiag tiag tam sim no: kos duab (me nyuam).
2. Real past tense: drawing (me nyuam).
3. Passive tam sim no tense: kos duab (portrait).
4. Passive yav dhau los tense: kos, kos (portrait).
Journey through case
Txhua daim ntawv tuaj yeem cuam tshuam tshwj tsis yog qhov luv luv dhau los ntawm kev koom nrog passive.
- Nominative case: (me nyuam) drawing, drawing, (portrait) drawing, drawing.
- Cov ntaub ntawv muaj txiaj ntsig: (me nyuam) kos duab,kos duab, duab kos duab, kos duab.
- Dative case: (me nyuam) drawing, drawing, (portrait) drawing, drawing.
- Accusative case: (me nyuam) drawing, drawing, (portrait) drawing, drawing.
- Instrumental: (tus me nyuam) kos duab, kos duab, (portrait) kos duab.
- Prepositional case: (hais txog tus menyuam) kev kos duab, kos duab, (hais txog tus duab portrait) kos duab, kos duab.
Peb poj niam txiv neej, ob tus lej
Tsis tas li, raws li txoj cai, kev sib koom ua ke tuaj yeem ua tiav los ntawm poj niam txiv neej, qhov no siv tau rau txhua daim ntawv:
- suab (tus neeg), ntaus ntawv (sab ntaus ntawv), tus kws sau ntawv (device);
- missing (document), ploj lawm (bookmark), ploj lawm (zaj lus);
- readable (novel), nyeem tau (zaj dab neeg), nyeem tau (lus);
- (lub tsev) ua, (theem) ua, (muab) ua.
s
Kev tsis lees paub ntawm cov neeg koom los ntawm tus lej kuj tuaj yeem ua tau hauv txhua daim ntawv:
- luag tus neeg (singular), luag neeg (pl);
- ntaus suab paj nruag (singular), ntaus kis las (pl);
- partyed party (sing.), hosted kev sib tw (pl.).
- Fulfilled nuj nqis (singular), ua tiav cov luag num (plural).
Nyob zoo ib tsoom niam txiv kwv tij neej tsas
Hauv Qib 7, qhov kev tsis txaus ntseeg ntawm cov neeg koom nrog tau kawm ua ke nrog cov ntaub ntawv muaj nyob ntawm cov npe. Cia peb sim tsis kam lees qhov kev koom tes hauv cov xwm txheej hauv tib qho kev tsim kho nrog cov lus hais no.
Piv txwv li, cia peb ua daim ntawv nquag ntawm lub sijhawm tam sim no: "tus paub paub, paub txog tus kws tshawb fawb." Lo lus "experienced" yog tsim los ntawm lub npe thiab yog ib qho adjective. Lub lexeme "paub" yog tsim los ntawm cov lus qhia, qhov no yog kev koom tes. Cov txiv neej thiab cov lus yog twb muab los ntawm lub npe "scientist", uas cov adjective thiab participle pom zoo.
I. P. - paub, paub txog tus kws tshawb fawb;
R. P. - tus paub paub, paub txog kev paub;
D. P. - tus paub paub, paub txog kev paub;
V. P. - tus paub paub, paub txog kev paub;
T. P. - paub paub, paub txog cov kws tshawb fawb;
PIB - hais txog tus paub paub, paub txog tus kws tshawb fawb.
Raws li koj tuaj yeem pom, qhov kawg ntawm cov neeg koom nrog thiab cov lus qhia nyob rau hauv cov xwm txheej coincide, uas ib zaug ua pov thawj qhov zoo sib xws ntawm morphological ntawm cov lus hais. Nyob rau hauv declension, lawv zoo li "cov kwv tij".
Kev hloov pauv tib yam
Cov neeg koom nrog tiag tiag tuaj yeem, zoo li cov lus qhia, ua kom rov qab. Qhov no tsis cuam tshuam rau lawv declension, txij li thaum lawv hloov nyob rau hauv tib txoj kev raws li nws yuav ua tau yam tsis muaj rov qab postfix "-sya". Piv txwv:
I. P. - Ntshai, ntshai, ntshai, ntshai;
R. P - ntshai, ntshai, ntshai, ntshai;
D. P. - Ntshai, ntshai, ntshai, ntshai;
V. P. - Ntshai, ntshai, ntshai, ntshai;
T. P. - Ntshai, ntshai, ntshai, ntshai;
PIB - Hais txog kev ntshai, hais txog kev ntshai, hais txog kev ntshai, hais txog kev ntshai.
Cov Lus Qhia
Kev sib tham hauv daim ntawv puv,zoo li ib qho adjective, nws tuaj yeem tsis lees paub hauv rooj plaub. Nws kuj txawv ntawm poj niam txiv neej thiab tus lej. Cov ntaub ntawv xaus ntawm cov koom nrog coincide nrog qhov xaus ntawm adjectives.
